空间微重力条件下偏晶合金的研究

利用我国首次卫星搭载,进行了偏晶合金Zn—Pb、Al—Pb 的空间微重力下的重熔试验,研究了低于临界温度下Al—Pb 合金重熔过程中的物理规律;在临界温度之上重熔了Zn—Pb 合金,发现了Marangoni 对流对合金凝固过程的影响;在液态烧结条件下制备了均匀的粉末Zn—Pb 合金。在微重力下的研究表明:空间微重力条件对消除由于重力引起的宏观偏折和自然对流十分重要,但在重力消失后,非重力的其它因素的影响又显得格外重要。     

A linear stability analysis of large-Prandtl-number thermocapillary liquid bridges

A linear stability analysis is applied to determine the onset of oscillatory thermocapillary convection in cylindrical liquid bridges of large Prandtl numbers (4  Pr  50). We focus on the relationships between the critical Reynolds number Re_c, the azimuthal wave number m, the aspect ratio Γ and the Prandtl number Pr. A detailed Re_c–Pr stability diagram is given for liquid bridges with various Γ. In the region of Pr > 1, which has been less studied previously and where Re_c has been usually believed to decrease with the increase of Pr, we found Re_c exhibits an early increase for liquid bridges with Γ around one. From the computed surface temperature gradient, it is concluded that the boundary layers developed at both solid ends of liquid bridges strengthen the stability of basic axisymmetric thermocapillary convection at large Prandtl number, and that the stability property of the basic flow is determined by the “effective” part of liquid bridge.     

Two-dimensional Marangoni and buoyancy convection related to crystal growth techniques in space

The natural convection in the horizontal liquid layer driven both by surface tension gradient and buoyancy was investigated experimentally and theoretically.The fluid motion was visualized by mixing fine flakes of aluminum into the liquid. At the same time, the temperature field was visualized by the Mach-Zehnder interferometry and the local temperature gradient distributions were visualized by making use of the refraction of parallel incident light.The numerical analysis using the Galerkin method was also carried out which agreed well with the experimental results.It was found that the velocity and temperature fields of Marangoni convection were varied depending on the aspect ratio of the liquid layer and on the coupled buoyancy convection.     

A comprehensive numerical model examining the thermal performance of airships

A novel computational model for analyzing the airship’s transient thermal performance under different environmental conditions was developed. Radiative heat transfer and natural convection inside the airship were modeled using the control volume method. The Semi-Implicit Method aiming at the Pressure-Linked Equations algorithm was adopted to solve the control equations. Such approach was able to take into account the solar irradiative heat flux, the infrared radiation at different locations, and the convection both inside and outside the airship. The simulation results, showing the detailed distributions of temperature and velocity on the envelope and inside the airship, were in good agreement with the experimental measurements. The influences of solar position and material radiative properties on temperature distribution, as well as natural convective flow inside airship, were further simulated and discussed.     

热毛细对流模式转换及温度振荡特征

研究了矩形液池中由于两端温差引起的热毛细对流的温度振荡临界条件.在实验室中,设计了一个高分辨率的温度测量系统,用于实时观测并记录流体的温度.该系统主要由热电偶温度传感器、纳伏表和数据采集电脑3部分组成.得到了各种实验条件下温度振荡的临界条件,并且讨论了它与Prandtl数和Bond数之间的关系.利用flow3d软件数值模拟了微重力条件下的热毛细对流,发现了一种由于自由面变形和液层流场相互作用导致的晃荡的现象.     

池沸腾现象中热毛细对流的成因

针对微重力条件下单组份液体池沸腾现象,探讨了有关热毛细效应作用及其成因的不同观点,指出正确描述气液相变界面两侧的温度关系是解决争议的关键.详细评述了现有的气液相变界面温度模型,发现气液相变的非平衡特征会导致气液界面上产生温度梯度,引起表面张力的显著差异,从而驱动热毛细对流的形成.但现有气液相变界面温度模型机理差异迥然,预测结果也差别很大,因此,需要更深入研究.      

An in-situ technique for the determination of electrotransport in liquid metallic alloys

In this paper we will describe an experimental equipment, for in-situ measurements of electrotransport in liquid metals.Electrotransport in liquid metals are always to some extent disturbed by convection on ground but the origin of this convection is not definitely known. We also describe a procedure that can be used to find out if the convection is gravity driven or not.     

空间环境模拟器液氮系统数学模型

大型空间环境模拟器的液氮系统庞大复杂,为满足确定控制方案、建立故障诊断模型、技术改造等的需要,建立液氮系统的数学模型是十分必要的。以某空间环境模拟器的液氮系统为例,建立了液氮系统的数学模型;分析了系统输入参数对系统输出参数影响;最后,应用这个模型,得到了一些有益的结论,提出了一种调节阀的准稳态控制方法。     

天舟一号货运飞船空间实验装置蒸发相变地面实验

以天舟一号货运飞船为依托,开展空间蒸发相变传热规律的科学实验研究,探索重力对蒸发传热传质过程的影响规律.设计了一套地面蒸发实验平台,以蒸发相变液体FC-72为研究对象,通过红外热像仪测温、热流量计、差分热电偶等手段,观测FC-72液层在不同台面温度、注液量等情况下的相变界面变化、蒸发表面特性、流体物性及Marangoni对流涡胞的变化等,获取其蒸发两相流体的液层温度差、表面温度场、热流量值、蒸发速率和涡胞结构等.实验结果表明:在其他条件不变的情况下,FC-72液层与蒸发台面的温差越高,其蒸发速率越快;注液量越大,蒸发速率也越大;在蒸发过程中出现了浮力对流涡胞和Marangoni对流涡胞.此外,通过地面蒸发实验可以确定空间科学实验选用的实验介质和材料,进而优化确定空间科学实验的工况、参数及流程等,部分地面实验结果也将直接成为天地对比实验的科学成果.      

蒸发效应与热毛细对流耦合现象的实验研究

实验研究了矩形液池中蒸发薄液居中蒸发效应与热毛细对流的耦合机理. 对于单纯的热毛细对流稳定性从实验和理论上已有深入研究,但目前国际上对带有菇发界面的热毛细对流问题尚缺乏研究. 特别是近来的研究发现,气液界面的蒸发对热毛细对流稳定性有很大的影响. 本实验以温度为主要控制参数,测量了不同工况下蒸发界面不同点的蒸发速率和表层温度,并利用 PIV 方法分析得到了液体内的嘛场分布. 实验结果发现,随着沿界面的温差增加,蒸发液体内的流型从稳定的单涡胞结构变为稳定的多祸胞结构,并最终演变为紊流结构. 综合分析以上测量结果并与理论分析结果进行了比较。      

微重力环境下蒸发液层热毛细对流的数值模拟

提出了一种新模型来研究由单一物质构成的液层在其纯蒸气中的蒸发.液层置于微重力环境中并且受到水平方向温度梯度的作用,液层的热毛细对流和蒸发耦合在一起,使得气液界面的传热传质规律更加复杂.用理论分析的方法求解了不考虑热毛细效应的纯蒸发模型,得出温度场分布和界面质量流量的解析表达式.对于热毛细对流和蒸发耦合情况,采用有限差分的投影算法同时求解Navier-Stokes方程和能量方程,得到了不同蒸发Biot数和Marangoni数下流场和温度场的稳态数值解.论述了蒸发Biot数和Marangoni数对界面传热传质的影响,提出并解释了蒸发和热毛细对流耦合的三种模式.      

纵向非均匀多孔介质Marangoni对流不稳定性

理论研究了纵向非均匀多孔介质中流体表面张力驱动的对流不稳定性.充满液体的多孔介质层从下方加热,上方自由表面冷却,形成可引起多孔介质液层Marangoni-Benaxd对流流动的纵向温度梯度.采用线性化的Brinkman-Forchheimier方程作为控制方程组,对孔隙率分别为线性函数、正弦三角函数分布的非均匀多孔介质液层的Marangoni-Benaxd问题进行了线性稳定性分析.通过采用Chebyshev-Tau谱方法求解广义特征值问题,得到了系统临界Maxangoni数随无量纲波数变化的中性稳定性曲线,分析和比较了孔隙率的变化对液层对流稳定性和流场结构的影响,获得了纵向非均匀多孔介质液层不稳定性现象的新特征.      

Surface tension-driven flows in horizontal liquid metal layers

The problem of surface tension-driven flows in horizontal liquid layers has been studied experimentally, and theoretically by direct numerical simulation and small perturbation analysis. We focus our attention on situations in which the depth of the fluid (liquid tin; small Prandtl number, Pr=0.015) is small enough to ensure the predominance of the surface tension forces over those due to the buoyancy. The surface velocity has been experimentally obtained for liquid tin layer with various aspect ratio (length to height) in the range 5<A<83. The thermal gradients are ranged from 5 to 40°K/cm. In the numerical study, the Navier-Stokes and energy equations are solved by an efficient finite difference technique. The parameters governing the flow behaviour in the liquid are varied to determine their effects on thermocapillary convection: the Reynolds number 10<Re<210⁴ and the aspect ratio 2<A<25; with Pr kept constant at Pr=0.015. The linear eigenequation resulting from small spatial disturbances of the Couette flow solution is solved using an Tau-Chebyshev approximation. A notable feature of the theoretical study is the totally different end circulations. In the region near the cold wall a multicell structure is evident. This agrees with the eigensolution which is of complex type, indicating spatial periodicity. In the hot wall region the flow is accelerated to reach the velocity value for the fully-developed Couette flow which is reached under conditions such as Re/A<20. The transition from viscous to boundary layer regime occurs for a critical value (Re/A)_c of nearly about 200, as deduced from the numerical and experimental results.     

Two-dimensional convection in liquid layer related to crystal growth techniques in space

In this paper, the Marangoni convection including buoyancy convection in two-dimensional fluid model was investigated experimentally and theoretically. The transparent liquid in the test cell was heated and cooled under various conditions. The fluid flow driven by surface tension and by buoyancy force was visualized and measured. The flow patterns, velocity distributions and temperature field were obtained and they were compared with the results of the numerical solutions. The effect of the configuration and the convection in microgravity on crystal growth was discussed. The temperature field of the crystallizing surface was predicted.     

相变材料熔化过程中自然对流振荡现象数值计算研究

为了解自然对流对相变材料熔化过程的影响,对相变材料液相区自然对流振荡现象进行了研究,建立了固/液相统一的控制方程,采用焓-孔隙度法和Boussinesq假设,模拟了重力条件下熔化过程,结果表明:当瑞利数(Ra)较小时,液相自然对流具有稳定解,随着Ra数增大,自然对流从稳定流动向周期振荡过渡。     

电推进系统Xe物理特性计算方法

空间电推进系统的工质为Xe,其工作温度范围为-30～45 ℃,该范围覆盖Xe的临界点。在临界点附近,Xe可能呈现出多种形态,且对温度和压力变化十分敏感,采用传统状态方程在上述范围内计算其物理参数偏差最大可达30%。为解决这一问题,以CH₄作为参考流体,建立了一种基于对比态原理的Xe物理特性计算方法。该方法能够对包括气相、液相、超临界区域的所有状态Xe物理性质进行准确计算。试验研究与国外数据对比的结果表明,在整个压力-温度范围内,计算误差小于0.5%。     

基于DFT的水射流红外热像频域时空分析

基于二维离散傅里叶变换及空间频谱分析,对水射流湍流脉动的空间尺度进行了研究,得到了由红外辐射温度表征的被动标量湍流场在对流区、耗散区、惯性子区的特征空间尺度及其时间演化规律.对射流不同区域的关心点重新采样,得到湍流场中关心点的时间序列,利用一维离散傅里叶变换,分析了对流区大尺度涡中心、惯性子区小尺度涡中心、耗散区及射流轴心线上各关心点的湍流波动特征.计算了时间序列频谱的分形维数,研究了自由湍流不同尺度区间上述各关心点湍流脉动的分形特征.      

气体在矿物油中扩散现象的可视化研究

介绍了利用马赫-泽德干涉仪法实现气体-矿物油扩散过程的可视化测量的原理、作用与意义。由于运用马赫-泽德干涉仪法获得的图像干涉条纹数及其图像的形状变化与折射率n直接与液体介质折射率相关,用马赫-泽德干涉仪法可获得十分清晰的影像。在N2,O2-矿物油扩散过程中,干涉条纹式样并未发生显著的紊乱变化,表明N2与O2气体在矿物油中发生扩散后,所引起的矿物油折射率变化过程较为缓慢。在CO2-矿物油扩散过程中,由于溶解的作用,矿物油近表面层中的气体溶解度增加,导致自然对流的出现。通过可视化测量,成功地观测到这一重要实验现象。同时,利用可视化技术,还可很好地判明对流出现的时间,从而确保扩散研究的有效性。     

航天器舱内气体对流换热的地面模拟试验方法

对航天器舱内气体对流换热的地面模拟试验方法进行了系统地理论分析,包括热缩比模型法、降压法和浓度比拟法三种。分别给出了各种方法的相似律或相似准则及其应用的约束条件,并从原理上定性比较这三种方法的优缺点。分析表明,热缩比模型法在保持Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ数不变的前提下可明显减弱自然对流的影响,但这种方法不能用于工程原型;降压法可用工程原型进行模拟试验,但不能用于液体流动问题;然而这两种方法的共同缺点是都不能完全消除自然对流;浓度比拟法理论上可以完全消除自然对流,但约束条件多,工程实现困难。