Geomagnetic pulsations

Conclusion In writing this review paper the author has been aware that although the present international classification on geomagnetic pulsations (see Table I) had been really useful for several years since the Berkeley Meeting, it seems unsuitable for the up-to-date pulsation study. This is mainly due to the fact that it depends only on the period and waveform of the pulsations. For example, (1) occurrence of PP type of Pc1 even in the international Pc3 range (Heacock, 1966), (2) PP and CE getting mixed in a common period band (cf. 2.7), (3) similar mixing tendency of Pc3 with Pc4 (cf. 3.3 or Figure 21), (4) subtypes of Pi pulsations having common period ranges but different source mechanisms, (5) existence of various types of pulsations which can be classified neither to Pc nor to Pi (cf. Section 6), and so on. Hence the author feels that a new pulsation classification based on physical image on the occurrence models is really needed now.According to the international definition which has a period range of pulsations from 0.2 (5 Hz) to 600 sec, a part of the following electromagnetic field fluctuations called ELF emissions and ELF whistlers should belong to geomagnetic pulsations. ELF emissions are at times observed near 4 Hz and 9 Hz. They are so termed because of the difference between these frequencies and the Schumann resonance frequencies of 8 and 14 Hz (Yanagihara and Shimizu, 1969; Polk, 1969). Another type, ELF whistlers, exhibit either rising, falling or fluctuating tones from about 2 Hz to probably a few tens of Hz (Duffus, Nasmyth et al., 1958; Yamashita, 1967; Glangeaud, 1967; Yanagihara and Shimizu, 1969). In this review paper, however, both ELF emissions and whistlers have not been reviewed, since most of these seem to be out of the international frequency range so far as present observational knowledge is concerned. Some of the Pc6 and Dp2, involved in the international period range of pulsations, have also not been commented on, but the reader is advised to refer to Herron (1967) and Nishida (1968), respectively, for more detail.It has been frequently pointed out in this paper that latitudinal dependence of pulsation amplitude is one of the most important clues for seeking the model of excitation and propagation of HM and EM waves, but that this dependence has not been precisely obtained so far owing to the difference in geomagnetic longitude of the pulsation stations (for example, see Figure 40). Cooperative observations based on standardized magnetometers are eagerly desired at stations which are densely arranged along the same magnetic meridian, even if the observation is temporal.As already reviewed, various conflicting models have been proposed for each type of pulsation. On the occurrence of pc's, for example, there are two main conflicting models. In the first model, Pc2, 3, and 4 (Troitskaya, 1967; Patel and Hastings, 1968; and others) or Pc3 and 4 (Radoski and Carovillano, 1966) are related to one and the same resonance system and the difference in the type of these pc's is attributed to an effect of geomagnetic activity on the size of this system. In the second model, Pc2, 3, 4 and 5 are related to three or four different resonant systems (Jacobs and Sinno, 1960b; Hirasawa and Nagata, 1966; Kato, Mori et al., 1968; and others). Most of the conflict among such models seems to be removable by combining more thorough theoretical studies and correct dynamic spectrum analyses of the data at the polar region, auroral zone, sub-auroral zone, and middle and low latitudes, for various geomagnetic disturbance conditions.     

某核心机出口整流支板设计和流场分析

采用CFD（计算流体力学）软件CFX－TASCflow对某核心机出口整流支板流场进行了数值模拟,根据对全三维计算结果的分析,优化了支板叶型和流道,完成了支板设计。数值模拟结果表明,CFX－TASCflow是一个先进、有效的叶轮机设计、分析软件。     

月球重力场模型精度比较研究

从阶方差、谱域分析以及大地水准面自由空气重力异常3个方面分析了月球重力场模型LP150Q,LP165P与SGM150各自的特点及差异,研究结果表明,SGM150重力场在中高阶项上得到了明显改善,在远月面可以发现明显的重力异常正负交替的现象.另外,对“嫦娥二号”变轨试验期间的测轨数据进行了轨道解算和预报,比较不同重力场模型的精度影响,发现基于SGM150模型的解算结果优于基于LP150Q和LP165P的,在定轨弧段内有10m量级的精度提升,可用于高精度的月球探测器精密定轨.     

Geomagnetic induction effects in ground-based systems

Plasma physics processes, whose ultimate origin is the Sun, exist in the Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere and can produce effects which are detrimental to the operation of technological systems associated with long conductors deployed on the Earth's surface. Geomagnetic fluctuations produced by such plasma processes can cause disturbances and disruptions in cable communication systems, electrical power distribution systems, and long pipelines. This paper briefly addresses these three topics with illustrative examples of some measured effects from each topic area.     

Geomagnetic Tracing of the Inner Heliosphere

Historical data of the geomagnetic activity records in St. Petersburg since 1841 do not show any ‘doubling’ of the total magnetic field at the Sun as claimed recently by Lockwood et al. (1999). However, recurrent patterns of the geomagnetic activity variations display ‘secular’ trend of the solar wind near ecliptic plane resulting from gradual change of the topological structure of the solar corona (Ponyavin, 1997). By comparing geomagnetic and eclipse observations we found ‘typical’ coronal shapes, which correspond better to periods of extremely low and high geomagnetic activity level rather than standard sunspot activity referencing as ‘Corona at Solar Maximum or Minimum’. Using geomagnetic records as proxies it has been suggested that the maximum of the sunspot activity was in July 2000. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Electrodynamics of the magnetosphere: Geomagnetic storms

Geomagnetic and auroral storms provide a great deal of detailed information on the interaction between the solar plasma flows and the magnetosphere. Vast numbers of observations have been accumulated, and many theories have been developed to explain them. However, many of the most vital features of the interaction remain unsolved. The purpose of this paper is to provide the background for future work by summarizing fundamental morphological data and by reviewing critically the proposed theories.The paper consists of four sections. In the first section, the structure of the solar plasma flows and the magnetosphere are briefly discussed. Effects of the direct impact of the plasma flows on the magnetosphere are described in Section 2. Both Sections 3 and 4 are devoted to the discussion of the major phase of geomagnetic storms, namely the formation of the asymmetric ring current belt and the development of the auroral and polar magnetic substorms, respectively.Research supported in part by grants from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to the University of Alaska (NsG 201-62) and to the University of Iowa (NsG 233-62).     

Geomagnetic micropulsations and diagnostics of the magnetosphere

Plasma oscillations in a wide range of spectrum exist in the magnetosphere. Part of them penetrate the ionosphere and are recorded on the earth's surface. In the range of frequencies from millihertz to several hertz, the so-called micropulsations (ULF) are observed. In the range from hundred of hertz to several kilohertz the low-frequency emissions (VLF) are registered. Both types of emissions contain interesting and important information on the physical parameters of the magnetosphere and on the processes developing in it. The following paper describes the main problems of the diagnostics of the magnetosphere, which are based on the surface observations of micropulsations.In the first part of the paper, a short summary of theoretical conceptions on micropulsations is given. The main part of the paper describes the methods of diagnostics of the location of the boundary of the magnetosphere, of cold-plasma concentration in the outer regions of the magnetosphere, as well as of the energies and fluxes of fast charged particles in the geomagnetic trap. Some experimental results of the diagnostics of the parameters of the magnetosphere are given. Advantages and deficiencies of the existing methods of surface diagnostics are discussed, and the directions of further investigations are traced.     

An Estimate of Drift Effects in Various Models of the Heliospheric Magnetic Field

We use a comparison with other models to estimate how significant drifts will be in the Fisk model of the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF). We also show that drifts are still be present in an idealized field model for the period shortly after the solar polarity reversal. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于SLAM的地磁辅助惯性导航系统建模

本文将SLAM算法引入到陆地车辆的地磁辅助惯性导航系统中,通过分析建立了系统的数学模型,包括状态方程和测量方程.通过本文建立的模型,配合相应的滤波算法,可提高系统的导航定位精度和导航定位的自主性.     

Augmented Empirical Models of Plasmaspheric Density and Electric Field Using IMAGE and CLUSTER Data

Empirical models for the plasma densities in the inner magnetosphere, including plasmasphere and polar magnetosphere, have been in the past derived from in situ measurements. Such empirical models, however, are still in their initial phase compared to magnetospheric magnetic field models. Recent studies using data from CRRES, Polar, and Image have significantly improved empirical models for inner-magnetospheric plasma and mass densities. Comprehensive electric field models in the magnetosphere have been developed using radar and in situ observations at low altitude orbits. To use these models at high altitudes one needs to rely strongly on the assumption of equipotential magnetic field lines. Direct measurements of the electric field by the Cluster mission have been used to derive an equatorial electric field model in which reliance on the equipotential assumption is less. In this paper we review the recent progress in developing empirical models of plasma densities and electric fields in the inner magnetosphere with emphasis on the achievements from the Image and Cluster missions. Recent results from other satellites are also discussed when they are relevant.     

基于概率数据关联的地磁匹配算法

针对轮廓匹配算法存在的虚定位问题,在轮廓匹配算法的基础上,提出了一个新的分批地磁匹配方法——基于概率数据关联滤波的地磁匹配算法。算法把满足一定条件的相关值作为滤波器的有效量测,把巡航导弹的位置作为状态变量,建立了基于概率数据关联的地磁匹配模型,利用概率数据关联滤波算法计算巡航导弹的位置坐标。仿真结果表明,该算法有效地降低了虚定位发生的概率,正确匹配率、导航效果均优于轮廓匹配算法。     

Interplanetary Origin of Intense,Superintense and Extreme Geomagnetic Storms

We present a review on the interplanetary causes of intense geomagnetic storms (Dst≤−100 nT), that occurred during solar cycle 23 (1997–2005). It was reported that the most common interplanetary structures leading to the development of intense storms were: magnetic clouds, sheath fields, sheath fields followed by a magnetic cloud and corotating interaction regions at the leading fronts of high speed streams. However, the relative importance of each of those driving structures has been shown to vary with the solar cycle phase. Superintense storms (Dst≤−250 nT) have been also studied in more detail for solar cycle 23, confirming initial studies done about their main interplanetary causes. The storms are associated with magnetic clouds and sheath fields following interplanetary shocks, although they frequently involve consecutive and complex ICME structures. Concerning extreme storms (Dst≤−400 nT), due to the poor statistics of their occurrence during the space era, only some indications about their main interplanetary causes are known. For the most extreme events, we review the Carrington event and also discuss the distribution of historical and space era extreme events in the context of the sunspot and Gleissberg solar activity cycles, highlighting a discussion about the eventual occurrence of more Carrington-type storms.     

Latitudinal Variation of the Underlying Heliospheric Magnetic Field Direction: Comparison of the Ulysses First and Second Orbits

We discuss the underlying direction of the heliospheric magnetic field measured by Ulysses in the latitude range 6° S-65° S by examining distributions of the magnetic field azimuthal angle with respect to the simple Parker spiral model. During the first Ulysses traversal of this latitude range in 1992–1994, while solar activity was declining, the shape of the distributions obtained at high latitudes in the fast solar wind differed from that at lower latitudes. In the present data set, obtained during rising solar activity, both field polarities are present at all latitudes and the peaks of the distributions agree with the predicted spiral direction to first approximation. However, compared to the first orbit, a significantly greater percentage of the observed field vectors have large deviations from the spiral direction. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

前沿芯材:多功能芯结构

<正>等距折叠蜂窝结构,即折叠芯材,是一种用于轻质夹层结构、具有优异性能的新型芯材。这种结构是运用基本的手工折纸方法由平面薄片材料折叠得到的,并没有对原材料进行剪裁、胶结或牵伸。这种等距折叠方法可用于高品质的材料,并且可     

DERA的核心压气机发展验证计划

对DERA的核心压气机发展验证计划作了简要介绍,重点围绕核心压气机设计研制思想、方法和设计研究体系的发展验证,分析和说明了已取得的各项进展。最后对这一研究计划的意义进行了分析和讨论。     

面向核心竞争力的企业知识管理研究

本文描述了知识管理对提升企业核心竞争能力的重要作用,阐述了知识和知识管理的概念以及知识管理的内容,并在此基础上提出了面向核心竞争力的知识管理的具体实现过程。     

Reference Models of Nations

This paper describes several reference models of a nation such that the development of these models will facilitate the understanding of such models of nations and assist in their use by decision-makers for the purpose of achieving a more stable and peaceful set of relationships among countries. Through the development and understanding of these reference models of nations, and the understanding of their use in national decision-making, it should be possible to use more effectively the methodology of systems, man, and cybernetics to help bring about a more peaceful world in which cooperative security among nations is possible.     

Solar Variation and Stratospheric Response

We have shown in several recent publications that it is necessary to group the meteorological data according to the phase of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) throughout the year, in order to find a clear signal of the 11-year sunspot cycle (SSC). This work is summarized here. It is the purpose of this paper (1) to update earlier results of the solar cycle – QBO relationship for the northern winter, (2) to stress the interaction between the hemispheres and (3) to summarize the influence of the QBO on the solar variability signal, as well as the influence of the solar variability signal on the QBO throughout the year. For this, the constructed annual mean of the solar cycle – QBO relationship is introduced.