地月空间发展的若干工程与技术问题

针对地月空间发展的关键工程与技术问题，从地月空间运输、月球和小天体资源、月面机器人、地月空间经济圈等角度开展了研究。地月空间运输分为天地往返、地月转移和月面升降等阶段，需要根据不同阶段的环境特征发展不同的飞行器、运输方式和重复使用方案，并考虑地球空间站与载人月球探测的一体化设计。地球静止轨道是理想的地月空间工业园区，月球空间的真空、低重力、低温以及充足太阳能等条件为发展磁悬浮、太空电梯、天钩等电气化运输提供了便利；面对严酷的月面环境和稀缺的人力资源，月面机器人将发挥先导性和主力军作用，用于基础设施建设、航天员陪伴与辅助、人机协作等。地月空间发展不仅仅是载人登月，而是以建立地月空间经济圈为目标，促使国家利益从地面、海洋延伸至地月空间，推动太空产业从围绕地球向围绕地月空间发展，加速人类社会由地球文明向太阳系文明迈进。     

中国空间探索的切入点——"地月日大系统研究"的观念

探讨了地月系统、地日系统,并在此基础上提出了"地月日大系统"的研究思路。将地、月、日三者关联起来,从系统的角度和多时空尺度研究地、月、日三者之间的内在关联和相互影响,从中找出未来空间探索的主题和科学研究的目标,同时还要围绕这一主题和目标,用系统、整体、历史的观点筹划未来空间活动的开展。     

空间堆核动力技术选择研究

目前,基于太阳能、化学能的空间电源与空间推进技术,其技术能力的发展已接近极限状态,未来亟需开发基于核能的先进空间动力技术。针对低成本空间轨道运输、高功率载荷航天器、深空探测器、行星表面探测与开发等应用场景,以空间堆核电源为重点,分析了国际发展现状和未来航天需求,分别针对大功率(100 kWe～1 MWe)和小功率(1 kWe～10 kWe)应用需求,提出了技术主导方案,围绕主导技术方案梳理了关键技术,为我国空间堆核动力技术发展规划和预先研究提供参考。     

利用地月间空间站的载人登月飞行模式分析

为提高空间站利用率,降低载人登月任务成本,有效开发地月空间,研究了基于地月空间不同轨道空间站的载人登月飞行模式。首先对比直接往返登月飞行模式,对基于空间站的载人登月飞行模式进行任务分析,通过空间站将载人登月任务解耦为载人天地往返任务和登月任务两部分;其次通过轨道设计和稳定性分析提出考虑登月任务需求的地月间空间站可运行轨道和停泊点;最后建立一套飞行模式评价模型,从速度增量需求、飞行时间、空间环境、登月任务窗口、测控条件、交会对接技术难度、后续任务支持性和任务可靠性方面对6种不同位置空间站的登月飞行模式进行分析和定量评价。评价结果表明基于L2点Halo轨道空间站的载人登月飞行模式为更优飞行模式。     

"地月日大系统"数据集成系统的构建研究

"地月日大系统"数据集成系统,是在"地月日大系统"的系统架构下,从系统论和信息流的角度分析从空间任务规划、部署,到空间观测信息的采集、处理、分析、研究,到研究结果实际应用的整个过程。构建"地月日大系统"数据集成系统,作为开展"地月日大系统"研究的重要工具,对于系统地认识未来空间活动的整体目标和任务,如何开展空间活动,认识空间技术、空间应用、空间科学的协调发展等问题具有重要意义。     

世纪之交空间法的回顾与展望(下)

自人类进入空间肘代以来，空间法在较短的时间里很快发展起来，但是还有许多问题尚待解决，并且随着空间科技和人类空间活动的不断进展，还将在法律上不断地提出新的问题。可以预见，空间法将继续有较大的发展。1．空间法将随着人类空间活动的发展而发展20世纪50年代处于幼年期的人类航天活动，至世纪之交已进入成年期。纵观近半个世纪的外空活动史，可以看出人类的空间活动正不断向其广度和深度发展。就广度而言，首先，空间活动由最初的外空探索和科学考察发展为全方位的空间技术开发和利用，影响到世界各个地区和人类生活的各个层面。在…     

征文通知

随着空间探索步伐的迈进，人们需要了解更多空间环境对航天器材料与结构的影响，以便开展针对性防护。现代技术的高速发展为防护材料与结构提供了广阔空间。     

载人航天嫁接行星探索的历史性转变

2004年1月布什政府发布空间探索新设想,提出了空间站发展新的时间表,明确了载人登月球、登火星和开发太阳系其他行星的新目标。欧空局、俄罗斯、中国、日本、印度等纷纷提出了行星探测新计划。世界上出现了将载人航天嫁接于行星探索和太阳系开发的重大历史性转变。一、主要航天     

未来中国卫星遥感器的发展分析

介绍了国外对地观测系统的发展历程和趋势,重点研究和归纳了中国的气象、海洋、农业、灾害、资源、环境等重大发展问题对空间遥感的需求。在此基础上,提出了中国未来空间遥感器的发展建议,可为中国对地观测卫星技术的发展提供参考。     

跨世纪的空间资源开发

跨世纪的空间资源开发徐福祥今年２月２０日，是中国空间技术研究院（即中国航天工业总公司第五研究院）建院３０周年纪念日。我们在学习、贯彻、落实十五大精神的时候，重温江泽民主席１９９３年１月３０日为中国空间技术研究院题词“发展空间技术，开发空间资源”，更加...     

发展高可靠低成本进出空间技术，迎接太空经济时代（英文）

The worldwide space industry has entered a new space economy era. The question is how to develop in this new era? This paper tries to answer this question from two aspects: highly reliable and low-cost technology for access to space, and the cislunar economic zone. Firstly, the development requirement of the future space transportation system is discussed and the development path to enable high-reliability and a low cost of space transportation system is analyzed. Moreover, the concept of a routine space transportation system is proposed, upon which this paper gives some thoughts to the development of the cislunar economic zone thus embracing the new space economy era.     

Private space exploration: A new way for starting a spacefaring society?

Since the beginning space was an exclusive domain of public organizations, the role of privates is becoming more and more important, and not only in commercial activities. However, the main international treaties dealing with this subject are still based on the assumption that space activities are mostly reserved to states. In the last decade the idea that the role of privates could include the management of space infrastructures and launch vehicles gained support and now private launch services are a reality. An even wider role of privates is now advocated and private exploration and exploitation missions are discussed. This requires that space activity in general can generate an attractive return and those business models are identified.     

Prioritizing scientific exploration: A comparison of the ethical justifications for space development and for space science

I argue that the moral justification for space science is more compelling than the moral justification for space development. Thus, we ought to reemphasize the status of science as a major stakeholder in space, especially when entertaining policies which might encourage the kinds of space development activities (e.g. resource exploitation) that are liable to conflict with the scientific uses of space.     

空间光学发展现状和未来发展

文章综述了空间光学在空间天文、深空探测及对地观测等领域的发展现状,介绍了空间光学的未来发展动态,分析了空间光学的技术需求,最后提出了中国空间光学的发展建议。     

European space research in support of international partnership

The envisaged future space research programmes, whether in the field of space exploration or Earth observation are becoming more and more technically complicated and so costly that a single nation can hardly afford to realize them. Major non-European space-faring nations, China and India will progressively play an important role besides US, Russia and Japan. The Space Advisory Group of the European Commission recommended that the European Commission supports within Horizon 2020 a comprehensive Robotic Mars-Exploration Programme under European leadership that should become an essential element of a coordinated international space research programme. The International Space Station (ISS) experience shows that cooperative space programmes build links between industries and laboratories from around the world, which then further develop in non-space related activities, with positive impact on the economy and scientific research. Strategies need to be developed to mitigate the gradual increasing risks incurred by climate change. In order to lower their entry barrier to engage in space emerging and developing space nations need to be included in cooperative space programmes. We present the recommendations of the Space Advisory Group of the European Commission concerning Europe's participation to global space endeavours.     

ESA strategic planning for space exploration

The European Space Agency (ESA) is pursuing an independent strategic planning process for consolidating a destination driven (LEO, Moon, Mars) space exploration strategy. ESA's space exploration strategy is driven by the goals to maximise knowledge gain and to contribute to economic growth. International cooperation is a key pillar of ESA's strategy as it is considered both, an enabler for achieving common goals and a benefit, opening new perspective for addressing future challenges. The achievement of ESA's space exploration strategy is enabled through international partnerships. The interagency coordination process conducted within the framework of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) plays an important role in laying the foundations for future partnerships. It has achieved so far the development of a common vision for space exploration, a common plan for implementing the vision in the form of the Global Exploration Roadmap, as well as a common approach for articulating the value of global space exploration. ESA has been a strong promoter and supporter of the interagency coordination process conducted within ISECG and thanks to its unique expertise in international cooperation the Agency has contributed to its success.     

Role of the current young generation within the space exploration sector

The space sector gathers together people from a variety of fields who work in the industry on different levels and with different expertise. What is often forgotten is the impact and role of the current young generation. Their engagement is of great importance as undeniably today's young ‘space generation’ will be defining the direction of future space exploration.Today's vision of future human and robotic space exploration has been set out in the Global Exploration Roadmap (GER). This focuses on sustainable, affordable and productive long-term goals. The strategy begins with the International Space Station (ISS) and then expands human presence into the solar system, including a human mission to Mars.This paper presents a general overview of the role of today's youth within the space exploration sector and the challenges to overcome. To complete this perspective, we present results from a survey made among students and young professionals about their levels of awareness of the GER. The respondents presented their opinion about current aspects of the GER and prioritised the GER's objectives. It is hoped that the paper will bring a new perspective into the GER and a contribution to the current GER strategy.     

What role for Europe within a future global space exploration approach?

Europe is present in robotic exploration though the European Space Agency?s mandatory space science program and the optional Aurora program. In addition some member states are also involved in projects of non-European space faring countries through bilateral co-operations. Europe is also present in human exploration through the ISS utilization program. ESA and some of its member states participate in the activities of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG), a club of 14 space agencies working for the elaboration of a global exploration roadmap. Finally, ESA and the European Union have initiated a political approach with the setting up of an international forum so as to elaborate a commonly agreed vision on space exploration at political level.     

Fostering links between environmental and space exploration: the Earth and Space Foundation

The links between Earth and space exploration occur across a broad spectrum, from the use of satellite technology to support environmental monitoring and habitat protection to the study of extreme environments on Earth to prepare for the exploration of other planets. Taking the view that Earth and space exploration are part of a mutually beneficial continuum is in contrast to the more traditionally segregated view of these areas of activity. In its most polarized manifestation, space exploration is regarded as a waste of money, distracting from solving problems here at home, while environmental research is seen to be introspective, distracting from expansive visions of exploring the frontier of space. The Earth and Space Foundation was established in 1994 to help further mutually beneficial links by funding innovative field projects around the world that work at the broad interface between environmental and space sciences, thus encouraging the two communities to work together to solve the challenges facing society. This paper describes the work of the foundation and the philosophy behind its programmes.