The LISA Pathfinder Mission

LISA Pathfinder, formerly known as SMART-2, is the second of the European Space Agency’s Small Missions for Advance Research and Technology, and is designed to pave the way for the joint ESA/NASA Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission, by testing the core assumption of gravitational wave detection and general relativity: that free particles follow geodesics. The new technologies to be demonstrated in a space environment include: inertial sensors, high precision laser interferometry to free floating mirrors, and micro-Newton proportional thrusters. LISA Pathfinder will be launched on a dedicated launch vehicle in late 2011 into a low Earth orbit. By a transfer trajectory, the sciencecraft will enter its final orbit around the first Sun-Earth Lagrange point. First science results are expected approximately 3 months thereafter. Here, we give an overview of the mission including the technologies being demonstrated.     

Challenges in the Measurement and Data-Processing Chain of the LISA Mission

The LISA Mission (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) is currently under mission formulation with a launch date planned in 2020. The purpose of the mission is the observation of gravitational waves at frequencies between 0.1 mHz and 1 Hz by measuring distance fluctuations between inertial reference points, represented by cubic proof masses. In order to provide a sufficient sensitivity of the instrument, distance fluctuations between two inertial reference points must be measured with a strain accuracy of around 10^?20 Hz^?1/2. This is achieved by setting up a laser interferometer with a base-length of 5?10⁶ km and a path-length measurement noise in the order of 10 pm?Hz^?1/2. For a correct evaluation of the data on the ground, it is essential that the science data telemetry preserves all required frequency domain information. That is, any on-board data-processing and down-sampling must be done with great care in order not to introduce aliasing or other artifacts into the data stream. As an additional complication, most of the optical metrology data is dominated by laser phase noise which is about eight orders of magnitude larger than the required instrument sensitivity. However, by applying a method called “time-delayed interferometry” during the ground data processing, this laser phase noise can be eliminated from the data. This method has already been demonstrated in a detailed simulation environment, but it requires a very careful filtering, synchronization, and interpolation of the individual data streams. Last but not least, a calibration of system parameters is necessary in many areas of the LISA measurement system. The system design must therefore ensure that all data required for these calibrations is available on-ground in a quality that allows a successful computation of the calibration coefficients within a reasonable time-frame. The data streams do not only include data from the optical metrology system, but also from the drag-free and attitude control system which are used to derive other information, such as the charge state of the proof mass. This yields a strong coupling between the different disciplines since data that is only used for housekeeping purposes in other missions becomes an essential part of the science data stream for the LISA mission. This paper gives an overview of the LISA measurement and data-processing chain. It highlights the most challenging areas that have been identified so far and describes the intended solution methods.     

Attitude and orbit control systems for the LISA Pathfinder mission

The main purpose of the LISA Pathfinder mission is to provide in-orbit validation of the critical technologies necessary for LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna), aiming at detecting gravitational waves generated by very massive objects such as black holes. The spacecraft consists of a Science Module (SCM) and a Propulsion Module (PRM). The former performs the science experiment, and the later provides the propulsive capability to raise the spacecraft from the injection orbit to the operational orbit at around L1 and is then separated from the former. The Spacecraft Attitude and Orbit Control System (AOCS) is actually composed of three distinct systems to fulfill the needs of the whole mission: – Composite AOCS, used to reach L1, aims at raising the Perigee through a succession of about 10 boosts performed with high thrust chemical propulsion; – Micro-propulsion AOCS takes over once the separation of the SCM from PRM has occurred and is based on micro-propulsion systems (micro-Newton electrical thrusters); – Drag-Free Attitude Control System (DFACS) is then used to perform science experiments. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the AOCS architecture, requirements, selected sensors and actuators, system design & evolution, and achieved performances. It focuses in particular on the Composite AOCS and the Micro-propulsion AOCS and will analyze the challenges of using micro-Newton electric propulsion.     

基于DMD方法的缝翼低频噪声机理分析

认识缝翼低频噪声的产生机理十分重要,可指导先进的主被动噪声控制方法。本文开展了缝翼噪声的大涡模拟（LES）,利用动态模态分解（DMD）方法研究了缝翼低频噪声的产生机理。研究结果表明缝翼低频噪声具有显著的偶极子特性,其利用DMD分析揭示了缝翼噪声的产生机理,缝翼低频噪声源于剪切层中的大尺度涡结构与缝翼下壁面的周期性撞击效应,大尺度涡结构与低频噪声之间存在的流-声耦合的闭环反馈机制,根据反馈机制提出并验证了一种预测低频噪声的理论预测模型。     

Numerical study of the rotor thickness noise reduction based on the concept of sound field cancellation

Numerical studies were performed to investigate the mechanism and potential of several active rotors for reducing low-frequency in-plane thickness noise generated by rotating blades. A numerical method coupling the blade element theory, prescribed wake model and Fowcs Williams-Hawkings(FW-H) equation was established for rotor noise prediction. It is indicated that the excitation force on the blade tip can generate anti-noise that to partly cancel the in-plane thickness noise with an appropriate ...     

Flow separation control on swept wing with nanosecond pulse driven DBD plasma actuators

A 15° swept wing with dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator is designed.Experimental study of flow separation control with nanosecond pulsed plasma actuation is performed at flow velocity up to 40 m/s. The effects of the actuation frequency and voltage on the aerodynamic performance of the swept wing are evaluated by the balanced force and pressure measurements in the wind tunnel. At last, the performances on separation flow control of the three types of actuators with plane and saw-toothed exposed electrodes are compared. The optimal actuation frequency for the flow separation control on the swept wing is detected, namely the reduced frequency is 0.775, which is different from 2-D airfoil separation control. There exists a threshold voltage for the low swept wing flow control. Before the threshold voltage, as the actuation voltage increases, the control effects become better. The maximum lift is increased by 23.1% with the drag decreased by 22.4% at 14°, compared with the base line. However, the best effects are obtained on actuator with plane exposed electrode in the low-speed experiment and the abilities of saw-toothed actuators are expected to be verified under high-speed conditions.     

Hierarchical adaptive Kalman filtering for interplanetary orbitdetermination

A modular and flexible approach to adaptive Kalman filtering has recently been introduced using the framework of a mixture-of-experts regulated by a gating network. Each expert is a Kalman filter modeled with a different realization of the unknown system parameters. The unknown or uncertain parameters can include elements of the state transition matrix, observation mapping matrix, process noise covariance matrix, and measurement noise covariance matrix. The gating network performs on-line adaptation of the weights given to individual filters based on performance. The mixture-of-experts approach is extended here to a hierarchical architecture which involves multiple levels of gating. The proposed architecture provides a multilevel hypothesis testing capability. The utility of the hierarchical architecture is illustrated via the problem of interplanetary navigation (Mars Pathfinder) using simulated radiometric data. It serves as a useful tool for assisting navigation teams in the process of selecting the parameters of the navigational filter over various operating regimes. It is shown that the scheme has the capability of detecting changes in the system parameters and switching filters appropriately for optimal performance. Furthermore, the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is shown to be applicable in the proposed framework     

一种提高脉冲雷达多普勒相位精度的方法

针对低信噪比条件下脉冲雷达模糊多普勒相位精度较低,可能导致相位测距时不能正确解相位模糊问题,基于EMD（Empirical Mode Decomposition,经验模式分解）区间阈值去噪方法,提出了一种新的提高多普勒相位精度的方法：利用EMD分解后各层信号的频率特性和能量特性,选取合适的阈值,并对各层信号进行区间阈值化处理,在提高信号信噪比的同时保持了信号的连续性.分别在回波信号噪声为高斯白噪声和AR（2）相关噪声的情况下,以及不同信噪比条件下,对该方法进行验证.仿真结果表明：在低信噪比条件下,当回波信号噪声为白噪声和相关噪声时,EMD区间阈值去噪方法能将回波信号信噪比提高5 dB,去噪性能优于小波阈值去噪方法,其对应多普勒相位精度能提高1倍以上.     

低速三角翼纳秒脉冲等离子体激励实验

在30m/s来流速度下,进行了纳秒脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体气动激励改善47°后掠角钝前缘三角翼气动特性的测力实验.为寻求优化的激励位置,实验研究了5种不同激励位置的流动控制效果.实验结果表明:激励位置对流动控制效果有决定性影响,位于三角翼前缘的等离子体气动激励能有效改善三角翼的气动特性,推迟失速,而上翼面不同展向位置的等离子体气动激励的流动控制效果十分微弱;激励频率是流动控制效果的重要影响因子,激励电压峰峰值为13kV时,激励频率为200Hz下的流动控制效果最好,在迎角30°时可使升力系数由1.31增大到1.44,增大9.6%,升阻比提高3.3%.     

振动试验和颤振分析的一体化——颤振实时分析系统

 <正> “颤振实时分析系统”是航空航天工业部振动环境课题组于1985年～1988年期间组织研制的一项课题,它是参考80年代美国波音公司的振动和颤振分析方法,吸收国内最新研究成果而发展的一套计算机辅助工程软件。     

毫秒脉冲等离子体激励改善飞翼的气动性能实验

在来流速度为30m/s时,进行了毫秒脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体激励改善飞翼气动性能的风洞实验.等离子体激励器布置在飞翼前缘,峰峰值电压为9.5kV时,放电的脉冲能量在0.1mJ/cm量级.通过六分量测力天平测力研究了脉冲激励频率和占空比对升/阻力系数、升阻比和俯仰力矩系数的作用效果.结果表明:等离子体激励可以有效改善飞翼大攻角气动特性;在最佳无量纲脉冲激励频率F+≈1时,临界失速迎角由14°提高到17°,最大升力系数提高10%;占空比对流动控制效果影响较大,减小占空比可以降低能耗,实验中最佳占空比为5%;俯仰力矩系数的变化表明施加等离子体激励改善了飞翼纵向静稳定性.      

螺桨飞机座舱模型振动模态分析

本文使用线性结构动力分析有限元法，对某型螺桨飞机座舱模型振动模态作了全面分析，并绘制了前几阶振频下结构的振型图。这也是建立螺桨噪声向舱内传播模型的重要依据。     

低速翼型分离流动的等离子体主动控制研究

为了研究等离子体激励器的放电形式及其诱导气流的规律,以及翼型迎角、自由来流速度分别对翼型流动分离抑制效果的影响。在低速、低雷诺数条件下利用介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器对NACA0015翼型进行了主动流动控制研究。结果表明：介质阻挡放电的形式为丝状放电;等离子体激励器诱导气流的方向由裸露电极指向覆盖电极,由电极的布置方式决定,与接线方式无关;当来流速度为25m／s,雷诺数为2．03×10^5时,等离子体气动激励可以有效地抑制翼型吸力面的流动分离,翼型最大升力系数增大约为9．7％,翼型l临界失速迎角由17．5°增大到20．5°;翼型失速延迟的真正原因并非单纯的气流加速;等离子体激励器的作用效果随着来流速度的提高而减弱,研究非定常激励或等离子体激励器与流场之间的耦合效应,也许更加具有潜力。     

飞机起落架气动噪声特性仿真与试验

 对某型飞机前起落架的气动噪声特性进行了数值仿真分析和声学风洞试验研究。在典型飞机着陆速度下,采用分离涡(DES)方法模拟起落架周围非定常湍流流场,通过涡声理论计算声源的强度和位置,并利用FW-H(Ffowcs-Williams/Hawkings)方程积分外推法求解出不同部件及其组合件产生的声场,分析其噪声的产生机制、频谱特性及远场指向特性,同时评估各部件对总噪声的贡献量。在声学风洞中对轮胎和轮叉组合件进行气动声学试验,借助麦克风测量获得了噪声的频谱特性。基于部件固体表面积分计算的仿真结果与试验结果在声学远场条件下吻合较好。仿真结果表明:起落架气动噪声是钝体绕流噪声和空腔噪声的叠加,呈现宽频噪声的特性。强度最大的声源主要分布在起落架各部件的固体表面;轮胎噪声对总噪声的贡献最大,其次是轮叉噪声,支柱噪声对总噪声贡献最小。各部件噪声和总噪声均具有偶极子声源的辐射特性。空间可穿透积分面计算的声压级结果比固体表面计算的声压级结果大5 dB左右。该研究结果为低噪声起落架设计提供了一定的参考。     

大型飞机增升装置气动噪声研究进展

对于现代大型商用飞机而言,在飞机进场和降落阶段,由于飞机发动机处于低功率状态而起落架和增升装置全部打开,此时的机体噪声十分明显,在飞机总的噪声中所占的比重不容忽视。近几十年的大量研究,已经对增升装置的气动噪声特性和机理有相当程度的认识,并在流动控制和降噪技术方面取得丰硕成果。本文主要介绍国内外在大型飞机增升装置气动噪声领域所取得的研究成果和最新进展。增升装置的噪声主要是由前缘缝翼凹槽产生的低频离散噪声、襟翼侧缘的中频宽带噪声和前缘缝翼尾缘涡脱落的高频离散噪声三部分组成。目前,降噪技术主要分成被动流动控制降噪技术和主动流动控制降噪技术两类,被动降噪技术有前缘凹槽遮挡、前缘凹槽填充、前缘下垂等;主动流动控制手段有吹吸气、等离子体激励器等。     

等离子体气动激励抑制压气机叶栅角区流动分离的仿真与实验

进行了等离子体气动激励抑制低速压气机叶栅角区流动分离的数值仿真研究,并进行了实验验证.小攻角情况下,叶片吸力面角区流动分离导致显著的尾迹总压损失.来流速度为50 m/s(雷诺数为223 000)时,等离子体气动激励可以有效的抑制角区流动分离,降低总压损失.激励电压、频率分别为10 kV和22 kHz时,50%叶高处的尾迹压力分布基本不变,60%和70%叶高处的最大总压损失分别减小了13.83%和10.74%.增加激励电极组数或激励电压,可以增强抑制效果.      

Surrogate role of machine learning in motor-drive optimization for more-electric aircraft applications

Motor drives form an essential part of the electric compressors, pumps, braking and actuation systems in the More-Electric Aircraft (MEA). In this paper, the application of Machine Learning (ML) in motor-drive design and optimization process is investigated. The general idea of using ML is to train surrogate models for the optimization. This training process is based on sample data collected from detailed simulation or experiment of motor drives. However, the Surrogate Role (SR) of ML may vary for different applications. This paper first introduces the principles of ML and then proposes two SRs (direct mapping approach and correction approach) of the ML in a motor-drive optimization process. Two different cases are given for the method comparison and validation of ML SRs. The first case is using the sample data from experiments to train the ML surrogate models. For the second case, the joint-simulation data is utilized for a multi-objective motor-drive optimization problem. It is found that both surrogate roles of ML can provide a good mapping model for the cases and in the second case, three feasible design schemes of ML are proposed and validated for the two SRs. Regarding the time consumption in optimizaiton, the proposed ML models can give one motor-drive design point up to 0.044 s while it takes more than 1.5 mins for the used simulation-based models.     

高速风洞等离子体流动控制实验技术研究

针对开展等离子体高速流动控制研究的技术需求,通过专用模型及实验机构设计、绝缘密封走线、多层电磁屏蔽等技术手段,建立了一套适用于高速风洞的等离子体流动控制系统,提出了等离子体高速流动控制风洞实验的技术规范和运行策略,并初步探索了等离子体激励对二元翼型绕流的控制规律。采用该技术后,解决了高压电缆的绝缘、密封走线问题,模型与实验机构的感应电压减小90％以上。风洞实验结果表明：实验系统运行稳定,实验数据可靠,等离子体激励对犕犪＝0．2的流动可实现有效控制;施加等离子体激励后,NACA0012翼型的流动分离明显减弱,升力增大,阻力减小,临界失速迎角增大2＆#176;,最大升力系数增大4％,总体气动性能得到显著提升。     

Numerical research on airfoil transition delay by alternative current dielectric barrier discharge actuation

A Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma actuator can create a body force which locally accelerates the base flow leading to an attenuation of broadband disturbance to delay the transition. In this study, numerical simulation on an NLF0416 airfoil is conducted to investigate transition delay and drag reduction by a DBD plasma actuator. To simulate plasma’s effect more accurately, boundary-layer data is acquired from Reynolds Averaged Navier Stocks (RANS) equations instead of laminar boundary layer equations, although RANS equations need a much finer boundary-layer grid, and the linear stability analysis method is used to analyze the boundary layer and get the transition point. In this study, the influences of different actuation intensities and positions are investigated, and results show that if the actuation intensity is stronger and the actuation position is closer to the base transition point, more drag reduction can be obtained. However, the efficiency of plasma transition delay is really low. For example, when the actuation voltage is 16 kV, the actuation frequency is 1 kHz, and the main Mach number is 0.1, the saved power due to drag reduction is about 5.09 W, but the power consumed is about 32.61 W, and the efficiency is just 15.6%.     

双极性等离子体激励器圆柱绕流控制实验研究

在低速风洞中利用多级双极性等离子体激励器控制圆柱绕流的流动分离。实验风速U∞=10m/s,基于圆柱直径的雷诺数Re=2.8×10^4,在实验中将两组三级双极性等离子体激励器布置在圆柱模型肩部,利用粒子图像测速技术测量圆柱的尾流场。实验结果表明,采用定常和非定常激励均能抑制圆柱尾迹区,等离子体激励强度是影响激励器对圆柱绕流控制能力的重要因素;非定常脉冲激励耗电少,对流动控制能力强,效率明显高于定常激励,脉冲激励频率影响等离子体激励器对流动的控制能力。在实验风速为10m/s时,脉冲激励频率与圆柱涡脱落频率一致,流动控制效果较好。