纤维增强金属基复合材料细观几何结构对宏观弹性性能的影响

基于复合材料宏、细观场量之间的联系，建立了一种纤维增强复合材料宏—细观力学模型。该模型建立起了宏观与细观应力、应变场量之间的联系，获得了宏观应力—应变关系，试验及理论计算表明，该模型能够较好地预测复合材料宏观弹性性能。利用该模型研究了纤维截面形状和排列方式对金属基复合材料宏观弹性性能的影响。     

Multiscale topology optimization using feature-driven method

This paper presents a multiscale design method for simultaneous topology optimization of both macrostructures and microstructures. Geometric features are extended as design primitives at both macro and micro scales and represented by Level Set Functions (LSFs). Parameters related to the locations, sizes, and orientations of macro and micro features are considered as design variables and optimized simultaneously. In the overlapping areas of different macro features, embedded microstructures are optimally figured out as the solution of the corresponding sub-optimization problem. In this study, the eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) is implemented for structural and sensitivity analyses with respect to design variables. This method has the advantage of using a fixed grid independent of the topology optimization process. The homogenization procedure is applied to calculate the effective properties of considered microstructures in each macro feature. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Results depict that the multiscale design cannot obviously improve structural stiffness compared with a solid-material design under the linear elastic condition.     

基于立体视觉的板料成形极限应变测量关键技术及其系统

 设计并实现了一种基于双目立体视觉和数字图像相关方法的板料成形极限应变测量系统—BOSAS(双目视觉应变测量分析系统),对其中的关键技术作了深入讨论。该系统可以克服传统坐标网格方法很难进行变形过程的动态监控、自动化程度不高等局限,并可计算试件各变形阶段全场应变分布,以及重建不同变形时刻下试件的几何外形。将分段位移传递法和有限应变理论相结合,可计算大变形下的极限应变。对深冲铝板6016以及航空铝板2A12-T4、2A12-O、7B04-O等材料的应变测量结果显示本文方法适用于板料成形三维变形及极限应变的测量,并将测得数据与由坐标网格方法测得的数据进行比较,结果表明本文方法测量准确、可靠。     

三维编织复合材料研究进展

重点回顾了三维编织复合材料各发展阶段的关键性成果,从研究方法和研究方向两个角度,对该领域的重要研究成果和笔者所在课题组的最新研究成果进行了评述。在编织工艺方面,重点介绍了编织物的细观结构和适用领域,指出了细观结构对最大纤维体积分数的影响和当前流行的建模方法,并且将周期性单胞划分方法和纱线截面形状的模拟归纳为参数化建模中的两个关键问题。对力学性能的研究成果进行了综述,在试验方面,重点介绍了编织角的变化对材料各种性能的影响;在理论方面,重点评述了几种多尺度细观力学方法和特征单元法。最后,对有待于进一步研究的问题进行了展望。     

LY12合金翼片等温模锻的缺陷分析

 简要叙述了大型薄腹板筋型翼片件,在5×10~4kN液压机上采用等温模锻工艺方案的可行性和等温模锻的变形温度、应变速率等工艺参数。分析了翼片等温模锻时产生穿筋、缩孔、折叠和裂纹等各种缺陷的原因。经试验确定了消除各种缺陷的实用方法,选择合理的模具结构设计和最佳的坯料外形、尺寸制备等。用CAD方法可得到较为理想的等效高度坯料和模具型槽中设计较为实用而又经济的工艺余料孔。     

辊筒模具超精密加工机床液体静压导轨热变形分析

为了提高辊筒模具光学微结构的加工精度,本文对辊筒模具超精密加工机床的直线导轨系统进行了热变形分析。首先,根据液体静压导轨的结构特点提出了有限元分析中的油膜等效替代方法,建立了有限元分析模型。其次,应用有限元软件对机床直线导轨系统进行了热-结构耦合分析,得到了其直线导轨系统热变形误差,并给出了改善辊筒模具加工机床光学微结构加工精度的方法。最后,通过微结构刨削加工实验对有限元分析结果进行了验证。     

三维机织复合材料的一个细观力学模型

根据三维机织复合材料中细观几何和变形的周期性,提出了一种反映细观周期约束条件的组合梁单元模型,该模型既考虑了纤维束的偏轴拉压效应,又考虑了纤维束的弯／剪耦合效应和纤维束之间的相互作用,可以描述纤维束和基体中的细观应力分布。针对一种典型的三维机织复合材料,研究了根据编织参数确定材料细观结构的方法,在此基础上选取材料中最小周期的一段纤维束作为分析胞元,用上述模型分析了面内拉伸荷载下胞元中各相材料的细观应力,进而得到材料平均的宏观模量。材料试验和二维细观有限元分析证明了本模型的可靠性。研究表明,三维机织复合材料中,纤维束拉、弯耦合效应引起的细观应力在应力分析中不可忽略。     

碳布叠层穿刺复合材料多尺度传热特性研究

为了深入认识复合材料的多尺度传热特性,预测复合材料宏观热物性参数,基于通用单胞思想和多尺度传热特性分析,建立了一种有效预测碳布叠层穿刺复合材料等效热物性参数的方法。基于电镜扫描分析了纤维束和编织结构的特征,采用通用单胞思想,建立了介/细观传热分析模型,通过数值仿真进行了一系列的多尺度传热特性分析,譬如:纤维体积分数对纤维束结构传热特性的影响、穿刺纤维束大小对编织结构传热特性的影响分析,在此基础上,建立了胞体模板扩展,初步将介/细观结构研究规律应用到宏观结构热物性预测,并进行多层胞体传热特性分析。验证实验表明:等效热物性预测值与实验值吻合较好,方法有效,为深入理解认识碳布叠层穿刺复合材料的介/细观传热特性提供了有效的分析手段。     

Geometrically exact nonlinear analysis of pre-twisted composite rotor blades

Modeling of pre-twisted composite rotor blades is very complicated not only because of the geometric non-linearity, but also because of the cross-sectional warping and the transverse shear deformation caused by the anisotropic material properties. In this paper, the geometrically exact nonlinear modeling of a generalized Timoshenko beam with arbitrary cross-sectional shape, generally anisotropic material behavior and large deflections has been presented based on Hodges’ method. The concept of decomposition of rotation tensor was used to express the strain in the beam. The variational asymptotic method was used to determine the arbitrary warping of the beam cross section. The generalized Timoshenko strain energy was derived from the equilibrium equations and the second-order asymptotically correct strain energy. The geometrically exact nonlinear equations of motion were established by Hamilton’s principle. The established modeling was used for the static and dynamic analysis of pre-twisted composite rotor blades, and the analytical results were validated based on experimental data. The influences of the transverse shear deformation on the pre-twisted composite rotor blade were investigated. The results indicate that the influences of the transverse shear deformation on the static deformation and the natural frequencies of the pre-twisted composite rotor blade are related to the length to chord ratio of the blade.     

等离子涂层涡轮导向叶片热疲劳寿命预测研究

针对等离子涂层涡轮导向叶片材料的变形特点,引入了粘塑性本构模型.进行了涂层高温氧化实验、带涂层构件热疲劳实验及有限元模拟研究.基于研究结果,建立了可以体现氧化损伤与热疲劳损伤耦合效应的寿命预测模型.计算分析了带涂层涡轮导向叶片的稳态温度场、涂层隔热效果和基于宏观尺度的应力应变场,研究了宏、细观有限元计算结果间的转换关系,提出了等效系数的方法,对涡轮导向叶片表面涂层的热疲劳寿命进行了预测.寿命预测结果合理,方法可行.      

基于微观特征定量辨识的加速有效性评估方法

开展加速试验已逐渐成为航空高性能结构（如涡轮叶片）性能分析与寿命管理的重要途径,然而对于加速试验结果的合理、有效评估成为了制约加速试验技术发展的难题。本文以现有物理机制方法为基础,通过构建微观结构特征与宏观性能之间的定量关系,提出基于微观特征定量辨识的加速有效性评估方法,对涡轮叶片加速损伤和失效机理进行系统阐释。结果表明：本文提出的评估方法克服了现有物理机制方法的主要缺点,使得评估结果更加准确可靠,对于提高航空高性能结构的性能分析与寿命预测的准确性具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Constitutive behavior and microstructural evolution in hot deformed 2297 Al-Li alloy

The microstructural evolution mechanism and constitutive behavior of 2297 Al-Li alloy were studied via thermal compression test with the constant strain rates of 0.001–1 s⁻¹ and the deformation temperatures ranging from 623 to 773 K. To verify the predictable ability of diverse constitutive models under different stress states, the hot compression experiments with stress triaxiality varying from −0.33 to 0.46 were conducted. The microstructures of the deformed specimens under diverse deformation conditions are probed to reveal the mechanism of hot deformation behavior. The experimental results indicate that the work-hardening and dynamic softening are competitive during the hot compression process, and the dynamic softening is more obvious under low deformation temperature and high strain rate. The microstructural analysis manifests that the dynamic recovery gets predominant at high deformation temperature to produce fine grains. Meanwhile, the dynamic recrystallization becomes more dominant as the strain rate decreases, which is sensitive to the stress triaxiality. In addition, both the modified Johnson-Cook model and strain-compensated Arrhenius-type function are suitable for describing the flow behavior of 2297 alloy, while the latter reveals a more accurate prediction. However, the predictability of the two kinds of models is worsened with the transformation of stress triaxiality, and the validity of the Arrhenius-type model is restricted by high stress triaxiality.     

细晶态FGH96热成型时的流动行为研究

 通过热模拟试验,对细晶态FGH96 合金的高温流动特性进行了研究,分别从宏观和微观上对影响FGH96 流动特性的因素(变形温度、变形速率和变形程度以及Z 因子和动态再结晶晶粒尺寸等) 作了系统分析。结果表明:变形温度、变形速率和变形程度对流动应力和再结晶晶粒尺寸均有不同程度的影响。在此基础上,建立了细晶态FGH96 合金热成型时的本构模型,该模型充分考虑了变形温度、变形速率和变形程度对流动应力的影响,这对FGH96 合金热成型过程的数值模拟和热力参数的合理制订具有重要意义。     

Influences of pre-torsion deformation on microstructure and mechanical properties of pure titanium subjected to subsequent tension deformation

A series of experimental studies was carried out to investigate the influences of pre-torsion on microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, and fracture appearance of pure titanium subjected to subsequent tension deformation. An introduction of pre-torsion strain can improve the materials’ mechanical properties through micro hardness evaluation. That is, the micro hardness of tensile samples with pre-torsion deformation is much higher than that of samples processed by single torsion or tension. It can be seen from the microstructure that pre-torsion deformation can be used to refine grains better and control grains’ morphology by combining subsequent tension. The results indicate that the grains are refined most evidently for tensile samples with 2 turn pre-torsion deformation. Moreover, fracture analysis indicates that tensile samples with pre-torsion strain can present good comprehensive performance. In conclusion, pre-torsion deformation plays an important role in improving comprehensive performance and controlling microstructure evolution on pure titanium subjected to later tension deformation.     

Research on failure criterion of composite based on unified macro- and micro-mechanical model

A new unified macro- and micro-mechanics failure analysis method for composite structures was developed in order to take the effects of composite micro structure into consideration. In this method, the macro stress distribution of composite structure was calculated by commercial finite element analysis software. According to the macro stress distribution, the damage point was searched and the micro-stress distribution was calculated by reformulated finite-volume direct averaging micromechanics (FVDAM), which was a multi-scale finite element method for composite. The micro structure failure modes were estimated with the failure strength of constituents. A unidirectional composite plate with a circular hole in the center under two kinds of loads was analyzed with the traditional macro-mechanical failure analysis method and the unified macro- and micro-mechanics failure analysis method. The results obtained by the two methods are consistent, which show this new method’s accuracy and efficiency.     

稀土高强铝锂合金力学性能及微观变形行为

在 2 0 90铝锂合金和添加微量稀土铈的 2 0 90铝锂合金 (2 0 90 +Ce)的拉伸性能测试的基础上 ,利用TEM技术对拉伸试样中位错组态进行了观察 ,探讨宏观力学性能与微观变形行为间的联系。结果表明 ,2 0 90 +Ce铝锂合金仍表现出较明显的共面滑移特征 ,所不同的是其滑移带比较细密均匀 ,并且具有交滑移特征 ;而不含稀土的普通 2 0 90铝锂合金中共面滑移带较粗 ,且带与带间距宽 ;弱束暗场观察发现 ,2 0 90 +Ce铝锂合金中某些大角度晶界上及附近存在较强的应变衬度 ,这说明该合金仍存在较强的局域应变倾向     

仿生负泊松比拉胀内凹蜂窝结构耐撞性

基于自然界微观生物结构的启发,设计了1种新型仿生负泊松比拉胀内凹蜂窝（ARH）,并对其耐撞性能进行数值模拟。结合竹子的梯度结构和椰子树的同心胞结构,提出了2种单向梯度和2种双向梯度同心ARH结构。梯度同心结构设计方法不仅可诱导结构渐进的冲击行为,而且因其较低的等效壁厚可改善其比吸能能力。与传统ARH结构相比,对仿生ARH结构的平台应力和吸能特性进行研究,并分析耦合压溃变形模式、收缩变形机理和负泊松比效应等来揭示结构的增强机理。结果表明：预测的耐撞响应和压溃变形模式与参考结果相似;相对传统的ARH,梯度同心ARH有更高的平台应力和比吸能,且平台应力的上升和压溃变形模式均呈梯度变化;梯度方向对压溃变形模式和各层变形顺序影响较大;双向梯度同心ARH比单向梯度同心ARH因耦合变形具有更高的吸能能力;同心胞数对蜂窝各层的收缩变形有较大影响。     

Higher-order vibration of thick composite and sandwich plates based on an alternative higher-order model

The transverse stretching vibration of thick sandwich plates, which is attributed to largely different stiffness at the adjacent layers, is a challenging issue, and efficient approach for such issue is less reported in the published literature. Thus, natural frequencies corresponding to stretching vibration modes are generally neglected in engineering design, which might impact structural safety as frequencies of the exciting force are close to transverse stretching vibration frequencies. This paper proposes an alternative higher-order model for dynamic analysis corresponding to the higher-order vibration modes. The proposed model is classified in the displacement-based equivalent single-layer theory, as the number of displacement parameters in the proposed model is independent of the layer number. The continuity of displacements and transverse shear stresses can be fulfilled at the interfaces between the adjacent layers of structures. To demonstrate the capability of the proposed model, typical examples are analyzed by utilizing the proposed model, the three-dimensional finite element method and the chosen higher-order models. By comparing with the exact three-dimensional elasticity solutions, it is found that the proposed model can yield more accurate natural frequencies corresponding to the higher-order displacement modes than the selected models. Moreover, the factors influencing reasonable prediction of the higher-order frequencies are investigated in detail, which can provide a reference for the accurate prediction of the higher-order frequencies.     

外物损伤对不锈钢疲劳强度的影响

基于空气炮法,针对不锈钢平板试样开展了外物损伤（FOD）模拟试验,使用三维体式显微镜观测了损伤的宏观特征,并用扫描电子显微镜观测了损伤的微观特征,模拟外物损伤具有挤压变形、材料的剪切丢失、塑性变形等宏观特征和微小裂纹、塑性变形、微小缺口、片层结构等微观特征.采用步进法对FOD试样进行了高周疲劳试验,试验结果表明FOD使试样的疲劳强度相对未损伤试样下降超过14%,并且随损伤尺寸的增大,试样的疲劳强度基本呈降低的趋势.疲劳源区多为损伤处的微小缺口或微小裂纹,说明FOD为疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展提供了有利条件.      

基于数值的弧齿锥齿轮齿面啮合点位置分析的拟赫兹法

在已知弧齿锥齿轮齿面网格的条件下,分析了单齿啮合时弧齿锥齿轮齿面弹性变形对轮齿啮合点位置的影响。为此,首先形成一整套刚性齿面啮合点的数值计算方法;然后,采用赫兹接触理论计算齿面弹性变形,确定齿轮轮齿的微小转动及由此引起的啮合点位置的变动。将齿轮因齿面变形而产生微小转角,继而进行齿面啮合分析的过程定义为拟赫兹接触分析。结果表明,齿面弹性变形引起的齿轮轮齿的微小转动对啮合点的最终位置有一定的影响。