RAD-7测氡仪检定结果不确定度的评定

依据量值传递关系,列举了量值传递中的数学模型;依据数学模型,介绍了测氡仪检定结果不确定度的评定方法;结合JJG 825—2013《测氡仪检定规程》RAD-7的检定,评定出了RAD-7测氡仪检定结果体积活度响应的相对合成标准不确定度;结果表明,检定结果的不确定度主要受氡从液体镭源转移过程和被检仪器计数能力的影响。     

标准光学高温计检定结果的不确定度评定

根据《JJG2 2 7- 80标准光学高温计检定规程》的规定 ,在检定标准光学高温计所用仪器设备的技术条件下 ,讨论了标准光学高温计检定结果的不确定度评定     

环规检定装置测量不确定度的分析

测量不确定度与测量结果是相关的,它反映了测量值的分散性。利用标准环规和高准确度测长机来建立环规检定的标准装置。通过对环规检定装置测量不确定度来源的分析,评定了环规检定装置测量不确定度大小,分析得到的结果满足环规检定规程中二等环规的测量不确定度要求。     

TUR值不能满足计量检定要求的解决方法探讨

在计量检定工作中,常会遇到测量不确定度比(Test Uncertainty Ratio,简称TUR)值不能满足计量检定要求的情况,针对这种情况,提出了两种解决方法以供探讨:1.使用保护带(Guardbanding)策略,降低误判风险;2.通过加强不确定度评定技巧,减小计量标准的不确定度,使TUR值达到检定要求。     

轻便风速表检定装置不确定度的测试与评定

根据GJB/J2 74 9《建立测量标准技术报告的编写要求》 ,结合气象计量的实际情况 ,给出了轻便风速表检定装置不确定度的测试与评定方法。     

数字示波器频带宽度的测量不确定度评定与分析

为了实现对数字示波器频带宽度的测量结果的不确定度评定,根据数字存储示波器校准规范提供的方法,对数字示波器频带宽度进行测量。分析了示波器频带宽度的测量结果的不确定度来源,讨论了数字示波器频带宽度测量结果的表示方法。以安捷伦公司的DSO6052A数字示波器为例,详细介绍了数字示波器频带宽度测量结果的评定过程,给出了评定结果表达形式。经实践证明该方法准确、有效,可供撰写示波器检定装置建标报告和示波器带宽不确定度评定方面参考。     

基于GPIB的示波器校准仪自动化检定系统的设计与实现

介绍了一种基于GPIB总线的示波器校准仪自动检定系统。通过GPIB总线接口将所有测试仪器与PC机连成一体,实现了对示波器校准仪的全自动检定。通过实验验证,与传统的手动检定相比,该系统大幅度地提高了示波器校准仪检定系统的检定精度和检定效率,具有广阔的应用前景。     

数字示波器水平扫描速度的检定

总结了数字示波器水平扫描速度的检定工作 ,运用大量的检定数据 ,归纳出检定数字示波器水平扫速的计量方法 ,给出水平扫速检定的不确定度。该文对水平检定中出现的异常现象进行了如实叙述并分析了产生异常现象的原因     

基于GL Studio的计量检定仿真系统的开发

为了解决检定人员实际操作培训困难的问题,运用GL Studio开发出基于真实仪器照片的计量检定仿真系统。设计了计量检定仿真系统的通用框架结构,开发了可重用的各种仪器模型,实现了对仪器面板及其实际检定操作过程的仿真。该仿真系统以XML文件来描述计量检定过程和检定资源,具有通用性强,可扩展性好,场景模型逼真度高,交互性好等优点,可广泛用于各种计量检定操作的仿真系统的开发。     

单相电度表现场检定方法

一、概述电度表是专门用来测量电能的仪表。正确地计量电能量,对于电能的供给和消耗,合理地拟定生产计划,进行能源管理和经济核算有着非常重要的意义。在工业企业管理中,电度表检定属于定级升级达标中的强制检定项目,因此,电度表必须进行周期检定,才能准确地计量电能量。电度表的检定在检定规程中都是针对在实验室里用标准表法和瓦秒法进行检定。电度表出厂通过检定验收后安装在每家每户,如对电度表进行周     

Changes in vacuolation in the root apex cells of soybean seedlings in microgravity.

Changes in the vacuolation in root apex cells of soybean (Glycine max L. [Merr.]) seedlings grown in microgravity were investigated. Spaceflight and ground control seedlings were grown in the absence or presence of KMnO4 (to remove ethylene) for 6 days. After landing, in order to study of cell ultrastructure and subcellular free calcium ion distribution, seedling root apices were fixed in 2.5% (w/v) glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer and 2% (w/v) glutaraldehyde, 2.5% (w/v) formaldehyde, 2% (w/v) potassium antimonate K[Sb(OH)6] in 0.1 M K2HPO4 buffer with an osmolarity (calculated theoretically) of 0.45 and 1.26 osmol. The concentrations of ethylene in all spaceflight canisters were significantly higher than in the ground control canisters. Seedling growth was reduced in the spaceflight-exposed plants. Additionally, the spaceflight-exposed plants exhibited progressive vacuolation in the root apex cells, particularly in the columella cells, to a greater degree than the ground controls. Plasmolysis was observed in columella cells of spaceflight roots fixed in solutions with relatively high osmolarity (1.26 osmol). The appearance of plasmolysis permitted the evaluation of the water status of cells. The water potential of the spaceflight cells was higher than the surrounding fixative solution. A decrease in osmotic potential and/or an increase in turgor potential may have induced increases in cell water potential. However, the plasmolysed (i.e. non-turgid) cells implied that increases in water potential were accompanied with a decrease in osmotic potential. In such cells changes in vacuolation may have been involved to maintain turgor pressure or may have been a result of intensification of other vacuolar functions like digestion and storage.     

NeQuick模式在亚太地区扇区电离层参数f0F2的预测能力

利用亚洲、澳大利亚地区8个电离层观测台站的F2层临界频率f0F2的历史观测数据,考察了NeQuick模式预报电离层基本参数f0F2在亚太扇区的适应性.对比分析表明,此模式能比较好地预测各地的F2层临界频率,其绝对误差在南半球各站相对北半球各站较大,太阳活动高年相对太阳活动低年较大,春秋季相对夏冬季较大.其误差均方根在太阳活动高年相对太阳活动低年较大.      

北斗-罗兰C组合导航的ASF修正计算与研究

介绍讨论了修正ASF的米林顿法和CLC数值积分法,并用MATLAB编程计算;用米林顿法计算的(SF+ASF),与军标"长波地波传输信道计算方法"计算结果非常吻合;CLC数值积分法计算的结果与英国PaulWilliams的结果也很吻合;而CLC数值积分法计算的(SF+ASF)与米林顿法有较大差别,但在用以推求陆地路径ASF时,二者差别就很小。试验表明,CLC数值积分法有助于复杂地形路径的ASF修正计算。     

The mechanics of air-breathing in anuran larvae: implications to the development of amphibians in microgravity.

Because of their rapid development, amphibians have been important model organisms in studies of how microgravity affects vertebrate growth and differentiation. Both urodele (salamanders) and anuran (frogs and toads) embryos have been raised in orbital flight, the latter several times. The most commonly reported and striking effects of microgravity on tadpoles are not in the vestibular system, as one might suppose, but in their lungs and tails. Pathological changes in these organs disrupt behavior and retard larval growth. What causes malformed (typically lordotic) tadpoles in microgravity is not known, nor have axial pathologies been reported in every flight experiment. Lung pathology, however, has been consistently observed and is understood to result from the failure of the animals to inflate their lungs in a timely and adequate fashion. We suggest that malformities in the axial skeleton of tadpoles raised in microgravity are secondary to problems in respiratory function. We have used high speed videography to investigate how tadpoles breathe air in the 1G environment. The video images reveal alternative species-specific mechanisms, that allow tadpoles to separate air from water in less that 150 ms. We observed nothing in the biomechanics of air-breathing in 1G that would preclude these same mechanisms from working in microgravity. Thus our kinematic results suggest that the failure of tadpoles to inflate their lungs properly in microgravity is due to the tadpoles' inability to locate the air-water interface and not a problem with the inhalation mechanism per se.     

Scientific ballooning in Japan

Activities in scientific ballooning in Japan during 1998–1999 are reported. The total number of scientific balloons flown in Japan in 1998 and 1999 was sixteen, eight flights in each year. The scientific objectives were observations of high energy cosmic electrons, air samplings at various altitudes, monitoring of atmospheric ozone density, Galactic infrared observations, and test flights of new type balloons. Balloon expeditions were conducted in Antarctica by the National Institute of Polar Research, in Russia, in Canada and in India in collaboration with foreign countries' institutes to investigate cosmic rays, Galactic infrared radiation, and Earth's atmosphere. There were three flights in Antarctica, four flights in Russia, three flights in Canada and two flights in India. Four test balloons were flown for balloon technology, which included pumpkin-type super-pressure balloon and a balloon made with ultra-thin polyethylene film of 3.4 μm thickness.     

Soybean cotyledon starch metabolism is sensitive to altered gravity conditions.

We have demonstrated that etiolated soybean seedlings grown under the altered gravity conditions of clinorotation (1 rpm) and centrifugation (5xg) exhibit changes in starch metabolism. Cotyledon starch concentration was lower (-28%) in clinorotated plants and higher (+24%) in centrifuged plants than in vertical control plants. The activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in the cotyledons was affected in a similar way, i.e. lower (-37%) in the clinorotated plants and higher (+22%) in the centrifuged plants. Other starch metabolic enzyme activities, starch synthase, starch phosphorylase and total hydrolase were not affected by the altered gravity treatments. We conclude that the observed changes in starch concentrations were primarily due to gravity-mediated differences in ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity.     

深空环境下热防护材料的研究及应用进展

随着对太空探索的深入,空间飞行器所面临的环境也越趋恶劣:太空飞行过程中的高温羽流防护,高速返回再入过程中高温气动加热;长时间日光下飞行会使飞行器表面温度越来越高;一些星球上高温的大气环境导致人类现有制造飞行器的材料无法抵挡。本文搜集国内外先进热防护系统研究资料,了解重点发展方向,介绍了我国神舟飞船热防护材料以及已经开发出的新型轻质高效热防护材料,为我国今后用于恶劣环境下的飞行器材料提供一些信息和材料基础。     

Collisions in space: A retrospective overview of ISAS studies

A chronological review of studies in ISAS concerning collisions in space is presented. The collision probability in space with artificial orbiting bodies was estimated, and a Space Traffic Control System was proposed, in 1971. The design of a space station for safety against collision hazards was discussed in 1972. A trajectory optimization technique for low-thrust multiple rendezvous mission in order ti sweep space debris around the earth was developed in 1977. In 1984, the collision probability was reestimated using space bedris data accumulated for more than a decade. Several experimental projects in ISAS, such as hypervelocity impact experiments using a railgun system, sampling and measuring of alumina particles in exhaust plume of solid-propellant propellant rocket motors, and a result of analysis on the behavior of such alumina particles in orbit are also introduced.     

Function of the cytoskeleton in gravisensing during spaceflight.

Since astronauts and cosmonauts have significant bone loss in microgravity we hypothesized that there would be physiological changes in cellular bone growth and cytoskeleton in the absence of gravity. Investigators from around the world have studied a multitude of bone cells in microgravity including Ros 17/2.8, Mc3T3-E1, MG-63, hFOB and primary chicken calvaria. Changes in cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM) have been noted in many of these studies. Investigators have noted changes in shape of cells exposed to as little as 20 seconds of microgravity in parabolic flight. Our laboratory reported that quiescent osteoblasts activated by sera under microgravity conditions had a significant 60% reduction in growth (p<0.001) but a paradoxical 2-fold increase in release of the osteoblast autocrine factor PGE2 when compared to ground controls. In addition, a collapse of the osteoblast actin cytoskeleton and loss of focal adhesions has been noted after 4 days in microgravity. Later studies in Biorack on STS-76, 81 and 84 confirmed the increased release of PGE2 and collapse of the actin cytoskeleton in cells grown in microgravity conditions, however flown cells under 1 g conditions maintained normal actin cytoskeleton and fibronectin matrix. The changes seen in the cytoskeleton are probably not due to alterations in fibronectin message or protein synthesis since no differences have been noted in microgravity. Multiple investigators have observed actin and microtubule cytoskeletal modifications in microgravity, suggesting a common root cause for the change in cell architecture. The inability of the O g grown osteoblast to respond to sera activation suggests that there is a major alteration in anabolic signal transduction under microgravity conditions, most probably through the growth factor receptors and/or the associated kinase pathways that are connected to the cytoskeleton. Cell cycle is dependent on the cytoskeleton. Alterations in cytoskeletal structure can block cell growth either in G1 (F-actin microfilament collapse), or in G2/M (inhibition of microtubule polymerization during G2/M-phase). We therefore hypothesize that microgravity would inhibit growth in either G1, or G2/M.