基于微波辐射测量的电波折射修正技术

针对电波折射修正精度直接影响无线电系统的探测和定位精度这一问题,提出了利用微波辐射计反演大气折射率剖面进行电波折射修正的解决方法,并引入RBF（Radial Basis Function,径向基）神经网络算法反演大气折射率.在青岛市气象局架设MP-3000A型多通道微波辐射计,开展了长达1个月的与探空数据的联合观测比对实验,对输出的大气折射率剖面进行了详细的分析.实验结果表明：RBF神经网络算法与MP-3000A自带的神经网络算法相比,反演大气折射率剖面的精度提高了30％以上,同时,电波折射修正的精度也得以提高.因此,利用微波辐射计反演大气折射率剖面进行电波折射修正方法可行.     

外测数据对流层折射误差修正及精度分析

针对对流层引起的航天器外测数据折射误差,基于对流层分段模型,以测站历史气象数据拟合折射衰减系数,建立测控站上空对流层折射率模型,并利用实测地面折射率对统计模型进行优化,进一步提高模型反映大气剖面的真实性.利用该模型对S频段多颗在轨卫星50多跟踪圈次的实测外测数据进行修正分析,并与微波辐射计实时修正结果进行比较,测距、测角、测速互差分别优于0.9m、0.02°、0.06 m/s.将该模型应用于卫星长管外测数据的实时修正,可提高轨道测量数据质量.     

对流层大气折射误差的微波辐射计修正

目前,雷达的目标跟踪定位、卫星的测控定轨等对大气折射误差高精度修正的要求越来越高。针对传统大气折射误差修正方法的成本高、实时性差等问题,研究利用对水汽和液态水含量敏感的双通道微波辐射计测得的辐射亮温来反演大气折射率的方法。对微波辐射计的反演结果和探空数据的结果进行比较,计算不同海拔高度上反演的平均偏差和均方差,发现利用微波辐射计反演得到的折射率剖面与探空值吻合较好,验证了此方法的可行性。同时介绍了微波辐射计新的定标方法和微波辐射计对于水平不均匀大气的折射误差修正方法。     

双通道微波辐射计大气折射率剖面反演的神经网络算法

基于地基双通道微波辐射计（23．8GHz和31．65GHz）所测天顶方向的亮温测量数据和地面气象参数,给出了一种利用微波辐射测量反演大气折射率剖面的神经网络算法。利用青岛地区历史探空数据仿真的大气辐射亮温对神经网络进行了训练,回归得到了三段折射率剖面模型,并对利用实测亮温反演的大气折射率剖面与探空实测折射率剖面和模式剖面进行了比较分析,分析结果表明利用微波辐射计反演的折射率剖面与实测剖面间有很好的一致性,较三段折射率剖面模式具有更好的反演精度。     

联合地基GNSS及空基GNSS掩星探测水汽三维分布

研究了联合地基GNSS和空基GNSS掩星观测的大气水汽探测方法。首先,利用COSMIC(气象、电离层、气候星座观测系统)和GRACE(重力恢复与气候实验)无线电掩星产品对对流层层析成像的几个关键技术进行了优化,标定了对流层干延迟模型,建立了新的大气加权平均温度模型,提出了一种新方法用于确定水汽层层顶(即对流层层析模型的顶部边界)。选择香港地区12个连续GNSS气象监测站2017年6月份的数据反演计算了水汽的三维分布,以探空测站的水汽密度为真值,统计层析反演结果与真值之间的偏差为:偏差平均值优于1.36g/m~3,RMS值优于1.70g/m~3。     

深空站大气折射修正模型建模及试验验证

针对现有对流层大气折射模型在特定地区适应性不强的问题,基于电波大气折射效应原理及经典大气模型,分析了对流层大气折射误差估计模型及其投影函数,用历史气象数据分析了某地区气候特点,证明了修正模型在该地区应用的可行性。然后,利用多项式拟合方法得到了深空站地区大气折射统计模型,利用非线性回归方法得到了深空站地区大气折射修正量的解析近似模型。最后,用实测数据对以上两个修正模型进行了试验验证。验证结果表明,统计模型稳定可靠,解析近似模型测量精度高,能够满足不同条件下深空测控及VLBI观测中电波折射修正的需求。     

基于分段模型的测速雷达电波折射误差修正方法

针对高精度测速系统在优化设备时取消探空气象测量的要求,提出用统计大气折射率剖面分段模型代替探空测量剖面,并在此基础上建立了基于分段模型的测速雷达电波折射误差修正方法。利用某测站历史气象数据对该方法进行了验证,结果表明精度较高,基本上能够满足测速雷达数据处理电波折射修正的精度要求。     

电离层对GPS相对大地测量的影响

本文分析了对 GPS 相对大地测量有重要影响的电离层误差特性。电离层误差、星历预报误差和对流层延迟误差是影响 GPS 测地精度的三个主要误差源。借助高精度数字式 GPS 接收机(如 T14100GPS 导航接收机),星历估计和预报技术在日益改善。现在正在研究精确的对流层延迟修正技术,例如使用便携式水汽辐射计测量大气中水汽含量对 GPS 信号延迟的影响。为了获得相应的 GPS 测地精度还必须重视电离层误差的修正。本文讨论了三维基线精度,它随电离层条件、电离层修正精度、基线间隔、定向和事后处理方法而变化,给出了使用 T14100GPS 导航接收机和德克萨斯仪器公司 Geomark 事后处理软件包的实际测量结果。     

几种电离层模型折射修正效果检验

航天工程任务对航天器外弹道测量数据的精度需求不断提高,电离层折射误差已成为影响航天高精度测量的主要误差源之一。目前国际上基于多种观测数据建立了多种电离层模型,由于模型使用的数据和算法不同而有不同的修正精度。通过分析国内外常用的Klobuchar(克罗布歇)模型、国际参考电离层模型和中国参考电离层模型的特点,利用3个电离层模型对S频段多颗在轨卫星50多跟踪圈次的实测外测数据进行修正,以星载GPS(Global Positioning System,全球定位系统)数据获取的精密星历经过坐标变换、测站与卫星的几何关系计算可得到测站到卫星的距离,将其作为标准值,采用微波辐射计修正对流层折射误差后对3个电离层模型的修正结果进行比较检验,结果表明中国参考电离层模型在中国区域的修正结果优于其他2个模型,可为航天测控实时修正提供参考。     

对流层和电离层延迟残差对GPS飞行器定位精度影响

GPS(全球定位系统)飞行器定位中,飞行器起飞后,基准站与移动站的距离和高程差逐渐增大,对流层、电离层延迟残差对定位精度的影响也将越来越大。利用在短基线条件下,用Kalman滤波和LAMBDA(最小二乘模糊度降相关平差法)算法固定整周模糊度,并在随后保持固定。在此基础上研究对流层、电离层延迟残差参数估计对定位精度的影响。算例结果表明,短基线条件时,电离层延迟残差估计将使定位精度变差,高程定位误差小于10cm;中长基线时,电离层延迟残差估计将改善载波相位残差,从而改善定位精度,取得与消电离层组合定位一致的定位精度。而在视场内缺少低仰角卫星时,对流层延迟残差参数估计将使定位精度变差。     

Atmospheric Error in Range and Range-Rate Measurements between a Ground Station and an Artificial Satellite

The propagation errors caused by the atmosphere are investigated in order to find out the causes of the observed errors in range and range-rate measurements between a ground station and an artificial satellite. The calculations show that the observed errors are mostly caused by the measuring instruments. The propagation errors are mainly caused by increases, decreases, or fluctuations of the refractive index of the atmosphere, and the errors caused by the refraction of the propagation path are about 10 percent of the errors caused by the decrease of the propagation velocity. The tropospheric range errors are less than 150 meters and are approximately expressed by a cotangent function, and they are reduced by about 90 percent through the use of monthly average refractivity profiles of the troposphere. The ionospheric errors are usually negligible at centimeter radio waves (less than 10 cm), and even at decimeter waves or meter waves almost all errors can be removed by the use of two different frequencies on the down-link so that the range can be made independent of frequency.     

Observations of Vertical Reflections from the Topside Martian Ionosphere

The Martian ionosphere has for the first time been probed by a low frequency topside radio wave sounder experiment (MARSIS) (Gurnett et al., 2005). The density profiles in the Martian ionosphere have for the first time been observed for solar zenith angles less than 48 degrees. The sounder spectrograms typically have a single trace of echoes, which are controlled by reflections from the ionosphere in the direction of nadir. With the local density at the spacecraft derived from the sounder measurements and using the lamination technique the spectrograms are inverted to electron density profiles. The measurements yield electron density profiles from the sub-solar region to past the terminator. The maximum density varies in time with the solar rotation period, indicating control of the densities by solar ionizing radiation. Electron density increases associated with solar flares were observed. The maximum electron density varies with solar zenith angle as predicted by theory. The altitude profile of electron densities between the maximum density and about 170m altitude is well approximated by a classic Chapman layer. The neutral scale height is close to 10 to 13 km. At altitudes above 180 km the densities deviate from and are larger than inferred by the Chapman layer. At altitudes above the exobase the density decrease was approximated by an exponential function with scale heights between 24 and 65 km. The densities in the top side ionosphere above the exobase tends to be larger than the densities extrapolated from the Chapman layer fitted to the measurements at lower altitudes, implying more efficient upward diffusion above the collision dominated photo equilibrium region.     

Observations of Stratosphere-Troposphere Coupling During Major Solar Eclipses from FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Constellation

Sudden tropospheric cooling and induced stratospheric warming were found during the 22 July 2009 total solar eclipse. Can the 22 July 2009 hallmark also be seen in other major solar eclipses? Here we hypothesize that the tropospheric cooling and the stratospheric warming can be predicted to occur during a major solar eclipse event. In this work we use the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (F3C) Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data to construct eclipse-time temperature profiles before, during, and after the passages of major solar eclipses for the years 2006–2010. We use four times a day of meteorological analysis from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) global meteorological analysis to construct non-eclipse effect temperature profiles for the same eclipse passages. The eclipse effects were calculated based on the difference between F3C and ECMWF profiles. A?total of five eclipse cases and thirteen non-eclipse cases were analyzed and compared. We found that eclipses cause direct thermal cooling in the troposphere and indirect dynamic warming in the stratosphere. These results are statistically significant. Our results show ?0.6 to ?1.2°C cooling in the troposphere and 0.4 to 1.3°C warming in the middle to lower stratosphere during the eclipses. This characteristic stratosphere-troposphere coupling in temperature profiles represent a distinctive atmospheric responses to the solar eclipses.     

A Review of Low Frequency Electromagnetic Wave Phenomena Related to Tropospheric-Ionospheric Coupling Mechanisms

Investigation of coupling mechanisms between the troposphere and the ionosphere requires a multidisciplinary approach involving several branches of atmospheric sciences, from meteorology, atmospheric chemistry, and fulminology to aeronomy, plasma physics, and space weather. In this work, we review low frequency electromagnetic wave observations in the Earth-ionosphere cavity from a troposphere-ionosphere coupling perspective. We discuss electromagnetic wave generation, propagation, and resonance phenomena, considering atmospheric, ionospheric and magnetospheric sources, from lightning and transient luminous events at low altitude to Alfvén waves and particle precipitation related to solar and magnetospheric processes. We review ionospheric processes as well as surface and space weather phenomena that drive the coupling between the troposphere and the ionosphere. Effects of aerosols, water vapor distribution, thermodynamic parameters, and cloud charge separation and electrification processes on atmospheric electricity and electromagnetic waves are reviewed. Regarding the role of the lower boundary of the cavity, we review transient surface phenomena, including seismic activity, earthquakes, volcanic processes and dust electrification. The role of surface perturbations and atmospheric gravity waves in ionospheric dynamics is also briefly addressed. We summarize analytical and numerical tools and techniques to model low frequency electromagnetic wave propagation and to solve inverse problems and outline in a final section a few challenging subjects that are important to advance our understanding of tropospheric-ionospheric coupling.     

航空电子多信道实时分组调度方法

 针对航空电子波分复用（WDM）网络,提出了一种新的多信道实时调度策略实时多信道加权轮转调度（RMWRR）,将多信道分成强实时信道组和尽力服务信道组,通过调整强实时信道组的权值分配和在尽力服务信道组进行权值补偿的方法,在满足强实时消息强实时约束的同时,提高了带宽利用率,可以适应动态消息的权值变化。对经过流量整形的非强实时消息,RMWRR在尽力服务信道组对其提供延迟上界。通过理论分析,推导了RMWRR的强实时调度条件和尽力服务延迟上界。仿真和算例分析验证了该调度策略的强实时约束下的低资源占用和非强实时下的低延迟特性。     

Atmospheric Distortion of Signals Originating from Space Sources

The phasefront distortion imposed on space signals by fine-grained refractivity variations of the atmosphere is an important consideration in the design of large-aperture antennas, antenna arrays, antenna systems for measuring spacecraft position and position-rate, and radioastronomy systems. The distortion caused by ionospheric and tropospheric refractivity variations imposes fundamental limitations on the capabilities of these antennas and antenna systems, particularly on systems which must operate at low elevation angles. The purpose of this paper is to present numerical estimates of distortion imposed on signals passing through the atmosphere. Atmospheric models based on available literature are selected for this purpose.     

Elementary processes involving electrons in the ionosphere

The production, slowing-down and disappearance processes of the ionospheric electrons are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the individual elementary processes, especially on electron collisions with other atmospheric constituents, rather than on other topics involving the gross structure of the real ionosphere.