气动推力矢量无舵面飞翼的飞行实验

为实现对无舵面飞翼姿态的控制,针对基本型旁路式双喉道气动推力矢量喷管提出了“单发倒Ⅴ双喷管”布局。随后对该布局的喷管进行测力实验,并且最终将其安装在飞行器上进行了成功试飞,并对采集到的飞行数据进行了分析。结果表明:喷管矢量角随喷管阀门开度基本呈线性变化,且无滞回性;安装该布局喷管的飞行器可以不通过舵面控制,仅仅依靠旁路式双喉道气动推力矢量喷管即可有效地控制飞行器姿态;对于所研究的飞行器,在滚转机动性方面,矢量控制与舵面控制效果相近,而对于俯仰机动性,矢量控制效果较弱;后续如果使用该布局喷管控制飞行器姿态时,应当增大两个喷管之间的夹角,将更适用于飞翼布局飞行器的操纵。      

飞机飞行中发动机推力的测定

提出了一种飞机飞行中发动机推力测定的总推力模型。该模型的基本思想是对涡轮后的混合室和加力燃烧室及尾喷管作一元流动分析, 用三个修正系数考虑实际流动的三元效应、传热及传质等因素的影响。这三个系数事先由发动机地面台架试验或高空台试验数据优化分析确定。      

碳氢燃料超燃冲压发动机燃烧室控制试验

设计了超燃冲压发动机燃烧室控制回路,采用基于可调气蚀文氏管的燃料流量调节系统动态调节燃料流量,根据反馈的推力和隔离段压强等测量数据进行燃烧室推力增益控制和燃烧室-隔离段干扰控制,并在直连式超燃冲压发动机试验系统上进行了推力单水平控制试验和推力多水平/燃烧室-隔离段交互控制试验.试验表明:燃料流量调节系统工作稳定,文氏管按指令行程作动,流量调节过程清晰;测量推力随流量变化基本上同步变化;对目标推力增益和燃烧室-隔离段交互的控制有效,并为进一步深入研究超燃冲压发动机燃烧室控制问题奠定了基础.      

Direct thrust control for multivariable turbofan engine based on affine linear parameter-varying approach

A novel turbofan Direct Thrust Control(DTC) architecture based on Linear ParameterVarying(LPV) approach for a two-spool turbofan engine thrust control is proposed in this paper.Instead of transforming thrust command to shaft speed command and pressure ratio command, the thrust will be directly controlled by an optimal controller with two control variables. LPV model of the engine is established for the designing of thrust estimator and controller. A robust LPV H∞filter is introduced to estimate ...     

Numerical study of a trapezoidal bypass dual throat nozzle

Bypass Dual Throat Nozzle (BDTN) is a novel type of fluidic thrust vectoring nozzle. To improve the infrared stealth performance of BDTN, a nozzle based on BDTN is proposed and numerically simulated. Each cross-section along the x-axis of the novel nozzle becomes a trapezoid, which is named “BDTN-TRA.” The main numerical simulation results show that BDTN-TRA can produce a thrust vectoring angle when the upper or lower bypass valve is open. The angle difference between the two conditions mentioned above is usually approximately 1°–2°. Even if the two bypasses are closed, BDTN-TRA can produce a small thrust vectoring angle at around 3°–5°. When the sidewall angle increases from 60° to 90°, the thrust coefficient and thrust vectoring angle under each work condition usually decrease. A larger aspect ratio indicates better performance. As the aspect ratio increases over 7.2, the performance of BDTN-TRA is quite close to that of BDTN with rectangular cross-sections at the same aspect ratio. These features will benefit the control and trimming for future aircraft design, especially for the flying wing layout aircraft. Last but not least, BDTN-TRA has a more extraordinary mixing performance compared with BDTN. The distributions of static temperature and axial velocity along the x-axis of BDTN-TRA with sidewall angle of 60° decrease faster than those of BDTN. When the total temperature of the inlet equals 1600 K, the static temperature difference between BDTN-TRA with sidewall angles of 60° and 90° is over 360 K at twice the length of the nozzle downstream of the nozzle exit, which is the reflection for excellent infrared stealth for the fighter.     

Possible Future Use of Laser Gravity Gradiometers

With the GRACE mission under way and the GOCE mission well along in the design process, detailed questions concerning the type of future mission that may follow them have arisen. It is generally agreed that determining the time variations in the Earth's gravity field with as high spatial and temporal resolution as is feasible will be the main driver for such a mission. The possible use of laser heterodyne measurements between separate satellites in such a mission has been discussed by a number of people. The first suggestion of emphasizing time variation measurements in a laser mission was the TIDES concept presented in 1992 by Colombo and Chao. Then, in 2000, a GRACE Follow-On mission using laser measurements between two drag-free satellites was discussed by Watkins el al. (2000). More recently, the possibility of utilizing laser measurements between more than two satellites in order to determine two or more components of the gravity gradient tensor simultaneously has been proposed by Balmino. This approach may be desirable in order to reduce the aliasing of time variations between geopotential terms of different degree and order, as well as to improve the resolution in longitude, despite the cost of the additional satellites. In this paper, we discuss specific possible mission geometries for measuring the two diagonal in-plane components of the gravity gradient tensor simultaneously. This could be done, for example, by laser heterodyne measurements between two pairs of satellites in coplanar and nearly polar orbits. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Aeroelastic prediction and analysis for a transonic fan rotor with the “hot” blade shape

This paper focuses on aeroelastic prediction and analysis for a transonic fan rotor with only its “hot” (running) blade shape available, which is often the case in practical engineering such as in the design stage. Based on an in-house and well-validated CFD solver and a hybrid structural finite element modeling/modal approach, three main aspects are considered with special emphasis on dealing with the “hot” blade shape. First, static aeroelastic analysis is presented for shape transformation between “cold” (manufacturing) and “hot” blades, and influence of the dynamic variation of “hot” shape on evaluated aerodynamic performance is investigated. Second, implementation of the energy method for flutter prediction is given and both a regularly used fixed “hot” shape and a variable “hot” shape are considered. Through comparison, influence of the dynamic variation of “hot” shape on evaluated aeroelastic stability is also investigated. Third, another common way to predict flutter, time-domain method, is used for the same concerned case, from which the predicted flutter characteristics are compared with those from the energy method. A well-publicized axial-flow transonic fan rotor, Rotor 67, is selected as a typical example, and the corresponding numerical results and discussions are presented in detail.     

航空发动机全机推力试车台测力方法与校准技术

为了实现航空发动机全机推力测量,研制了一种航空发动机装机条件下的推力测量平台,该平台采用“品”字形布局,嵌入到地面的试验地坑以下,实现了对不同类型飞机的推力测量。介绍了测量系统以及校准方法,使用该测量平台,分别对某大型运输机和战斗机进行了推力测量试验,实现了该两型飞机的推力测量,测量精度高,由于进排气以及发动机安装位置的影响,全机推力测量平台所测得的发动机装机推力与台架标准推力相比存在一定差距,运输类飞机推力损失一般小于3%,战斗机损失达到了5%～15.1%之间。     

变控制流供应角度涡流阀固体变推力火箭发动机调节方案

针对涡流阀变推力发动机变控制流供应角度方案,开展了发动机工作特性的数值模拟及实验研究。数值研究结果表明:采用变控制流供应角度可以很好地实现涡流阀变推力发动机的推力调节;涡流阀最大推力调节比超出加质发动机调节比26%;调节比随着控制流供应角度的减小而增大。实验结果表明:变控制流供应角度方案可行,验证了“气 气”调节的优越性。变控制流供应角度涡流阀固体变推力发动机为实现固体发动机推力调节提供了一种技术途径。      

非定常预处理方法在倾转旋翼飞行器悬停状态气动干扰模拟中的应用

针对倾转旋翼飞行器的多种速度尺度并存的复杂流动问题,发展了能够统一求解同时包含不可压缩流动和可压缩流动的非定常预处理方法和一种考虑了流场物理信息传播方向的预处理远场边界条件。结合适用于倾转旋翼飞行器的复杂外形及大位移问题的非结构混合网格技术和重叠插值技术,建立了倾转旋翼飞行器的数值模拟方法。在此基础上,首先通过悬停算例验证了数值方法的有效性,确定了选择预处理截断参数的原则。然后探究了倾转旋翼飞行器直升机模式悬停状态的尾迹涡结构演化过程,研究了“喷泉效应”和“地面效应”对倾转旋翼气动性能的影响。计算结果表明,旋翼尾迹涡的耗散在不同方位角存在较大差异。“地面效应”抑制了旋翼尾迹的发展,提高了旋翼整个方位角区域的升力系数,而不仅限于机翼上方方位角区域。 “地面效应”作用强于“喷泉效应”作用,使旋翼相对于孤立旋翼拉力系数略微增大了5.26%,但同时整个倾转旋翼飞行器的总的向上的力只有孤立旋翼拉力的82.46%。结论表明预处理方法和预处理远场边界条件能够较好地模拟倾转旋翼飞行器悬停状态的干扰流场,兼顾了数值计算的耗散性和稳定性。气动干扰对倾转旋翼飞行器整体气动性能有重大影响。      

Orbital reference frame estimation with power spectral density constraints for drag-free satellites

The drag-free satellites are widely used in the field of fundamental science as they enable the high-precision measurement in pure gravity fields. This paper investigates the estimation of local orbital reference frame (LORF) for drag-free satellites. An approach, taking account of the combi-nation of the minimum estimation error and power spectral density (PSD) constraint in frequency domain, is proposed. Firstly, the relationship between eigenvalues of estimator and transfer func-tion is built to analyze the suppression and amplification effect on input signals and obtain the eigenvalue range. Secondly, an optimization model for state estimator design with minimum estima-tion error in time domain and PSD constraint in frequency domain is established. It is solved by the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm. Finally, the orbital reference frame estimation of low-earth-orbit satellite is taken as an example, and the estimator of minimum variance with PSD constraint is designed and analyzed using the method proposed in this paper.     

Reduced-dimensional MPC controller for direct thrust control

With the development of the aircraft gas turbine engine, a control system should be able to achieve effective thrust control to gain better operability. The main contribution of this paper is to develop a novel direct thrust control approach based on an improved model predictive control method through a strategy that reduces the dimension of control sequence. It can not only achieve normal direct thrust control tasks but also maximize the thrust level within the safe operation boundaries. Only t...     

基于新型丝状电极等离子体激励器的前体涡控制

本文首次将新型丝状暴露电极DBD等离子激励器应用于大迎角下细长体非对称涡控制.丝状暴露电极的材料的选择对DBD推力以及推力效率至关重要,通过地面精细推力测量对丝状暴露电极等离子体激励器进行了优化,结果表明,本文研究材料中采用钨丝作为暴露电极,其推力效率最优;且随着电极直径从d=0.3 mm减小到d=0.08 mm,DB...     

航空发动机双转子系统“临界跟随”现象的机理及影响

为了探明“临界跟随”现象导致航空发动机振动居高不下的产生机理,建立了考虑中介轴承的双转子动力学模型,推导了双转子发生“临界跟随”现象时参数之间的关系,分析了“临界跟随”状态下转子系统的动力学特性。结果表明:“临界跟随”现象会导致转子系统无法越过盘偏摆振型临界转速,造成转子振动对不平衡质量分布极其敏感,其主要影响因素为盘极转动惯量与直径转动惯量的比值(简称惯量比)以及双转子增速比;当高压盘等效惯量比等于1,或增速比与任意低压盘惯量比相等时,转子系统表现出高压激励条件下的“临界跟随”特征;当低压盘惯量比等于1,或增速比与高压盘等效惯量比的乘积等于1时,转子系统表现出低压激励条件下的“临界跟随”特征。提出了必须严格控制航空发动机叶盘的等效惯量比以及双转子转速控制律的设计建议。      

Thrust measurement method verification and analytical studies on a liquid-fueled pulse detonation engine

In order to test the feasibility of a new thrust stand system based on impulse thrust mea- surement method, a liquid-fueled pulse detonation engine （PDE） is designed and built. Thrust per- formance of the engine is obtained by direct thrust measurement with a force transducer and indirect thrust measurement with an eddy current displacement sensor （ECDS）. These two sets of thrust data are compared with each other to verify the accuracy of the thrust performance. Then thrust data measured by the new thrust stand system are compared with the verified thrust data to test its feasibility. The results indicate that thrust data from the force transducer and ECDS system are consistent with each other within the range of measurement error. Though the thrust data from the impulse thrust measurement system is a litter lower than that from the force transducer due to the axial momentum losses of the detonation jet, the impulse thrust measurement method is valid when applied to measure the averaged thrust of PDE. Analytical models of PDE are also discussed in this paper. The analytical thrust performance is higher than the experimental data due to ignoring the losses during the deflagration to detonation transition process. Effect of equivalence ratio on the engine thrust performance is investigated by utilizing the modified analytical model. Thrust reaches maximum at the equivalence ratio of about 1.1.     

CFD-simulation of the flow through a fluidic element

The outflow channel of the fluidic jet reaction control element (FLE) and hence the direction of the thrust vector may be controlled by the injection of a secondary jet through one of the slits downstream of the inlet nozzle in the side walls. The main medium used is gaseous nitrogen, which is supplied from a reservoir chamber. Depending on the pressure there, three different operating modes can be distinguished.In order to reduce development time, the DLR Euler and Navier–Stokes code FLOWer has been extended for the numerical simulation of the flow through a fluidic element. In the present paper the code is verified and validated for this application. The influence of grid density, turbulence model, boundary conditions and the geometry of the external walls is investigated. The code is validated by comparing numerically obtained results with experimental data, including wall pressure and thrust measurements as well as differential interferometry photos. Numerical solutions are obtained for chamber pressures ranging from 60 to 100 bar, considering each case with and without injection of a secondary mass flow.     

Strategies for in-orbit calibration of drag-free control systems

Drag-Free Satellites (DFS) are a class of scientific satellite missions designed for research on fundamental physics as well as geodesy. They consist, basically, of a small inner satellite (test mass) located in a cavity inside a larger satellite, the normal one. The Drag-Free Attitude Control System (DFACS) is the most complex technology on-board these satellites. This key technology allows the residual accelerations on experiments on board the satellites to be significantly reduced. In order to achieve this very low disturbance environment (for some missions <10⁻¹⁴ g) the drag-free control system has to be optimized. This optimization process is required because of uncertainties in system parameters that demand a robustness of the control system. This paper will present approaches for in-orbit calibration of drag-free control systems. The discussion includes modeling, with scale factors and cross couplings, possible excitation signals, comparison of different parameter identification/estimation methods as well as simulation results.     

Microscope Instrument Development,Lessons for GOCE

Two space missions are presently under development with payload based on ultra-sensitive electrostatic accelerometers. The GOCE mission takes advantage of a three axis gradiometer accommodated in a very stable thermal case on board a drag-free satellite orbiting at a very low altitude of 250 km. This ESA mission will perform the very highly accurate mapping of the Earth gravity field with a geographical resolution of 100 km. The MICROSCOPE mission is devoted to the test of the “Universality of free fall” in view of the verification of the Einstein Equivalence Principle (EP) and of the search of a new interaction. The MICROSCOPE instrument is composed of two pairs of differential electrostatic accelerometers and the accelerometer proof-masses are the bodies of the EP test. The satellite is also a drag-free satellite exhibiting a fine attitude control and in a certain way, each differential accelerometer is a one axis gradiometer with an arm of quite null length. The development of this instrument much interests the definition and the evaluation of the sensor cores of the gradiometer. The in flight calibration process of both instruments is also very similar. Lessons form these parallel developments are presented. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

空天飞行器弹道/轨道一体化设计

弹道/轨道一体化设计是解决空天飞行器发射入轨和轨道转移问题的一种全新思路。针对目前存在的空天飞行器弹道/轨道一体化设计问题,通过改进非开普勒轨道方程的方法建立飞行器在连续推力、气动力、引力以及摄动力等多种力作用下的弹道/轨道一体化设计动力学模型;提出基于轨道设计反方法的弹道/轨道一体化设计方法。其创新点主要体现在：通过整合连续推力、气动力、引力以及摄动力等多种作用力达到了统一弹道/轨道模型的目的;提出了基于傅里叶级数形状方法的轨道设计方法,该方法相比于之前的逆多项式法,可以处理带推力约束的轨道设计问题;由于在弹道段采用类似于轨道设计反方法的设计思想设计弹道,使得弹道和轨道两段轨迹的设计方法也达到了统一,致使从模型和设计方法的角度都体现了弹道/轨道设计的统一性,解决了传统分段设计方法是在不同段采用不同的模型和方法,很难体现出一体化设计思想的问题。仿真分析表明本文提出的弹道/轨道一体化设计方法是可行和有效的。     

一种用于机动目标跟踪的新自适应卡尔曼滤波算法

在“当前”模型的概念下,从工程实现的背景出发,提出了一种用于机动目标跟踪的新自适应卡尔曼滤波算法。基本思想是通过对加速度项引入加权因子来进一步突出“当前”信息的作用,为“当前”模型提供更加准确的“当前”信息。蒙特卡罗模拟结果表明,算法不仅克服了“当前”模型自适应卡尔曼滤波算法的缺陷,而且使跟踪性能得到进一步的提高。