Hypersonic starting flow at high angle of attack

Compressible starting flow at small angle of attack(Ao A) involves small amplitude waves and time-dependent lift coefficient and has been extensively studied before. In this paper we consider hypersonic starting flow of a two-dimensional flat wing or airfoil at large angle of attack involving strong shock waves. The flow field in some typical regions near the wing is solved analytically. Simple expressions of time-dependent lift evolutions at the initial and final stages are given. Numerical simulations by compuational fluid dynamics are used to verify and complement the theoretical results. It is shown that below the wing there is a straight oblique shock(OSW) wave,a curved shock wave(CSW) and an unsteady horizontal shock wave(USW), and the latter moves perpendicularlly to the wing. The length of these three parts of waves changes with time. The pressure above OSW is larger than that above USW, while across CSW there is a significant drop of the pressure, making the force nearly constant during the initial period of time. When, however, the Mach number is very large, the force coefficient tends to a time-independent constant, proportional to the square of the sine of the angle of attack.     

突然启动流动问题:从不可压到高超声速流动

突然启动流动问题在气动弹性、扑翼飞行和机动飞行中有重要应用价值。鉴于此,对突然启动流动问题涉及的流动与升力演化机制和理论分析方法进行统一介绍并指出目前的理论空白。比较性地介绍了升力随时间变化的原因、预测升力演化的理论方法和主要变化规律。从中发现,不可压缩和可压缩突然启动问题存在各自独立的研究方法与结论,因此进行统一介绍与分析对建立二者之间的关联有指导意义。同时指出,大迎角可压缩突然启动问题尚无理论分析方法和研究结果。作为一项补充研究,采用数值计算发现一个之前尚未报道的现象,即升力系数首先从较低值快速增加至一个峰值,接着快速下降,趋于定常值。该文综述介绍的方法可用于分析突然启动问题升力演化规律。     

基于扇翼机翼升推力机理的吹气机翼研究

基于对扇翼飞行器升推力产生机理的数值计算与分析,提出了一种扇翼飞行器机翼的替代方案——吹气机翼。分析了扇翼机翼升推力的产生机理并在扇翼机翼翼型的基础上构建了吹气机翼翼型。建立了两种机翼翼型的数值计算方法,通过对比相对静压分布曲线、速度云图和压力云图,证明了吹气机翼具有与扇翼机翼一样的升推力产生方式,即涡致升推力的形成机制。通过将横流风扇加速后气流流速定义为吹气机翼吹气速度,对比了两种机翼升推力随来流速度和迎角的变化关系。结果表明:两种机翼的升推力变化趋势基本一致,仅在迎角大于20°时,吹气机翼推力值相较扇翼机翼损失了近5倍。总体而言,在常规飞行状态下,吹气机翼能够替代扇翼机翼,为相关飞行器的增升和优化设计提供了一种思路。      

大攻角地效翼非定常流动实验研究

大攻角地效翼非定常流动研究对大攻角地效翼非定常空气动力特性和流动控制具有重要的意义。对攻角为18°的NACA0012地效翼在模型风洞中进行实验,利用三维热线风速仪对地效翼后缘附近尾迹区内测点的速度脉动进行采样,分析不同飞行高度下大攻角地效翼的非定常流动特性。结果表明：地面效应下,大攻角地效翼后缘涡系形成位置后移;随着地效翼高度的降低,非定常流动的脉动频域宽度减小,速度脉动特征频率减小。     

The thrust and lift of an ornithopter's membrane wings with simple flapping motion

Human beings flying with the help of aircrafts of various kinds have been able to fly for about one century. Although the flapping wings of animals served as an inspiration to pioneers of human flight, we don't really understand how they work. In this study, we employ the concept of four-bar linkage to design a flapping mechanism which simulates a flapping motion of a bird. Wind tunnel tests were performed to measure the lift and thrust of the mechanical membrane flapping wing under different frequency, speed, and angle of attack. It is observed that the flexibility of the wing structure will affect the thrust and lift force due to its deformation at high flapping frequency. The lift force will increase with the increase of the flapping frequency under the corresponding flying speed. For the same flapping frequency, the flying speed can be increased by decrease of the angle of attack with the trade of loosing some lift force. An angle of attack is necessary in a simple flapping motion in order to derive a lift force. The flapping motion generates the thrust to acquire the flying speed. The flying speed and angle of attack combine to generate the lift force for flying.     

使用RANS/LES混合方法对钝前缘三角翼进行数值模拟(英文)

阐述了建立在一方程湍流模型基础上的分离涡模型(DES)和延迟脱体涡模型(DDES),它们很好地模拟了壁面附近的小尺度流动。该方法在大攻角分离流区域,使用了亚格子应力的Smagorinsky大涡数值模拟,模拟亚音速旋涡流动。使用大攻角下的钝前缘65°大后掠三角翼模型,研究了CFD对涡的发展、破裂以及复杂涡的发展和演变的模拟能力。研究结果说明了方法对模拟分离流动是可行的。     

三角翼大迎角风洞试验支架干扰数值模拟研究

现代战争要求战斗机能够在大迎角（AOA）状态下进行过失速飞行,对飞机大迎角绕流流场的研究主要的方法有风洞试验和数值模拟。在大迎角风洞试验中,常用的是尾支撑方法,支架的存在会对模型的试验结果产生一定的影响,本文通过数值模拟来对这个影响进行研究。以开源计算流体力学软件OpenFOAM 2.3为平台,采用PIMPLE算法求解Navier-Stokes（N-S）方程,PIMPLE算法是SIMPLE（Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-linked Equations）算法和PISO（Pressure Implicit with Splitting of Operator）算法的结合体;采用基于有限体积的空间离散方法和空间二阶精度的线性插值方法,时间离散采用后向差分方法,湍流模型采用SA-DDES（Spalart-Allmaras-Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation）模型。为了验证方法的可靠性,首先对0°、10°、30°、50°、70°以及90°迎角下的有支架三角翼绕流流场进行计算,并将计算结果与试验结果进行对比,两者吻合较好。在此基础上,数值模拟了无支架的三角翼绕流流场,对比有/无支架情况下数值模拟结果,得到支架对三角翼绕流流场、背风面压强分布和气动力的影响。计算结果表明：大迎角情况下,有支架与无支架时相比,支架的存在会影响三角翼附近的流场（但是不会改变涡系等流动结构）、改变翼表面压强分布,从而导致三角翼的法向力系数和俯仰力矩系数发生明显变化。     

亚声速武器舱空腔流动压力特性及其控制方法

在高速风洞中对某武器舱舱门打开状态下,舱内的静压分布和脉动压力特性进行了试验,并对空腔前缘多孔扰流板和前缘吹气两种流动控制方法分别进行了变参数研究。试验马赫数为0.75,武器舱长度为300 mm,长深比为3,宽深比为1。试验结果表明该武器舱基本构型顶部沿着流向的压力分布比较均匀,脉动压力监测点的频谱特性表现出明显的模态特征,为开式空腔流动类型,而且在所研究的范围内受飞机迎角变化的影响很小。在典型的飞机迎角下,前缘多孔扰流板流动控制方法可以很好地改善武器舱内部流场的稳态特性并降低舱内的脉动压力;多孔扰流板的安装高度、展向宽度为流动控制效果的主要影响参数;在所研究的参数范围内,综合考虑多孔扰流板对脉动压力宽频和单频特性的控制效果,高安装高度、短展向宽度的参数组合形式最优,并且在飞机常用的迎角范围内具有较好的流动控制效果。在典型的飞机迎角下,前缘吹气流动控制方法也可以很好地改善武器舱内部流场的稳态特性并降低舱内的脉动压力;吹气位置、吹气流量为流动控制效果的主要影响参数;在所研究的参数范围内,综合考虑前缘吹气对脉动压力宽频和单频特性的控制效果,大的吹气流量、短的展向宽度的参数组合形式最优,并且在飞机常用的迎角范围内具有较好的流动控制效果。     

低雷诺数仿生分离流翼型气动特性初探

为了探索适合低雷诺数微型飞行器的翼型形式,基于对自然界鸟类和昆虫滑翔飞行时翅膀形状的观察,设计出一种由前缘削尖平板和后缘圆弧翼型组合而成的仿生分离流翼型。数值研究结果表明,气流在削尖平板的前缘点强制分离,形成大范围低压分离流动,随后在后部圆弧翼上表面再附形成稳定低压涡流区,从而实现较高的气动效率和较强的抵抗大气湍流的能力。上削尖平板可以使流动分离点固定在削尖点。相对于单独平板,仿生分离流翼型的升力系数有大幅提高,迎角为4°时提高了112%。此外,仿生分离流翼型可以在较宽的迎角范围内（4°~20°）保持高升力,但是迎角增加,阻力也快速增大,因此小迎角情况下（小于4°）气动效率更优。      

一种翼身融合飞行器的失速特性研究

翼身融合（BWB）布局飞行器作为下一代商用飞机的主要构型之一，越来越受到重视。对于翼身融合飞行器的研究主要针对其巡航状态的特性，而对其失速特性的研究较少。对一种翼身融合客机构型进行风洞试验研究，采用测力试验方法对其无增升装置的构型，以及具有翼梢小翼、前缘缝翼和机身上部双吊舱的组合部件构型下的纵向特性进行研究，特别是对其失速特性的分析，并通过二维粒子图像测试技术以及油流试验对其失速过程的流动机理进行研究。结果表明，无增升装置的基本构型下，翼身融合飞行器可以保持低速飞行，而各组合构型都具有提高最大升力系数的作用。对失速过程的分析表明，随着迎角的增大，飞机表面流场分离区域从翼梢开始逐渐向翼根以及机身发展，当外翼段完全处于分离区域时，飞机并不会马上失速，因为中心体同样具有提供升力的作用，且中心体的流动分离较外翼的流动分离更晚，所以当外翼在失速迎角出现升力损失时可以通过中心体的升力进行补偿，维持其低速飞行状态，真正的失速发生在中心体出现流动分离之后。     

An experimental investigation on static directional stability

A generic aircraft usually loses its static directional stability at moderate angle of attack (typically 20–30?). In this research, wind tunnel studies were performed using an aircraft model with moderate swept wing and a conventional vertical tail. The purpose of this study was to investigate flow mechanisms responsible for static directional stability. Measurements of force, surface pressure and spatial flow field were carried out for angles of attack from 0? to 46? and sideslip angles from ?8? to 8?. Results of the wind tunnel experiments show that the vertical tail is the main contributor to static directional stability, while the fuselage is the main contributor to static directional instabil-ity of the model. In the sideslip attitude for moderate angles of attack, the fuselage vortex and the wing vortex merged together and changed asymmetrically as angle of attack increased on the wind-ward side and leeward side of the vertical tail. The separated asymmetrical vortex flow around the vertical tail is the main reason for reduction in the static directional stability. Compared with the wing vortices, the fuselage vortices are more concentrated and closer to the vertical tail, so the yaw-ing moment of vertical tail is more unstable than that when the wings are absent. On the other hand, the attached asymmetrical flow over the fuselage in sideslip leads to the static directional instability of the fuselage being exacerbated. It is mainly due to the predominant model contour blockage effect on the windward side flow over the model in sideslip, which is strongly affected by angle of attack.     

翼身组合体大迎角前体非对称涡流动性态研究

在亚临界流动范围内,对于带有鸭翼、机翼的翼身组合体,在其头尖部带有确定扰动的条件下,研究模型大迎角下的非对称背涡结构及其气动力特性随扰动周向角的演化规律。通过对模型表面的压力分布和侧向力分布分析,结合流场显示结果,表明翼身组合体绕流中鸭翼前各截面均处于非对称二涡区,头部截面侧向力分布随头尖部滚转而呈现出双稳态特性,鸭翼和机翼上方的流动在大迎角下处于完全分离流动状态,从而使得模型上鸭翼之后的截面侧向力接近为零。     

小展弦比飞翼标模纵航向气动特性低速实验研究

对小展弦比飞翼气动布局外形,通过常规测力风洞实验方法得到其纵向气动特性和偏航控制特性,在分析其气动特性后,选取典型的状态采用 PIV 实验方法对其流动机理进行研究,研究表明小展弦比飞翼在较小的迎角下即出现前缘分离涡,随着迎角的增大,前缘分离涡强度增大,且逐渐往机体对称面方向移动,随着迎角进一步增大,分离涡变得不稳定,涡核开始摆动,最终破裂,破裂位置从后缘开始,逐渐前移。对小展弦比飞翼气动布局飞机的控制难点偏航控制进行研究,结果表明该飞翼布局模型在实验迎角范围内偏航方向是静稳定的,在小迎角下具有可操纵性,迎角大于6°后嵌入面处于破裂的前缘涡尾迹之中,操纵性降低。     

类X?47B无人机菱形编队气动干扰数值模拟

设计了一种由4架类X?47B飞翼布局无人机（UAVs）组成的菱形编队。通过求解RANS方程的数值模拟方法,研究了菱形编队无人机气动干扰问题,详细分析了影响机理,定量给出了编队减阻效果。计算结果表明:头机气动性能基本保持不变。两侧僚机受上洗气流影响,其减阻效果明显。尾机主要受下洗气流影响,其阻力增大,对编队久航和远航不利。在重力配平条件下,两侧僚机飞行阻力的减小是由攻角减小和诱导阻力减小共同引起的。尾机在编队中飞行阻力的增大主要是攻角增大带来的阻力增加,诱导阻力增大仅带来了20%的阻力增量。从减小下洗气流对尾机的不利影响出发,对不同垂向间距的尾机升阻特性进行了研究,并参考雁群头鸟变换行为机制,给出了无人机菱形编队飞行建议。      

倾转旋翼飞行器旋翼对机翼向下载荷计算模型

针对倾转旋翼飞行器悬停和小速度前飞的直升机飞行模式下旋翼下洗流对机翼的气动干扰影响,建立了一个机翼向下载荷的计算模型.该模型中,最关键的是建立旋翼对机翼的气动干扰面积模型.此模型考虑了倾转旋翼飞行器几何尺寸条件、发动机短舱倾转角和飞行状态等参数.最后将此模型集成到XV-15倾转旋翼飞行器飞行动力学模型中,进行配平计算,...     

毫秒脉冲等离子体激励改善飞翼的气动性能实验

在来流速度为30m/s时,进行了毫秒脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体激励改善飞翼气动性能的风洞实验.等离子体激励器布置在飞翼前缘,峰峰值电压为9.5kV时,放电的脉冲能量在0.1mJ/cm量级.通过六分量测力天平测力研究了脉冲激励频率和占空比对升/阻力系数、升阻比和俯仰力矩系数的作用效果.结果表明:等离子体激励可以有效改善飞翼大攻角气动特性;在最佳无量纲脉冲激励频率F+≈1时,临界失速迎角由14°提高到17°,最大升力系数提高10%;占空比对流动控制效果影响较大,减小占空比可以降低能耗,实验中最佳占空比为5%;俯仰力矩系数的变化表明施加等离子体激励改善了飞翼纵向静稳定性.      

基于升华法的后掠翼混合层流控制研究

在低湍流度风洞中针对45°后掠角NACA64A-204翼型模型,采用升华流动显示技术研究不同吸气量和不同迎角状态下混合层流控制（HLFC）对转捩位置的影响。结合热线方法测量流向速度研究扰动增长的机制。实验结果表明：萘升华流动显示技术适合用来研究HLFC方法对后掠翼转捩的影响,可以直观和准确地表示后掠翼上的转捩位置;在无吸气的情况下,随着迎角从-6°到2°增大,层流区长度先增大后减小;HLFC方法可以显著推迟由横流不稳定触发的转捩;在同一迎角下增加吸气量,可以更有效地减小主要扰动波的能量。     

民用飞机增升装置载荷设计技术研究

增升装置是机翼上用来改善气流状态和增加升力的一套活动面板,可在飞机起飞、着陆和低速机动飞行时增加机翼剖面弯曲度和有效迎角,因此对提升大型民用飞机的起飞和降落等低速性能,包括进场姿态有着决定性的影响。飞机在起降中一般要求尽量减小飞行速度和缩短滑行距离,同时要达到比较大的升力系数,这就意味着增升装置此时也具有较大的偏度,作用在上面的载荷也会比较大。因此,大型民用飞机增升装置的载荷计算是其设计工作中的重中之重,在民用飞机载荷设计过程中有非常重要的意义。主要介绍了民用飞机增升装置载荷的计算原理及设计方法,给出了一套襟缝翼气动和惯性载荷的工程算法。     

不同迎角下脊形前体绕流数值模拟研究

脊形前体有较强的背风涡流场,不同的前体形状对前体涡流场和气动力有很大的影响.本文针对脊形前体飞行器大迎角湍流大分离流动计算的困难,采用IDDES混合湍流模型,以及与之匹配的非定常算法,研究了不同来流迎角下脊形前体的气动特性,以及背风涡非定常演化、破裂的细致流动结构.选取了不同脊形角,以及不同上、下高宽比的脊形前体进行计...     

Unsteady aerodynamics and flow control for flapping wing flyers

The creation of micro air vehicles (MAVs) of the same general sizes and weight as natural fliers has spawned renewed interest in flapping wing flight. With a wingspan of approximately 15 cm and a flight speed of a few meters per second, MAVs experience the same low Reynolds number (10⁴–10⁵) flight conditions as their biological counterparts. In this flow regime, rigid fixed wings drop dramatically in aerodynamic performance while flexible flapping wings gain efficacy and are the preferred propulsion method for small natural fliers. Researchers have long realized that steady-state aerodynamics does not properly capture the physical phenomena or forces present in flapping flight at this scale. Hence, unsteady flow mechanisms must dominate this regime. Furthermore, due to the low flight speeds, any disturbance such as gusts or wind will dramatically change the aerodynamic conditions around the MAV. In response, a suitable feedback control system and actuation technology must be developed so that the wing can maintain its aerodynamic efficiency in this extremely dynamic situation; one where the unsteady separated flow field and wing structure are tightly coupled and interact nonlinearly. For instance, birds and bats control their flexible wings with muscle tissue to successfully deal with rapid changes in the flow environment. Drawing from their example, perhaps MAVs can use lightweight actuators in conjunction with adaptive feedback control to shape the wing and achieve active flow control. This article first reviews the scaling laws and unsteady flow regime constraining both biological and man-made fliers. Then a summary of vortex dominated unsteady aerodynamics follows. Next, aeroelastic coupling and its effect on lift and thrust are discussed. Afterwards, flow control strategies found in nature and devised by man to deal with separated flows are examined. Recent work is also presented in using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) actuators and angular speed variation to achieve active flow control for MAVs. Finally, an explanation for aerodynamic gains seen in flexible versus rigid membrane wings, derived from an unsteady three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model with an integrated distributed control algorithm, is presented.