Prediction of aerodynamic characteristics of an aircraft model with and without winglet using fuzzy logic technique

This paper describes the potentials of an aircraft model without and with winglet attached with NACA wing No. 65-3-218. Based on the longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics analyzing for the aircraft model tested in low subsonic wind tunnel, the lift coefficient (CL) and drag coefficient (CD) were investigated respectively. Wind tunnel test results were obtained for CL and CD versus the angle of attack α for three Reynolds numbers Re (1.7×¹⁰⁵, 2.1×¹⁰⁵, and 2.5×¹⁰⁵) and three configurations (configuration 1: without winglet, configuration 2: winglet at 0° and configuration 3: winglet at 60°). Compared with conventional technique, fuzzy logic technique is more efficient for the representation, manipulation and utilization. Therefore, the primary purpose of this work was to investigate the relationship between lift coefficients and drag coefficients with free-stream velocities and angle of attacks, and to illustrate how fuzzy expert system (FES) might play an important role in prediction of aerodynamic characteristics of an aircraft model with the addition of winglet. In this paper, an FES model was developed to predict the lift and drag coefficients of the aircraft model with winglet at 60°. The mean relative error of measured and predicted values (from FES model) were 6.52% for lift coefficient and 4.74% for drag coefficient. For all parameters, the relative error of predicted values was found to be less than the acceptable limits (10%). The goodness of fit of prediction (from FES model) values were found as 0.94 for lift coefficient and 0.98 for drag coefficient which were close to 1.0 as expected.     

Effects of wing flexibility on aerodynamic performance of an aircraft model

The low-speed wind tunnel experiment is carried out on a simplified aircraft model to explore the influence of wing flexibility on the aircraft aerodynamic performance. The investigation involves the measurements of force, membrane deformation and velocity field at Reynolds number of 5.4 × 10⁴–1.1 × 10⁵. In the lift curves, two peaks are observed. The first peak, corresponding to the stall, is sensitive to the wing flexibility much more than the second peak, which nearly keeps constant. For the optimal case, in comparison with the rigid wing model, the delayed stall of nearly 5° is achieved, and the relative lift increment is about 90%. It is revealed that the lift enhanced region corresponds to the larger deformation and stronger vibration, which leads to stronger flow mixing near the flexible wing surface. Thereby, the leading-edge separation is suppressed, and the aerodynamic performance is improved significantly. Furthermore, the effects of sweep angle and Reynolds number on the aerodynamic characteristics of flexible wing are also presented.     

小展弦比机翼加装格尼襟翼的低雷诺数试验

通过风洞试验研究了在低雷诺数下加装格尼襟翼的小展弦比机翼气动特性,机翼展弦比为1.67,格尼襟翼为1%~4%弦长高度,试验雷诺数分别为2.0×105和5.0×105.天平测力和表面测压的试验结果表明:低雷诺数下小展弦比机翼加装一定高度的格尼襟翼后,升力系数明显提高,加装1%弦长高度的格尼襟翼还能够提高机翼的升阻比.这是因为在试验雷诺数下,合适高度的襟翼在提高了机翼升力的同时并未显著增大机翼阻力.对比不同试验雷诺数下格尼襟翼的作用效果,表明格尼襟翼能够减少低雷诺数气流分离的不利影响,并且在较小的雷诺数下这种作用更加显著.关于格尼襟翼对低雷诺数层流分离现象的影响,还需要通过细致的流场显示技术进行研究.      

Transition prediction and sensitivity analysis for a natural laminar flow wing glove flight experiment

Natural laminar flow technology can significantly reduce aircraft aerodynamic drag and has excellent technical appeal for transport aircraft development with high aerodynamic efficiency. Accurately and efficiently predicting the laminar-to-turbulent transition and revealing the maintenance mechanism of laminar flow in a transport aircraft’s flight environment are significant for developing natural laminar flow wings. In this research, we carry out natural laminar flow flight experiments with different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack. The critical N-factor is calibrated as 9.0 using flight experimental data and linear stability theory from a statistical perspective, which makes sure that the relative error of transition location is within 5%. We then implement a simplified e^N transition prediction method with a similar accuracy compared with linear stability theory. We compute the sensitivity information for the simplified e^N method with an adjoint-based method, using the automatic differentiation technique (ADjoint). The impact of Reynolds numbers and pressure distributions on TS waves is analyzed using the sensitivity information. Through the sensitivity analysis, we find that: favorable pressure gradients not only suppress the development of TS waves but also decrease their sensitivity to Reynolds numbers; there exist three special regions which are very sensitive to the pressure distribution, and the sensitivity decreases as the local favorable pressure gradient increases. The proposed sensitivity analysis method enables robust natural laminar flow wings design.     

超临界翼型跨声速激波振荡数值模拟

应用DES(detached eddy simulation)方法研究了SC(2)-0714超临界翼型跨声速自维持激波振荡现象.使用的DES方法预测了激波在翼型上表面的周期性运动,分析了雷诺数对激波运动的减缩频率、平均激波位置、脉动压力系数等非定常特性的影响.结果表明:雷诺数对激波振荡运动特性的影响呈非线性关系;而雷诺数为6×106时的激波振荡运动特性与雷诺数分别为15×106及30×106时的特性存在明显差异.      

临近空间飞艇排翼式艇翼气动干扰实验研究

临近空间排翼式升浮一体飞艇是运行在临近空间环境,由水平、垂直方向具有一定几何间隔的两个艇翼连接两个囊体构成的新型低速飞行器。本文通过研制附加支架,使用一种低雷诺数风洞测量了两个对称翼型在水平、垂直方向相对位置、雷诺数、迎角等参数变化的情况下,前翼型模型对后翼型模型的升力和阻力系数于扰值的定量结果;对其变化规律进行了总结,并通过自由飞模型对由实验数据推导出的前、后机翼间的气动干扰进行验证,得出一些对排翼式布局飞行器总体设计有指导意义的经验数据与结论。     

某运输机全机构型雷诺数效应阻力修正研究

采用CFD方法分析了雷诺数效应对某运输机全机构型阻力的影响。基于对某运输机的翼/身/架/舱组合体绕流进行的计算分析,归纳总结出了一种适应于复杂构型的低雷诺数到高雷诺数的阻力修正方法。通过验证可知,该修正方法修正效果良好,为工程中的阻力预测提供了一种简洁有效的方法。     

趋于临界马赫数的圆柱跨声速绕流特性分析

通过深化认识趋于临界马赫数Ma_cr的圆柱跨声速绕流特性,明确新型飞行器增升减阻设计的空气动力学理论依据。采用大涡模拟方法数值研究了来流马赫数Ma_∞为0.75和0.85、雷诺数Re为2×10⁵的圆柱跨声速绕流。结果表明:当Ma_∞趋于临界马赫数(Ma_cr≈0.9)时,圆柱的阻力下降且升力系数振荡被抑制;通过力的分解,得知圆柱的阻力减小来自旋涡力的影响,而非可压缩性;圆柱的阻力减小与其背压上升有关;剪切层初始阶段的对流马赫数Ma_c随Ma_∞的增加而增大,而增长率相反,这使得剪切层更为稳定、柱体背压更高。此外,由于Ma_∞=0.85时边界层分离点处的激波和尾迹处的激波向下游推移,使得近尾迹处的湍流脉动减弱,进而导致柱体的表面压力振荡和升力系数振荡被抑制。     

Effect of protrusion amount on gas ingestion of radial rim seal

In this paper, the effect of different amount of protrusion on various parameters in rotor–stator system was experimentally studied by measuring CO₂ concentration and pressure, in order to obtain the optimal protrusion amount. The parameters of different dimensionless sealing flow were measured under the condition that the annulus Reynolds number was 4.39 × 10⁵ and the rotating Reynolds number was 1.05 × 10⁶. The results show that the change of the amount of protrusions has little effect on the static pressure in the cavity, and the static pressure change near the sealing ring is almost negligible. But the total pressure and sealing efficiency increase first and then decrease with the increase of the amount of protrusion. The variation of power consumption is the same. A complex vortex structure will appear at the high radius region when the protrusion is installed. On the other hand, the protrusion can effectively reduce the minimum sealing flow of the rotor–stator cavity. Furthermore, considering the sealing efficiency and power consumption, the best range of the protrusion amount is about 36. The ratio near this range can optimally balance the alleviation of the gas ingestion and the reduction of the power consumption.     

Simulation of the flow around a stationary circular cylinder taking into account laminar-turbulent transition

We consider a problem of a stationary incompressible viscous fluid flow around a flat circular cylinder. In the vicinity of the critical Reynolds number Re _cr a stepwise drop of the cylinder drag takes place, which is called the drag crisis.     

Unsteady pressure fluctuations in the boattail region of a heat shield

Unsteady, turbulent, compressible, axisymmetric, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations are solved for the flow past a bulbous payload shroud for a freestream Mach number of 0.95 and Reynolds number of 16.40×10⁶. A time-dependent numerical simulation is carried out using a finite-volume discretization technique in conjunction with a multistage Runge–Kutta time-stepping scheme. The closure of the system of equations is achieved using the Baldwin–Lomax turbulence model. Comparisons have been made with experimental results such as the schlieren picture and surface pressure distribution. A good agreement is found between them. A separated flow zone on the boattail region is observed and is found to be highly unsteady. Standard deviation, higher-order moments, histograms, and spectrum of surface pressure levels are analysed in the separated region of the boattail.     

带尾翼干扰的喷管- 后体一体化流场数值模拟

当飞行器处于高亚声速或者是跨声速飞行状态时,其喷管-后体部分一般都会产生相当可观的气动阻力。为研究喷管-后体的气动特性,使用WJ2000显式代数雷诺应力模型和CG K-epsilon 2方程模型对几种单发带尾翼、不带尾翼的喷管-后体模型在外流马赫数Ma=0.9时进行了数值模拟。计算结果表明:尾翼的干扰是有利于减小喷管阻力的;除了无尾翼模型外,尾翼错位布置的喷管-后体模型的总阻力是最小的,这主要是因为同位布置的尾翼本身会产生较大的压差阻力;后体形状对喷管-后体流场也有重要影响。     

Heat transfer characteristics in a narrow confined channel with discrete impingement cooling

Heat transfer characteristics in a narrow confined channel with discrete impingement cooling were investigated using thermal infrared camera. Detailed heat transfer distributions and comparisons on three surfaces with three impact diameters were experimentally studied in the range of Reynolds number of 3000 to 30000. The experimental results indicated that the strong impingement jet leaded to a high strength heat transfer zone in the ΔX=±2.5D_j range of the impact center,which was 1.3–...     

Behavior of wake vortices near the ground over a large range of Reynolds numbers

Numerical simulations based on the two-dimensional vorticity-stream function formulation are used to investigate the behavior of wake vortices near the ground over a wide Reynolds number range and to determine the maximum height the primary vortices reach far downstream of the lifting wing. All cases within the studied Reynolds number range (3 · 10² ≤ Re_Γ ≤ 3 · 10⁶) show the separation of boundary layer vorticity from the ground, the formation of vortices in the separation region and one or several rebounds of the primary vortex pair. The amount of circulation produced within the boundary layer shows only minor variations, while an increasing Reynolds number results in an increasing number of generated vortices with decreasing circulation. The minimum altitude of the primary vortex pair increases with a decreasing Reynolds number, while the maximum altitude far downstream does not show a regular dependence on the Reynolds number. For all Reynolds numbers the maximum altitude of the primary vortices far downstream is smaller than 3.1 times their initial spacing. This result is confirmed by theoretical deductions yielding an upper limit for the maximum altitude of the primary vortices after several rebounds.     

来流湍流度对超高负荷低压涡轮附面层流动控制手段的影响

实验研究了表面粗糙度耦合上游尾迹的流动控制技术,分析了来流湍流度（FSTI）在流动控制过程中对叶片吸力面附面层分离、转捩特性的影响.实验发现:在速度峰值点至分离点之间布置粗糙高度与弦长之比为1.05×10-4的粗糙条带可以在来流湍流度为0.4%与2.2%的低雷诺数范围内降低叶型损失.在雷诺数为85000的状态下,FSTI影响了尾迹通过区、尾迹诱导转捩区及自然转捩区的附面层动量厚度,造成了叶型损失的差异,但FSTI对抑制区的影响较小.      

高位进气径向出气转静系静盘压力研究

用实验的方法获取了高位垂直进气径向出流的静盘表面压力分布和转静腔内的旋流系数.实验结果表明:在低于0.6倍半径的范围内,沿半径增大方向静压随之增大;在射流孔处压力降至最低,而后又突然升高并逐步趋于平稳;静盘表面压力随着流量的增加而增加,随着旋转雷诺数的增加而降低;在旋转雷诺数小于等于2.6×106、流量系数小于等于4.50×104的范围内两盘间可以形成稳定的旋转核心.此外,在实验范围内,流量系数和旋转雷诺数对旋流系数值的影响较小.      

Aerodynamic performance enhancement of a flying wing using nanosecond pulsed DBD plasma actuator

Experimental investigation of aerodynamic control on a 35 swept flying wing by means of nanosecond dielectric barrier discharge(NS-DBD) plasma was carried out at subsonic flow speed of 20–40 m/s, corresponding to Reynolds number of 3.1 · 105–6.2 · 105. In control condition, the plasma actuator was installed symmetrically on the leading edge of the wing. Lift coefficient, drag coefficient, lift-to-drag ratio and pitching moment coefficient were tested with and without control for a range of angles of attack. The tested results indicate that an increase of 14.5% in maximum lift coefficient, a decrease of 34.2% in drag coefficient, an increase of 22.4% in maximum lift-to-drag ratio and an increase of 2 at stall angle of attack could be achieved compared with the baseline case. The effects of pulsed frequency, amplitude and chord Reynolds number were also investigated.And the results revealed that control efficiency demonstrated strong dependence on pulsed frequency. Moreover, the results of pitching moment coefficient indicated that the breakdown of leading edge vortices could be delayed by plasma actuator at low pulsed frequencies.     

临界雷诺数下旋成体头部/后体和非对称涡流动响应间的确定性

 在尖拱形细长旋成体的大迎角（α=40°）流动中通过低速风洞测压实验研究了在临界雷诺数下模型头部扰动、后体粗糙度与非对称涡流动响应的确定性问题。实验雷诺数范围在1.0×10⁵～9.0×10⁵。实验结果分析表明，临界雷诺数下模型头部在不设置人工扰动情况下与非对称涡流动响应具有不确定性；而借鉴亚临界头部扰动与流动响应确定性问题的研究方法在模型头部设置人工扰动，结果显示响应存在确定性。关于后体粗糙度对响应的影响，实验结果表明临界雷诺数下该响应存在确定性。     

宽体客机高速风洞试验数据修正方法

宽体客机航程远、巡航马赫数高,其气动设计对风洞试验数据精准度要求很高。通过完善中国空气动力研究与发展中心FL-26风洞试验数据修正技术和设备,对宽体客机高速风洞测力试验数据进行支撑/洞壁干扰、模型变形及流场畸变等系统修正,获取干净、可靠的风洞试验基准数据,为开展雷诺数、静气动弹性和动力影响等相关性修正奠定基础。研究表明：支撑干扰试验时,尾腔压力分布测量位置和假支杆长度伸入模型尾腔50 mm即可获得可靠的支撑干扰试验结果;在试验包线范围内,洞壁干扰对宽体客机模型升力、阻力和俯仰力矩系数影响较小;试验模型变形对宽体客机气动特性影响较为明显,马赫数0.85时模型变形后的升力线斜率减小0.005左右,焦点前移0.021 b_A,需进行相关修正。     

多相等离子体气动激励抑制翼型失速分离的实验

开展了多相等离子体气动激励抑制NACA0015翼型失速分离的实验,详细研究了翼型升阻特性随激励电压、激励相角、输入电压波形和占空比等激励参数的影响.研究表明:雷诺数Re=4.9×105(来流速度60m/s)时,多相等离子体气动激励可有效抑制NACA0015翼型吸力面的流动分离,将翼型临界失速攻角提高2°;相位对流动控制...