爆震波点火器在氢氧塞式喷管的工程应用

建立了氢氧爆震波点火器试验系统,并根据试验塞式喷管发动机工作状态要求设计了爆震波点火器。在高空条件下(0.005￣0.002MPa),爆震波点火器供气压力0.3MPa、混合比3左右,对爆震波点火器的点火性能进行了试验,成功实现了高空条件下爆震波点火火炬。在同样高空条件下对爆震波点火器点燃单元塞式喷管试验发动机成功进行了点火试验。试验结果表明,氢氧爆震波点火器能以较低的供气压力实现可靠点火。爆震波点火器在气氢气氧单元塞式喷管试验发动机点火的成功应用,为下一阶段应用于多管塞式喷管发动机的实际点火试验提供了技术基础。     

煤油温度对于爆震波形成影响的实验研究

在内径为30mm的脉冲爆震发动机模型上，以煤油为燃料，以空气为氧化剂，成功地进行了两相爆震实验，获得了充分发展的脉冲爆震波。测试了在化学恰当比，不同爆震频率及燃油温度下的爆震波压力，并对其变化进行了分析。通过分析实验结果发现，在化学恰当比下，爆震频率不变时，煤油温度的升高明显促进了爆震的形成，在内径小于混合物胞格尺寸的爆震管内，可以形成充分发展的两相脉冲爆震波。     

气相氛围中悬浮粉末燃料爆震燃烧研究进展

针对在氧化性气相氛围以及在燃料/氧化剂混合气相氛围中粉末燃料爆震燃烧波的传播特性,总结了气相氛围中悬浮粉末燃料爆震燃烧的实验和数值模拟研究进展,归纳了影响爆震波速度、稳定性、传播模式、细观结构和胞格尺寸的主要因素。同时,还介绍了粉末燃料应用于爆震发动机或燃烧室的案例;结合粉末爆震自身特点对实验装置和燃烧诊断测试手段和数值模拟方法进行总结分析;最后针对下一步需要开展的研究工作进行展望 。     

自吸气共振型PDE谐振腔内工作过程数值模拟

自吸气共振型脉冲爆震发动机(简称自吸气共振型PDE)的工作原理是基于激波在谐振室内的聚焦点火,从而直接起爆爆震波.通过对自吸气共振犁PDE谐振室内的工作过程进行数值模拟,得到了爆震波的直接起爆、传播等一系列过程,总结出了该新型发动机的潜在优点和缺点,为下一步的研究工作奠定了基础.     

气氧/气甲烷火炬点火器设计及试验

针对某型液氧/甲烷火箭发动机,为寻求多次使用的点火器,提出了变结构气氧/气甲烷火炬式点火器设计方案。根据设计要求及技术指标,对点火器进行了变结构、变缩进长度及变混合比试验,验证了点火器设计的可靠性。试验结果表明:混合比越大,燃烧室压强越大,出口补燃情况不发生改变; 缩进长度的变化不影响燃烧室压强及出口补燃情况的变化; ...     

多路并联半导体桥点火器同步发火故障机理研究

半导体桥点火器在工程应用中通常为多个产品并联在同一供电回路中使用，以实现火工装置同步点火。在实际应用中有时会出现某个火工装置点火失败的现象。当前，研究主要集中在半导体桥点火器本身电阻变化对单路点火过程电流、电压的影响，对多路并联半导体桥电流响应特性的研究较少。半导体桥点火器在多路并联同步使用时，作用机理及故障原理不清限制了其在该场合中的应用。文章设计搭建了多路并联半导体桥点火器点火电路，通过试验发现点火器多路并联使用时，支路电流存在突然下降或上升速度缓慢的现象，均可能造成点火器半导体桥区烧蚀不完全或瞎火。结合半导体桥点火器的点火机理分析得出电路电流突然下降会导致相变过程中止、电流上升较慢会导致相变能量不足，均会造成半导体桥电爆能量无法正常释放，进而无法正常激发内部起爆药，这是半导体桥点火器用在多路并联电路情况时出现点火失败的重要原因。     

气氧/气甲烷火炬式电点火器燃烧仿真与热试

火炬式电点火是可重复使用液氧甲烷发动机较为可行的点火方式之一。针对气氧/气甲烷火炬式电点火器开展了燃烧流场仿真和点火试验研究。燃烧仿真结果表明,在混合比接近当量混合比时,仿真结果与理论计算结果吻合较好,混合比富燃程度较高时,两者的偏差显著增大。另外,随着混合比的增大,火花塞所处的热环境逐渐恶化,加大了火花塞被烧蚀的风险...     

塞式喷管发动机多管点火方案的研究

塞式喷发动机点火系统应能同时为十个以上独立的小燃烧室提供充足的点火源，在主推进剂进入后能继续维持燃烧，文中给出了三种点火方案，利用爆震波只需较小的电能输入即可同时点燃塞式叶管发动机的多个燃烧室，用气动谐振点火器无需外部能量输入即可实现多管点火，小燃烧室的电火塞点火能将小燃烧室喷出的火炬用于塞式喷管发动机的多管点火。文中最后给出了气动谐振点火器用于塞式喷管发动机多管点火时的实验数据和技术途径。     

环形燃烧室中自燃推进剂的非稳态旋转爆震现象

为研究环形燃烧室中自燃推进剂旋转爆震波的传播特性,以一甲基肼和四氧化二氮为推进剂,在圆环形燃烧室中组织旋转爆震燃烧。燃烧室外径和内径分别为60 mm和30 mm,采用了24对撞击式喷嘴,四氧化二氮的喷孔直径为0.4 mm,一甲基肼的喷孔直径为0.3 mm,通过高频脉动压力传感器记录了旋转爆震波的传播过程。研究结果表明:自燃推进剂的旋转爆震燃烧过程具有高度非稳态特性,不仅各个旋转周期之间存在明显差异,而且同一个传播周期内旋转爆震波的强度也是动态变化的;对于自燃推进剂的旋转爆震燃烧的产生及维持过程来说,外界激励不起决定性作用,燃烧室几何构型、流量和混合比对旋转爆震燃烧的影响更大。     

连续旋转爆轰波传播过程试验研究

为研究连续旋转爆轰波的传播过程,采用充填H2/O2混气的切向预爆轰管起爆,开展了H2/Air连续旋转爆轰发动机试验研究。在当量比为0.76的工况下,试验成功起爆并实现了旋转爆轰波的自持传播,获得的连续旋转爆轰波传播主频为5211.25 Hz,传播波速为1439.97 m/s。分析了连续旋转爆轰波的起爆、传播和熄爆过程,发现在连续旋转爆轰波的起爆过程中,预爆轰管产生的初始爆轰波进入连续旋转爆轰发动机后,并未直接转变为连续旋转爆轰波,而是经历了一个爆燃转爆轰的过程。在此过程中,激波压力峰值的分布由疏到密,激波强度不断增大,说明连续旋转爆轰发动机内压缩波系逐渐汇合增强,形成前导激波,不断诱导引爆可燃混气,最终形成爆轰波。在旋转爆轰波的熄爆过程中,切断燃料供给之后,爆轰波并没有立即解耦,而是在旋转数周之后,才完全解耦为爆轰产物。     

Detonation engine fed by acetylene–oxygen mixture

The advantages of a constant volume combustion cycle as compared to constant pressure combustion in terms of thermodynamic efficiency has focused the search for advanced propulsion on detonation engines. Detonation of acetylene mixed with oxygen in various proportions is studied using mathematical modeling. Simplified kinetics of acetylene burning includes 11 reactions with 9 components. Deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) is obtained in a cylindrical tube with a section of obstacles modeling a Shchelkin spiral; the DDT takes place in this section for a wide range of initial mixture compositions. A modified ka-omega turbulence model is used to simulate flame acceleration in the Shchelkin spiral section of the system. The results of numerical simulations were compared with experiments, which had been performed in the same size detonation chamber and turbulent spiral ring section, and with theoretical data on the Chapman–Jouguet detonation parameters.     

液体亚燃燃烧室点火装置工作特性数值研究

基于气体动力学和计算流体力学的相关理论,采用CFD-ACE＋流场计算软件,对液体亚燃燃烧室点火装置单独工作时的稳态流场进行了数值模拟.在试验验证的基础上分析了点火器室压、点火导管内径和导管的结构形式对火焰点火性能的影响.结果表明：当点火器室温和燃气流量恒定时,若保持管道的扩张比不变,选用较低室压的点火器更利于点火;在一定范围内增大导管内径可以提高火焰的点火性能;燃气在直管内的流动损失较小,出口射流的速度较高,穿透深度较大,带弯头的点火导管出口火焰特征类似,有无弯头对火焰的影响很大,而角度差异产生的影响很小.     

Closed theoretical model of a detonation cell

A model for an elementary detonation cell is postulated. On its basis, the geometry of the cell pattern and the kinematics of the wave fronts forming the cells are evaluated. The cell size is determined assuming that the induction time obeys an Arrhenius relationship with temperature. Thus, it is shown that some kinetic parameters of the mixture, such as the activation energy, can be deduced from the cell size. It is also demonstrated that by combining the cell model with the experimental data on the propagation of the detonation wave in a rapidly expanding channel, the initiation energy for a cylindrical detonation wave can be estimated.     

Initiation of spherical detonation in hydrocarbon/air mixtures

Spherical detonations have been initiated by solid explosive (Tetryl) charges in well-mixed stoicheiometric air mixtures with each of the hydrocarbons, ethane, propane, n-butane, isobutane and ethylene at atmospheric pressure. Prior to initiation, the gases were contained in plastic bags; total gas volume and available path length were up to 1.6 m³ and 2 m, respectively. The detonations were shown to be self-sustained by continuous measurement of detonation velocity using X-band microwave interferometry. Measured detonation velocities were in all cases close to calculated C-J values.In a few experiments close to the limits of detonability, velocity and blast pressure/time records indicated that the propagating wave system is sometimes irregular. The irregularity that occurs just after initiation is characterised by a reaction front velocity very much lower than the constant detonation velocity, but subsequently attaining the latter by an acceleration process. These observations indicate the existence of a dissociated phase in which shock and reaction fronts may no longer be coupled.Because similar experimental conditions were used throughout, it was possible to establish the relative susceptibilities of the various fuel gases to detonation. Comparison is made with the Zeldovich criterion and a detonation kernel theory of Lee.     

弹丸速度对超爆轰冲压加速器性能影响

为研究超爆轰模态冲压加速器的推进性能,采用混合的Roe/HLL（Harten, Lax, Van Leer）格式,结合自适应网格加密技术(AMR )与沉浸边界法(IBM ),数值模拟了弹丸速度高于预混可燃气体C-J爆速的冲压加速器流场,揭示了弹丸速度对流场结构与推力的影响。结果表明当弹丸速度在一定范围时,斜爆轰波可驻定在弹丸肩部或头部,在弹丸尾部形成高压区加速弹丸,并且,斜爆轰波驻定在弹丸头部推力更高,稳定工作的速度范围 更宽 。     

Some technical aspects of gaseous detonation

This paper briefly describes two attempts to utilize detonative combustion processes to MHD conversion of thermal energy of fuel to electrical energy and bonding of atmospheric nitrogen. For this purpose a continuous impulse detonation chamber with a frequency up to 200 cps was constructed. Using methane-oxygen-nitrogen mixtures the chamber was maintained in stable operation for several hundred hours. Oil was also employed as fuel.Estimates based on experimental data showed that up to 2% of chemical energy of the fuel may be converted into electrical energy. The use of an accelerating nozzle may improve this result.The concentration of nitrogen oxide in combustion products of the detonation wave was higher by 14% than that expected under usual combustion conditions.The advantages of this type of apparatus are: absence of compressors for fuel and oxidant, impulse current generation, low temperatures of chamber walls, and operation over a large range of operating conditions.Problems associated with the effect of the magnetic field on the propagation of the detonation wave are discussed and the possibility of applying the Zeldovich theory to the case of MHD interaction is described. It is shown that the detonation velocity may either increase or decrease depending on the relative orientation of the direction of magnetic field with respect to the detonation wave.     

Photochemical initiation of gaseous detonations

Direct initiation of detonations in gaseous mixtures of C₂H₂-O₂, H₂-O₂ and H₂-Cl₂ in the pressure range of 10–150 torr using flash photolysis was studied. Similar to blast initiation using a concentrated powerful energy source, it was found that for photochemical initiation, there exists a certain threshold of flash intensity and energy for each mixture at any given initial pressure and composition below which a deflagration is formed. At the critical threshold, however, a fully developed detonation is rapidly formed in the immediate vicinity of the window of incident UV radiation. However, at super critical flash energies, the amplitude of the detonation formed decreases and combustion of the entire irradiated volume approaches a constant volume explosion. It was found that photo-chemical initiation requires both a certain minimum peak value of the free radical concentration generated by the photo-dissociation as well as an appropriate gradient of this free radical distribution. The minimum peak radical concentration permits rapid reaction rates for the generation of strong pressure waves, while the gradient is necessary for the amplification of the shock waves to a detonation. If the gradient is absent and the free radicals are uniformly distributed in the mixture, then the entire volume simply explodes as in a constant volume process. The present study reveals that the mechanism of photochemical initiation is one of proper temporal synchronization of the chemical energy release to the shock wave as it propagates through the mixture. In analogy to the LASER, the term SWACER is introduced to represent this mechanism of Shock Wave Amplication by Coherent Energy Release. There are strong indications that this SWACER mechanism is universal and plays the main role in the formation of detonations whenever a powerful concentrated external source is not used to generate a strong shock wave in the explosive.     

Some aspects of blast from fuel-air explosives

Numerical solutions of the blast wave flow from a spherical explosive charge were obtained using the artificial viscosity technique as employed by Oppenheim. The flow is treated as adiabatic and inviscid and ideal equations of state are used for reactants, products and the surrounding air environment. Differences are noted in the peak pressure, static impulse and dynamic impulse resulting from three representative types of idealized initiation: (1) centrally initiated, self-similar Chapman-Jouguet detonation, (2) edge initiated spherical implosion and (3) constant volume energy release followed by sudden venting to the environment. These are compared to the ideal point blast with counterpressure of the same total energy release. In addition, numerical solutions are presented for centrally initiated, stoichiometric hydrogen-oxygen mixtures surrounded by air for detonation and for deflagration according to an empirically determined, non-steady flame velocity. The greater energy transfer to the environment in the case of detonation is demonstrated.