Experience in the use of computational aerodynamics to predict store release characteristics

In the early days, store separation tests were conducted in a hit or miss fashion—the stores would be dropped from the aircraft at gradually increasing speeds until the store came close to or sometimes actually hit the aircraft. In some cases, this led to loss of the aircraft, and made some test pilots reluctant to participate in store separation flight test programs.During the 1960's, the Captive Trajectory System (CTS) method for store separation wind tunnel testing was developed. The CTS provided a considerable improvement over the hit or miss method, and became widely used in aircraft/store integration programs prior to flight-testing. However, since fairly small-scale models had to be used in the wind tunnel tests, in many cases the wind tunnel predictions did not match the flight test results. No mechanism was then in place to resolve the wind tunnel/flight test discrepancies.During this same time frame Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) had finally matured to the point of providing a trajectory solution for a store in an aircraft flowfield. However, since the computational tools were necessarily (due to computer resource limitations) limited to linear techniques, and since most store separation problems occur at transonic speeds, these tools had limited application.Recent advances in computer resources have greatly improved the capability of CFD to predict store release characteristics. Instead of using linear or approximate schemes, time dependent Euler and Navier Stokes trajectories could be computed in a reasonable time frame.Three international CFD Challenges, held during the last decade of the 20th century, have shown that CFD can not only match wind tunnel test data, but also predict flight test trajectories for complex stores at transonic speeds. It appears that CFD has matured to the point that it can be usefully integrated into aircraft/store compatibility programs.     

大尖削机翼非定常跨音速绕流的数值解法(英文)

本文给出一种计算飞机机翼上定常和非定常跨音速气动力的数值解法,使用了一种特殊设计的坐标变换,是用时间精确交替方向隐式(ADI)有限差分算法来求解非定常跨音速修正三元小扰动位势方程。给出了F5战斗机机翼的数值结果并与XTRAN3S,ATRAN3S及试验结果进行了比较,表明本方法是有效的和经济的。     

颤振边界高效精确预测分析

高效精确地确定多种飞机构型的颤振边界在飞机设计过程中具有重要意义。为了提高计算效率和计算结果的准确性,针对亚声速和跨声速两种马赫数区域,提出分别采用线性和非线性方法进行非定常气动力分析。非线性分析在引入精确的定常气动力的基础上,采用高效率跨声速小扰动方程进行求解;颤振求解统一采用g 法。对大型飞机的梁架—减缩刚度组合模型的空机及三种典型燃油构型进行涵盖飞行包线的全马赫数变高度颤振分析,结果表明：四种构型的颤振边界与颤振试飞边界一致,与其他分析方法相比,效率有明显提高,尤其是对多种飞机构型能够高效地获得准确的颤振边界,即说明本文采用的方法是目前适用于工程上的一种高效精确的预测大型飞机颤振边界的方法。     

开放式气动力数值模拟系统研究

气动力数值模拟系统是ＣＦＤ流场解算技术、网格生成技术、数据可视化技术和网络技术相结合的产物。描述了一种运行于计算机网格环境下多任务、多用户、交互式的数值模拟软件环境－ 气动力数值模拟系统,该环境能计算模拟亚、跨、超音速绕流的气动力,也能方便地集成模拟不同复杂气动布局飞机流场的解算程序。介绍了其网格生成、数据可视化、系统接口等核心部分的结构和功能。     

发动机短舱对翼身组合体跨音速气动特性影响研究

为了达到增升减阻的目的,现代民用飞机设计越来越重视飞机各个部件之间的相互影响。部件之间的气动干扰影响着飞机的气动特性,合理的气动布局可以产生有利的气动干扰,获得满意的气动特性。针对民用飞机超临界机翼——翼吊式发动机短舱气动布局,通过数值模拟方法,研究了跨音速飞行时,发动机短舱对整机的气动特性影响。     

电传飞行控制作动系统

YF-23A战斗机具有极大的静不安定性,在不开加力的情况下可以实现超声速巡航,其设计目标是在亚声速和超声速均具有优于对手的机动能力,上述要求使得飞行控制作动系统必须具有空前的能力和性能。其独特的飞行和机动包线要求其作动系统在低速时具有高的舵面偏转速率和大的行程,在超声速时要具有附加铰链力矩输出能力,为实现上述目标,开发出具有液压与电能守恒的作动系统。     

Experiences in accurately predicting time-dependent flows

As computational fluid dynamics matures, researchers attempt to perform numerical simulations on increasingly complex aerodynamic flows. One type of flow that has become feasible to simulate is massively separated flow fields, which exhibit high levels of flow unsteadiness. While traditional computational fluid dynamic approaches may be able to simulate these flows, it is not obvious what restrictions should be followed in order to insure that the numerical simulations are accurate and trustworthy. Our research group has considerable experience in computing massively separated flow fields about various aircraft configurations, which has led us to examine the factors necessary for making high-quality time-dependent flow computations. The factors we have identified include: grid density and local refinement, the numerical approach, performing a time-step study, the use of sub-iterations for temporal accuracy, the appropriate use of temporal damping, and the use of appropriate turbulence models. We have a variety of cases from which to draw results, including delta wings and the F-18C, F-16C, and F-16XL aircraft. Results show that while it is possible to obtain accurate unsteady aerodynamic computations, there is a high computational cost associated with performing the calculations. Rules of thumb and possible shortcuts for accurate prediction of massively separated flows are also discussed.     

Experimental and computational investigation of hybrid formation flight for aerodynamic gain at transonic speed

The influence of the wing-tip vortex of leading aircraft on energy savings, quantified by formation aerodynamic force fraction of the following aircraft, is studied at transonic speed for a matrix of leading aircraft’s vortex locations. The research model adopts the hybrid formation of medium and large aircraft. The leading aircraft is scaled by 2.1%, and the following aircraft is scaled by 1.4%. An aerodynamic benefit “map” is developed to determine the optimum location of the following aircraft relative to the leading aircraft wake and to compare with experimental results, thus validating the use of CFD for the formation flight at cruising speed. The response surface model of aerodynamic gain effect relative to formation parameters is established via numerical calculation and wind tunnel test. The optimal formation parameters and the setting criteria of the study model are optimized. Results show that the wing-tip vortex of large aircraft significantly increases lift and reduces drag on the medium-sized aircraft following it. Reduced drag slightly increases with the flow direction position. With the increase of flow direction distance, the peak area moves from 15% of wing-tip overlap to 20% of overlap. In addition, the maximum drag decreases about 16%, and the maximum lift increases about 12%. The lift drag ratio of the optimal position is increased by 27%, which is twice as large as that of the same scale ratio aircraft formation. Results show that the increase of lift is mainly caused by the increase of suction peak and suction range.     

Aerodynamic benefits of adaptive wing technology

Especially in the case of large transonic transport aircraft, flight conditions change considerably during a typical mission. This is accounted for by multiple but fixed design points which compromise aircraft performance. Employing adaptive wing technology where the wing geometry, or other means of flow control, adjusts the flow development to the changing freestream and load conditions allows us to explore fully the flow potential at each point of the flight envelope. Various means of flow control by geometric adaptation and by direct boundary layer control have been investigated within the German national program ADIF and the EU-project EUROSHOCK II and their potential explored. Here, corresponding results are presented and discussed, indicating the applicability and benefits of the adaptive control methods considered. It is also demonstrated that, generally, flow control must be adaptive to work in real aeronautical conditions since these conditions change within the mission flight envelope.     

Self-sustained shock oscillations on airfoils at transonic speeds

Self-sustained shock wave oscillations on airfoils at transonic flow conditions are associated with the phenomenon of buffeting. The physical mechanisms of the periodic shock motion are not yet fully understood even though experiments performed over fifty years ago have demonstrated the presence of oscillatory shock waves on the airfoil surfaces at high subsonic speeds. The unsteady pressure fluctuations generated by the low-frequency large-amplitude shock motions are highly undesirable from the structural integrity and aircraft maneuverability point of view. For modern supercritical wing design with thick profiles, the shock-induced fluctuations are particularly severe and methods to reduce the shock wave amplitudes to lower values or even to delay the oscillations to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles will result in expanding the buffet boundary of the airfoil. This review begins with a recapitulation of the classical work on shock-induced bubble separation and trailing edge separation of a turbulent boundary layer. The characteristics of the unsteady pressure fluctuations are used to classify the types of shock-boundary layer interaction. The various modes of shock wave motion for different flow conditions and airfoil configurations are described. The buffet boundaries obtained using the standard trailing edge pressure divergence technique and an alternative approach of measuring the divergence of normal fluctuating forces are compared to show the equivalence. The mechanisms of self-sustained shock oscillations are discussed for symmetrical circular-arc airfoils at zero incidence and for supercritical airfoils at high incidence angles with fully separated flows. The properties of disturbances in the wake are examined from linear stability analysis of two-dimensional compressible flows. The advances in high-speed computing make predictions of buffeting flows possible. Navier–Stokes solvers and approximate boundary layer-inviscid flow interaction methods are shown to give good correlation of frequencies and other unsteady flow characteristics with experiments. Finally, passive and active methods of shock oscillation control show promising results in delaying buffet onset to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles, thus enhancing the transonic performance of airfoils.     

大型客机后缘铰链襟翼巡航变弯度气动性能数值研究

更高、更快、减阻是飞机设计三大永恒的追求。传统的固定翼飞机在进行优化设计时需兼顾各种飞行条件,寻求一个折中的最优解,而变弯度机翼的概念能有效解决这个问题,符合上述飞机设计的三大追求。着重研究大型宽体客机后缘襟翼刚性变弯度对巡航气动效率及跨声速抖振边界的影响。首先基于下垂式铰链襟翼机构,编制了机构引导下带扰流板联合偏转的后缘襟翼运动仿真程序,以自动生成不同襟翼偏角的巡航构型。在此基础上对巡航构型进行非稳态气动计算,获得跨声速区机翼抖振边界。以该抖振边界作为约束条件,以襟翼偏角、迎角为双变量,获得Cl-K关系图,得到最优升阻比曲线。本文中襟翼偏角变化为0°~±3°,间隔1°;迎角范围为-2°~5°,间隔1°。计算结果表明,变弯度构型较不变弯度构型升阻比有所提高,抖振边界约提高10%;变弯度构型可提高不同设计点的气动效率,实现减阻省油;跨声速区机翼抖振边界的提高扩大了飞行包线,使得飞机能飞得更高、更快。     

飞机亚跨声速飞行操纵特性分析

针对中等展弦比、中等后掠角机翼布局的超声速飞机在亚跨声速飞行时遇到的操纵特性异常现象,通过估算飞机在海拔5 km高空的气动特性,获得了飞机的纵向平衡性能和静操纵性的变化规律.通过数值计算,得到了飞机在低空跨声速飞行时的操纵特性;分析了造成飞机在某些飞行速度下操纵跟随性较差、大速度飞行时俯仰操纵过于灵敏、不同速度下杆力变化大等现象的原因.针对亚跨声速区的飞行与操纵特点,给出了飞行操纵建议,以提高飞行安全.     

跨声速高雷诺数圆球绕流的实验研究

本文采用无支撑干扰、洞壁影响很小的带加压抽空系统的弹道靶设备,进行了雷诺数在10~5相似文献   

飞船返回舱跨声速全局稳定性研究

根据国内外在飞船返咽舱这类短钝飞行器的亚、跨声速风洞试验中都发现了极限环振动形态这一问题,利用全局稳定性分析和数字仿真方法,研究了返回舱在跨声速和高亚声带飞行时的动稳定性,得到与风洞试验类似的结果,即返回舱处于极限环振动形态。因此,在返回舱再入亚、跨声这飞行段,为保证飞行安全,采用有效和可靠的姿态控制系统来控制和减缓动不稳定影响是必需的。     

发动机和尾喷管匹配引起的跨音振动

本文论述某机在试飞中,飞行状态为H=3000～4000m,Ma=0.82～0.96范围内出现跨音速振动。通过多种途径,寻找“涡”存在的部位,并且为进一步揭示振源的本质,而进行飞机模型吹风和尾喷口模型气流脉动试验,终于找到了气流脉动的原因。最后,采取改装机尾罩,通过试飞实践,排除这一振动,使飞机顺利地通过跨音速试飞。      

飞行器阵风响应的CFD-6DOF仿真分析

飞行器在大气中飞行,不可避免地受到阵风的影响。阵风所附加的气动载荷引发飞行器飞行状态的改变,过大幅值的阵风影响飞行的性能与安全。针对这种状况,首先采用改进的Lamb-Ossen涡模型,建立尾涡形式的阵风场;然后采用基于CFD技术的非定常N-S方程求解,并在计算网格中引入"网格速度"来模拟阵风,对SWIM(Subsonic Wall Interference Model)尾涡中的定常气动特性进行验证;最后通过CFD-6DOF的耦合,对SWIM俯冲穿越尾涡场的飞行轨迹进行研究。结果表明:计算结果与实验值符合较好;SWIM在尾涡中飞行时出现抖动、下沉、改变飞行状态、剧烈翻转的现象,与实际飞行器进入尾涡中的轨迹特性类似。     

欧拉方程多重网格方法及三维跨声速大迎角流动数值计算

本文给出一种粗、细网格时间步长可调整匹配至最优组合的多重网格方法以获得在最细网格上最大的加速收敛效益，二重网格中节省机时可达３５％。文中的数值方法可用于飞行器跨声速大迎角无粘有旋的涡干扰流场的模拟研究。     

A New Single-blade Based Hybrid CFD Method for Hovering and Forward-flight Rotor Computation

A hybrid Euler/full potential/Lagrangian wake method,based on single-blade simulation,for predicting unsteady aerodynamic flow around helicopter rotors in hover and forward flight has been developed.In this method,an Euler solver is used to model the near wake evolution and transonic flow phenomena in the vicinity of the blade,and a full potential equation(FPE) is used to model the isentropic potential flow region far away from the rotor,while the wake effects of other blades and the far wake are incorporated into the flow solution as an induced inflow distribution using a Lagrangian based wake analysis.To further reduce the execution time,the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) solution and rotor wake analysis(including induced velocity up-date) are conducted parallelly,and a load balancing strategy is employed to account for the information exchange between two solvers.By the developed method,several hover and forward-flight cases on Caradonna-Tung and Helishape 7A rotors are per-formed.Good agreements of the loadings on blade surface with available measured data demonstrate the validation of the method.Also,the CPU time required for different computation runs is compared in the paper,and the results show that the pre-sent hybrid method is superior to conventional CFD method in time cost,and will be more efficient with the number of blades increasing.     

From geometry to CFD grids—An automated approach for conceptual design

The CEASIOM software developed in the EU-funded collaborative research project SimSAC generates stability and control data for preliminary aircraft design using different methods of varying fidelity. In order to obtain the aerodynamic derivatives by CFD, the aircraft geometry must be defined, computational meshes generated, and numerical parameters set for the flow solvers. An approach to automation of the process is discussed, involving geometry generation and mesh generation for inviscid as well as RANS flow models.