Signal-to-Noise Ratio in the Bandpass Output of a Discriminator

A formula is derived for the output signal-to-noise power ratio from a limiter-discriminator that is followed by an ideal (rectangular) bandpass filter. This signal-to-noise ratio is shown to be inversely proportional to the difference between the cube of the upper cutoff frequency and the cube of the lower cutoff frequency. The formula commonly utilized by designers for the discriminator output signal-to-noise ratio was derived for the case of a lowpass filter on the discriminator output. The bandpass and low-pass formulas are compared to indicate 1) the advantage of bandpass filtering for the discriminator output, and 2) the error incurred if the designer employs the low-pass formula to evaluate the performance of a bandpass filter design. Finally, the accuracy of a narrow-band approximation for the bandpass formula is evaluated.     

Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio for a Random-Access Repeater Link with an Ideal Hard Limiter

The acquisition detectability parameter, output signal-to-noise ratio, has been computed for unrestricted random access through an ideal hard limiter. The method involves multidimensional Fourier series and numerical integration. The results depend on the number of active users, total number of users, input signal-to-noise ratio, address code length, cross-correlation properties of code, and other parameters. The method provides a tool for synthesis of randomaccess networks, i.e., satellite repeaters for land, sea, or air-borne transmitters, or mobile radio relays concerned with accidental or intentional interference.     

IBEX Backgrounds and Signal-to-Noise Ratio

The Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission will provide maps of energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) originating from the boundary region of our heliosphere. On IBEX there are two sensors, IBEX-Lo and IBEX-Hi, covering the energy ranges from 10 to 2000 eV and from 300 to 6000 eV, respectively. The expected ENA signals at 1 AU are low, therefore both sensors feature large geometric factors. In addition, special attention has to be paid to the various sources of background that may interfere with our measurement. Because IBEX orbits the Earth, ion, electron, and ENA populations of the Earth’s magnetosphere are prime background sources. Another potential background source is the magnetosheath and the solar wind plasma when the spacecraft is outside the magnetosphere. UV light from the night sky and the geocorona have to be considered as background sources as well. Finally background sources within each of the sensors must be examined.     

Output Signal-to-Noise Ratios for Amplitude-Modulated Noise-Like Lasers

A general expression of the output SNR of a photodetector is derived for a noise-like laser amplitude-modulated by a stationary Gaussian random modulating signal in the presence of a background light. The electric field Vx(t) of the noise-like laser is assumed to be a stationary narrowband Gaussian random process with zero mean. Two types of modulating signal are considered, the baseband and bandpass modulating signals. More specifically, the effects of the center frequency of the modulating signal, the modulating degree, the bandwidth ration of the noise-like laser to the modulating signal, the effective average quantum rate, and input CNR on output SNR are studied. The detection characteristics of the noise-like laser are also made clear by comparison with the case of a coherent laser.     

Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Arbitrary Power-Series Nonlinear Amplifier

A general analysis of the effect of an arbitrary power-series nonlinear amplifier followed by a coherent mixing device on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is performed. An expression is derived for the improvement factor which is defined as the logarithm of the ratio of the output SNR to the input SNR. This expression is applicable to the coherent amplitude detector and phase locked loop as well as noncoherent amplifier by appropriate selections of the detection angle. Moreover, the improvement factor can be obtained for noise with an arbitrary amplitude distribution. To demonstrate the applicability of this analysis, the improvement factors of the nonlinear amplifiers such as a power-law amplifier and a power-series amplifier with positive and negative discriminations are numerically calculated for the cases where the input noise amplitude distributions are Rician and triangular.     

On Uniform Sampling of Amplitude Modulated Signals

For a bandpass waveform produced by the amplitude modulation of a low-pass signal, it is shown that the corresponding bandpass signal may be recovered from its samples taken at a uniform rate which is equal to or less than half the sampling rate called for in applying the classical bandpass sampling theorem.     

Signal-to-Noise Ratio Calculations in Pulse and Pulse Doppler Radars

In low pulse-repetition frequency (PRF) pulse radars, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is usually calculated on a per pulse basis and this value is then multiplied by the number of pulses integrated to obtain the SNR for a given duration of target illumination. In high PRF pulse Doppler radars, SNR is usually calculated by using the centerline power of the transmitted signal spectrum as the target return power because the centerline is kept in the receiver and returns of the PRF lines are notched out [1]. We show here that both methods of SNR calculations are entirely equivalent for matched transmit-receive radar systems.     

Degradation of Signal-to-Noise Ratio Due to IF Filtering

A receiver for biphase modulated signals using an integrate-and-dump filter is optimum only if the IF filter bandwidth is infinite. Finite IF filter bandwidth results is a performance degradation. Using the predetection signal-to-noise ratio as the performance criterion, a lower bound on this quantity is determined as a function of the ratio (IF filter bandwidth)/(bit rate). The corresponding upper bound on the error probability is also presented.     

A Postdetection Method of Measuring Predetection RF Signal-to-Noise Ratio

A method of determining the predetection signal-to-noise power ratio in a radio receiving system by measurement of average postdetection signal-plus-noise and noise-only voltages (dc output of the detector) is described. The principle has actually been known for many years, but does not seem to be well known or widely used, possibly because of some associated computational difficulties. Some digital computer tabulated results are presented which remove these difficulties, and measurement techniques are discussed. The calculation of expected signal-to-noise ratio for radio and radar systems is briefly reviewed.     

Phase Analysis in Multiple-Sensor Receivers with High Signal-to-Noise Ratio

The ideal phase detector characteristic is analyzed for estimating the phase difference between two stochastic input signals. This can essentially be described as a correlation process formed by multiplying the two input signals and extracting the phase. High signal-to-noise ratio conditions are assumed to linearize the system with respect to the noise. The effects of the nonlinearity on the signal are handled in terms of a series expansion and by using low-pass filtering on the receiver output. The mean square error of the system is calculated for some typical parameters.     

The Effect of Weighting upon Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Pulse Bursts

The Doppler sidelobes of a received pulse burst may be partially controlled by varying the amplitudes of the pulses in the burst or sequence upon transmission and/or reception. When there is a peak power limitation, weighting the amplitudes produces a loss in signal-to-noise ratio. A general expression is derived for the loss factor under the peak power limitation, and loss factor formulas are given for the following cases: Case A: Full nominal weights upon reception. Uniform weights on transmission. Case B: Square roots of the nominal weights on both transmission and reception. Case C: Full nominal weights on both transmission and reception. These cases are listed in order of increasing loss. Numerical results are tabulated for regular spacings and for the following nominal weights: 1) Dolph-Tchebycheff, 2) Taylor, 3) Hamming, and 4) Hann.     

Equivalence of the Likelihood Ratio Processor, the Maximum Signal-to-Noise Ratio Filter, and the Wiener Filter

It is shown that for the problem of detecting a nonfluctuating target in Gaussian noise, three common optimality criteria lead to identical multichannel filter designs.     

Variance Analysis of the Angle Output Voltage for an Amplitude Monopulse Receiver

The amplitude-comparison monopulse receiver utilizes two overlapping antenna patterns to determine the angle of arrival of an incoming RF signal for use in a direction-finding application. The thermal noise introduced by the receiver distorts the signal, causing an error in determining the exact angle of arrival of the signal. The analysis derives an expression for the deviation of the angle output voltage, or the angular error, due to receiver noise as a function of 1) the angle of arrival and 2) the signal-to-noise ratios of the two channels of the receiver. A receiver using a square-law detector and one using a linear detector are analyzed.     

激光散斑法测定榫槽二维应力强度因子

用激光双曝光散斑法测量出发动机涡轮盘榫槽底部裂纹尖端附近的位移场 ,分别用非线性二乘法逼近和J积分计算出应力强度因子KⅠ ,获得了较好的效果     

短半径腔He—Ne激光器输出功率稳定性研究

２５０ｍｍＨｅ－Ｎｅ激光器输出功率稳定性受诸多因素影响。本文提出一种新型设计－短半径腔Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光器，将腔结构参数选在１．０３３至１．５之间，减少放电管内膜体积，提高了输功率稳定性。     

Statistical Technique for Radar Amplitude Calibration

A statistical technique for amplitude calibration of radar systems is presented. As distinct from the input-output crosscorrelation measurement of a linear system impulse response [1], this technique measures the amplitude transfer function of a memoryless, nonlinear system. A generalized theory is developed and calibration accuracy bounds are derived. Used in the calibration of a modern pulsed radar, the technique is compared with conventional reference pulse calibration. The relative merits of the deterministic and statistical approaches are compared.     

零差激光干涉仪在超低频大振幅振动测量中的应用

介绍了利用正交的零差激光干涉仪测量安装于振动台面被测靶体的位移,实时计算出运动速度和加速度,从而实现对位移达1m的超低频振动传感器的实时绝对校准。