Deriving the Absolute Reflectance of Lunar Surface Using SELENE (Kaguya) Multiband Imager Data

The absolute reflectance of the Moon has long been debated because it has been suggested (Hillier et al. in Icarus 151:205–225, 1999) that there is a large discrepancy between the absolute reflectance of the Moon derived from Earth-based telescopic data and that derived from remote-sensing data which are calibrated using laboratory-measured reflectance spectra of Apollo 16 bulk soil 62231. Here we derive the absolute reflectance of the lunar surface using spectral data newly acquired by SELENE (Kaguya) Multiband Imager and Spectral Profiler. The results indicate that the reflectance of the Apollo 16 standard site, which has been widely used as an optical standard in previous Earth-based telescopic and remote-sensing observations derived by Multiband Imager, is 47% at 415 nm and 67% to 76% at 750 to 1550 nm of the value for the Apollo 16 mature soil measured in an Earth-based laboratory. The data also suggest that roughly 60% of the difference is caused by the difference in soil composition and/or maturity between the 62231 sampling site and the Apollo 16 standard site and that the remaining 40% difference can be explained by the difference between the compaction states of the laboratory and the actual lunar surface. Consideration of the compaction states of the surface soil demonstrates its importance for understanding the spectral characteristics of the lunar surface. We also explain and evaluate data analysis procedures to derive reflectance from Multiband Imager data.     

月球重力场及低轨环月卫星轨道保持仿真分析

为了在满足精度要求的前提下节省月球重力场模型的计算时间,依据Kaula准则分析了目前国际上公认的最精确的两个重力场模型GLGM-2和LP165P,提出了在一定阶次截断重力场模型的问题.通过仿真不同阶次重力场模型作用下轨道高度为50 km的圆形极轨道环月卫星轨道特征的变化,验证了50 km以上高度卫星非球形摄动分析时可以将重力场模型截断至一定阶次的结论,并利用截断至70阶次的重力场模型仿真分析200 km圆轨道卫星一年内轨道下降程度.最后在仿真结果的基础上得到了200 km高度环月卫星需要每50天进行一次轨道保持控制的结论并完成一次轨道保持控制仿真.研究结论可以为我国低轨环月卫星轨道保持提供参考.     

Aiming at a 1-cm Orbit for Low Earth Orbiters: Reduced-Dynamic and Kinematic Precise Orbit Determination

The computation of high-accuracy orbits is a prerequisite for the success of Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) missions such as CHAMP, GRACE and GOCE. The mission objectives of these satellites cannot be reached without computing orbits with an accuracy at the few cm level. Such a level of accuracy might be achieved with the techniques of reduced-dynamic and kinematic precise orbit determination (POD) assuming continuous Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking (SST) by the Global Positioning System (GPS). Both techniques have reached a high level of maturity and have been successfully applied to missions in the past, for example to TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P), leading to (sub-)decimeter orbit accuracy. New LEO gravity missions are (to be) equipped with advanced GPS receivers promising to provide very high quality SST observations thereby opening the possibility for computing cm-level accuracy orbits. The computation of orbits at this accuracy level does not only require high-quality GPS receivers, but also advanced and demanding observation preprocessing and correction algorithms. Moreover, sophisticated parameter estimation schemes need to be adapted and extended to allow the computation of such orbits. Finally, reliable methods need to be employed for assessing the orbit quality and providing feedback to the different processing steps in the orbit computation process. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

USB与VLBI联合确定“探测一号”卫星轨道

我国绕月探测工程“嫦娥一号”卫星将以统一S波段(USB)为主,辅以甚长基线干涉仪(VLB I)测轨分系统来完成测控任务。由于“探测一号”卫星轨道与“嫦娥一号”调相轨道段相似,有关单位于2005年3月17日—20日进行了USB和VLB I联合跟踪“探测一号”试验。通过对联合测轨数据的处理,研究了USB—VLB I联合定轨方法,分析了联合定轨和预报精度,得出了一些结论。     

I: PRECISE ORBIT DETERMINATION AND GRAVITY FIELD MODELLING: Strategies for Precise Orbit Determination of Low Earth Orbiters Using the GPS

Considerable experience accumulated during the past decade in strategies for processing GPS data from ground-based geodetic receivers. First experience on the use of GPS observations from spaceborne receivers for orbit determination of satellites on low altitude orbits was gained with the launch of TOPEX/POSEIDON ten years ago. The launch of the CHAMP satellite in July 2000 stimulated a number of activities worldwide on improving the strategies and algorithms for orbit determination for Low Earth Orbiters (LEOs) using the GPS. Similar strategies as for ground-based receivers are applied to data from spaceborne GPS receivers to determine high precision orbits. Zero- and double-differencing techniques are applied to obtain kinematic and/or reduced-dynamic orbits with an accuracy which is today at the decimeter level. Further developments in modeling and processing strategies will continuously improve the quality of GPS-derived LEO orbits in the near future. A significant improvement can be expected from fixing double-difference phase ambiguities to integer numbers. Particular studies focus on the impact of a combined processing of LEO and GPS orbits on the quality of orbits and the reference frame realization. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Lunar Gravity Ranging System for the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) Mission

The Lunar Gravity Ranging System (LGRS) flying on NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission measures fluctuations in the separation between the two GRAIL orbiters with sensitivity below 0.6 microns/Hz^1/2. GRAIL adapts the mission design and instrumentation from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) to a make a precise gravitational map of Earth’s Moon. Phase measurements of Ka-band carrier signals transmitted between spacecraft with line-of-sight separations between 50 km to 225 km provide the primary observable. Measurements of time offsets between the orbiters, frequency calibrations, and precise orbit determination provided by the Global Positioning System on GRACE are replaced by an S-band time-transfer cross link and Deep Space Network Doppler tracking of an X-band radioscience beacon and the spacecraft telecommunications link. Lack of an atmosphere at the Moon allows use of a single-frequency link and elimination of the accelerometer compared to the GRACE instrumentation. This paper describes the implementation, testing and performance of the instrument complement flown on the two GRAIL orbiters.     

An Overview of the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS)

The Lunar Crater Observation Sensing Satellite (LCROSS), an accompanying payload to the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission (Vondrak et al. 2010), was launched with LRO on 18 June 2009. The principle goal of the LCROSS mission was to shed light on the nature of the materials contained within permanently shadowed lunar craters. These Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs) are of considerable interest due to the very low temperatures, <120?K, found within the shadowed regions (Paige et al. 2010a, 2010b) and the possibility of accumulated, cold-trapped volatiles contained therein. Two previous lunar missions, Clementine and Lunar Prospector, have made measurements that indicate the possibility of water ice associated with these PSRs. LCROSS used the spent LRO Earth-lunar transfer rocket stage, an Atlas V Centaur upper stage, as a kinetic impactor, impacting a PSR on 9 October 2009 and throwing ejecta up into sunlight where it was observed. This impactor was guided to its target by a Shepherding Spacecraft (SSC) which also contained a number of instruments that observed the lunar impact. A?campaign of terrestrial ground, Earth orbital and lunar orbital assets were also coordinated to observe the impact and subsequent crater and ejecta blanket. After observing the Centaur impact, the SSC became an impactor itself. The principal measurement goals of the LCROSS mission were to establish the form and concentration of the hydrogen-bearing material observed by Lunar Prospector, characterization of regolith within a PSR (including composition and physical properties), and the characterization of the perturbation to the lunar exosphere caused by the impact itself.     

Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL): Mapping the Lunar Interior from Crust to Core

The Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) is a spacecraft-to-spacecraft tracking mission that was developed to map the structure of the lunar interior by producing a detailed map of the gravity field. The resulting model of the interior will be used to address outstanding questions regarding the Moon’s thermal evolution, and will be applicable more generally to the evolution of all terrestrial planets. Each GRAIL orbiter contains a Lunar Gravity Ranging System instrument that conducts dual-one-way ranging measurements to measure precisely the relative motion between them, which in turn are used to develop the lunar gravity field map. Each orbiter also carries an Education/Public Outreach payload, Moon Knowledge Acquired by Middle-School Students (MoonKAM), in which middle school students target images of the Moon for subsequent classroom analysis. Subsequent to a successful launch on September 10, 2011, the twin GRAIL orbiters embarked on independent trajectories on a 3.5-month-long cruise to the Moon via the EL-1 Lagrange point. The spacecraft were inserted into polar orbits on December 31, 2011 and January 1, 2012. After a succession of 19 maneuvers the two orbiters settled into precision formation to begin science operations in March 1, 2012 with an average altitude of 55 km. The Primary Mission, which consisted of three 27.3-day mapping cycles, was successfully completed in June 2012. The extended mission will permit a second three-month mapping phase at an average altitude of 23 km. This paper provides an overview of the mission: science objectives and measurements, spacecraft and instruments, mission development and design, and data flow and data products.     

Particle acceleration and kinematics in solar flares – A Synthesis of Recent Observations and Theoretical Concepts (Invited Review)

We review the physical processes of particle acceleration, injection, propagation, trapping, and energy loss in solar flare conditions. An understanding of these basic physical processes is inexorable to interpret the detailed timing and spectral evolution of the radiative signatures caused by nonthermal particles in hard X-rays, gamma-rays, and radio wavelengths. In contrast to other more theoretically oriented reviews on particle acceleration processes, we aim here to capitalize on the numerous observations from recent spacecraft missions, such as from the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), the Yohkoh Hard X-Ray Telescope (HXT) and Soft X-Ray Telescope (SXT), and the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE). High-precision energy-dependent time delay measurements from CGRO and spatial imaging with Yohkoh and TRACE provide invaluable observational constraints on the topology of the acceleration region, the reconstruction of magnetic reconnection processes, the resulting electromagnetic fields, and the kinematics of energized (nonthermal) particles. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

航空产业信息标准化发展思路的探讨(续)

(上接第 4期第 6页 )2 .3　航空信息技术应用标准体系框架　　 ( 1 )标准体系建立的基本原则航空信息技术应用标准体系框架的构建以突出实用性和可扩展性为基本原则 ,不贪大求全。①实用性 :列入体系的标准首先是航空产业信息化建设必需的、急需的标准 ;在ＩＴ的硬件标准、软件     

摩托车备件销售实行联合经营和规范管理初探

对摩托车备件销售提出了联合经营的设想;详细论述了如何实行备件销售管理的规范化;建议运用计算机技术来参与销售管理,从而提高备件销售的经济效益,使整车销售与备件销售同步发展。     

航空有机玻璃紫外光老化研究

对YB—DM-11航空有机玻璃试样在254nm和313nm两种波长的紫外光照射下,进行了2个月的加速老化试验,跟踪测试了有机玻璃的抗拉强度和重量变化规律。通过红外光谱（FTIR）、热分析（TG／DTA）、扫描电镜（SEM）和凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）等方法,分析了老化前后试样的结构和性能,结合老化前后有机玻璃的性能变化规律,揭示了有机玻璃在紫外光照射下的老化机理。     

铝合金中厚板变极性等离子电弧焊（VPPA）焊接工艺的研究

目前我国宇航工业中大量的铝合金构件主要采用交流钨极精惰性气体保护焊，用这种方法焊接铝合金不可避免地要产生气孔等焊接缺陷。     

紧固件新旧标准对照表(2)

原ＧＪＢ 12 2 - 86标准中的普通螺纹螺钉标准与其修订后的ＧＪＢ 3372 / 1～ＧＪＢ 3372 / 61- 98普通螺纹螺钉标准号的对照见下表。新标准代号旧标准代号名　　称　 (材料 )备注ＧＪＢ 3372 / 1ＧＪＢ 12 2 .1.1六角头螺钉 (ＭＬ2 5)　ＧＪＢ 3372 / 2ＧＪＢ 12 2 .1.2六角头螺钉 (38ＣｒＡ)　ＧＪＢ 3372 / 3ＧＪＢ 12 2 .1.3六角头螺钉 (30ＣｒＭｎＳｉＡ)　ＧＪＢ 3372 / 4ＧＪＢ 12 2 .1.4六角头螺钉 (40ＣｒＮｉＭｏＡ)　ＧＪＢ 3372 / 5ＧＪＢ 12 2 .1.5六角头螺钉 (1Ｃｒ17Ｎｉ2 )　ＧＪＢ 3372 / 6ＧＪＢ 12 2 .1.6六角头螺钉 (1…     

面向StratixⅡ千兆接收器通道的“字对齐”设计技术

ALTERA公司StratixⅡ器件的接收器通道没有像Stratix GX EP1SGX40G那样有"字对齐"功能.为此,专门设计了"字对齐器",其中含有字对齐引擎和COMMA检测电路,附加在片内的接收器上,即可自动完成"字对齐"的功能.经仿真,达到了预期的效果.     

故障物理分析与机械可靠性(四)--可靠性参数选择与指标的确定

说明了按产品特征选择新研产品可靠性参数的基本依据和原则;介绍了按产品所受能量作用与随之而引起的输出参数变化的因果关系和信息源情况,确定可靠性指标的一般过程、方法和程序.     

飞机野外封存方法和包装材料研究

由于实际使用和保存的需要,一些装备需常年停放或贮存在野外。这些装备时刻受到环境的严重侵蚀,因此需进行野外防护和封存。 如何确定封存方法、选择或研制封存外包装材料是飞机封存的关键。1 根据封存环境条件选择封存方法。 环境中有侵蚀作用的主要影响因素有大气、水、相对湿度、盐雾、温度、阳光和紫外线等。根据     

The Analyzer of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-3) for the Mars Express Mission

The general scientific objective of the ASPERA-3 experiment is to study the solar wind – atmosphere interaction and to characterize the plasma and neutral gas environment with within the space near Mars through the use of energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging and measuring local ion and electron plasma. The ASPERA-3 instrument comprises four sensors: two ENA sensors, one electron spectrometer, and one ion spectrometer. The Neutral Particle Imager (NPI) provides measurements of the integral ENA flux (0.1–60 keV) with no mass and energy resolution, but high angular resolution. The measurement principle is based on registering products (secondary ions, sputtered neutrals, reflected neutrals) of the ENA interaction with a graphite-coated surface. The Neutral Particle Detector (NPD) provides measurements of the ENA flux, resolving velocity (the hydrogen energy range is 0.1–10 keV) and mass (H and O) with a coarse angular resolution. The measurement principle is based on the surface reflection technique. The Electron Spectrometer (ELS) is a standard top-hat electrostatic analyzer in a very compact design which covers the energy range 0.01–20 keV. These three sensors are located on a scanning platform which provides scanning through 180^∘ of rotation. The instrument also contains an ion mass analyzer (IMA). Mechanically IMA is a separate unit connected by a cable to the ASPERA-3 main unit. IMA provides ion measurements in the energy range 0.01–36 keV/charge for the main ion components H⁺, He⁺⁺, He⁺, O⁺, and the group of molecular ions 20–80 amu/q. ASPERA-3 also includes its own DC/DC converters and digital processing unit (DPU).