Full mode flight dynamics modelling and control of stopped-rotor UAV

The Stopped-Rotor(SR) UAV combines the advantages of vertical take-off and landing of helicopter and high-speed cruise of fixed-wing aircraft. At the same time, it also has a unique aerodynamic layout, which leads to great differences in the control and aerodynamic characteristics of various flight modes, and brings great challenges to the flight dynamics modelling and control in full-mode flight. In this paper, the flight dynamics modelling and control method of SR UAV in full-mode flight is st...     

Identification method for helicopter flight dynamics modeling with rotor degrees of freedom

A comprehensive method based on system identification theory for helicopter flight dynamics modeling with rotor degrees of freedom is developed. A fully parameterized rotor flapping equation for identification purpose is derived without using any theoretical model, so the confidence of the identified model is increased, and then the 6 degrees of freedom rigid body model is extended to 9 degrees of freedom high-order model. Bode sensitivity function is derived to increase the accuracy of frequency spectra calculation which influences the accuracy of model parameter identification. Then a frequency domain identification algorithm is established. Acceleration technique is developed furthermore to increase calculation efficiency, and the total identification time is reduced by more than 50% using this technique. A comprehensive two-step method is established for helicopter high-order flight dynamics model identification which increases the numerical stability of model identification compared with single step algorithm. Application of the developed method to identify the flight dynamics model of BO 105 helicopter based on flight test data is implemented. A comparative study between the high-order model and rigid body model is performed at last. The results show that the developed method can be used for helicopter high-order flight dynamics model identification with high accuracy as well as efficiency, and the advantage of identified high-order model is very obvious compared with low-order model.     

A model for discrimination and prediction of mental workload of aircraft cockpit display interface

With respect to the ergonomic evaluation and optimization in the mental task design of the aircraft cockpit display interface, the experimental measurement and theoretical modeling of mental workload were carried out under flight simulation task conditions using the performance evaluation, subjective evaluation and physiological measurement methods. The experimental results show that with an increased mental workload, the detection accuracy of flight operation significantly reduced and the reaction time was significantly prolonged; the standard deviation of R-R intervals（SDNN） significantly decreased, while the mean heart rate exhibited little change; the score of NASA_TLX scale significantly increased. On this basis, the indexes sensitive to mental workload were screened, and an integrated model for the discrimination and prediction of mental workload of aircraft cockpit display interface was established based on the Bayesian Fisher discrimination and classification method. The original validation and cross-validation methods were employed to test the accuracy of the results of discrimination and prediction of the integrated model, and the average prediction accuracies determined by these two methods are both higher than 85%. Meanwhile, the integrated model shows a higher accuracy in discrimination and prediction of mental workload compared with single indexes. The model proposed in this paper exhibits a satisfactory coincidence with the measured data and could accurately reflect the variation characteristics of the mental workload of aircraft cockpit display interface, thus providing a basis for the ergonomic evaluation and optimization design of the aircraft cockpit display interface in the future.     

Multi-body dynamic system simulation of carrier-based aircraft ski-jump takeoff

The flight safety is threatened by the special flight conditions and the low speed of carrier-based aircraft ski-jump takeoff. The aircraft carrier motion, aircraft dynamics, landing gears and wind field of sea state are comprehensively considered to dispose this multidiscipline intersection problem. According to the particular naval operating environment of the carrier-based aircraft ski-jump takeoff, the integrated dynamic simulation models of multi-body system are developed, which involves the movement entities of the carrier, the aircraft and the landing gears, and involves takeoff instruction, control system and the deck wind disturbance. Based on Matlab/Simulink environment, the multi-body system simulation is realized. The validity of the model and the rationality of the result are verified by an example simulation of carrier-based aircraft ski-jump takeoff. The simulation model and the software are suitable for the study of the multidiscipline intersection problems which are involved in the performance, flight quality and safety of carrier-based aircraft takeoff, the effects of landing gear loads, parameters of carrier deck, etc.     

APPLICATION OF OPTIMIZATION TO AIRCRAFT LANDING IN WIND SHEAR

 <正> Aircraft landing in wind shear is dangerous. Many accidents have happened and a lot of research work has been done in this area. Whether an aircraft has enough capability to land in wind shear safely or not is not very clear vet. Using the real worst-case wind shear model and the optimization technique, the optima! open loop controls ol two civil aircraft landing in wind shear are found and it can easily be seen thai, generally speaking, an aircraft has potentiality to land in wind shear satelv. The problem hear is how to help the pilot detect the wind shear on board in lime and control the aircraft correctly and timelv.     

A novel adaptive coordinated tracking control scheme for a morphing aircraft with telescopic wings

Inspired by flight biology,morphing flight technology has great potential to improve the adaptability and maneuverability of aircraft.This paper is devoted to the flight control problem of morphing aircraft,and aimed at safe and fuel-saving flight through morphing actively.Specifically,the longitudinal dynamics of a morphing aircraft with telescopic wings is modelled as a strictfeedback nonlinear system.Through fitting the expression of aerodynamic parameters by the morphing ratio,the model unce...     

Conceptual design and preliminary experiment of icing risk management and protection system

Icing is one of the main external environmental factors that causes aircraft to lose control. The flight safety assurance system under icing condition is particularly important. However,most of the systems do not consider the coupling characteristics of aerodynamics and flight dynamics of icing aircraft. This will affect the accuracy of the calculation results. Besides, the icing risk management system helps the pilot to realize the possible dangers in advance and perform correct maneuvers, base...     

Approximate Nonlinear Modeling of Aircraft Engine Surge Margin Based on Equilibrium Manifold Expansion

Stable operation of aircraft engine compressions is constrained by rotating surge. In this paper, an approximate nonlinear surge margin model of aircraft engine compression system by using equilibrium manifold is presented. Firstly, this paper gives an overview of the current state of modeling aerodynamic flow instabilities in engine compressors. Secondly, the expansion form of equilibrium manifold is introduced, and the choosing scheduling variable method is discussed. Then, this paper also gives the identification procedure of modeling the approximate nonlinear model. Finally, the modeling and simulations with high pressure (HP) compressor surge margin of the aircraft engine show that this real-time model has the same accuracy with the thermodynamic model, but has simpler structure and shorter computation time.     

Prediction of pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure

This paper presents a method to predict the pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure. The landing procedure is simulated numerically via applying nonlinear optimal control method in the form of performance index, path constraints and boundary conditions based on an augmented six-degree-of-freedom rigid-body flight dynamics model, solved by collocation and numerical optimization method. UH-60A helicopter is taken as the sample for the demonstration of landing after one engine failure. The numerical simulation was conducted to find the trajectory of helicopter and the controls from pilot for landing after one engine failure with different performance index considering the factor of pilot workload. The reasonable performance index and corresponding landing trajectory and controls are obtained by making a comparison with those from the flight test data. Furthermore, the pilot workload is evaluated based on wavelet transform analysis of the pilot control activities. The workloads of pilot control activities for collective control, longitudinal and lateral cyclic controls and pedal control during the helicopter landing after one engine failure are examined and compared with those of flight test. The results show that when the performance index considers the factor of pilot workload properly, the characteristics of amplitudes and constituent frequencies of pilot control inputs in the optimal solution are consistent with those of the pilot control inputs in the flight test. Therefore, the proposed method provides a tool of predicting the pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure.     

基于在线滚动LS-SVR的涡轴发动机混合预测控制

提出了一种串级PID+非线性模型预测控制(NMPC)的混合控制方案,用于涡轴发动机控制系统中。其中:主控制回路采用串级PID控制器以消除静差保证系统稳定;带约束优化的预测控制器则用于实时燃油补偿,以增强发动机系统对直升机功率需求的快速跟随能力。该预测控制器是基于在线预测模型实现,首先在VC环境下设计在线滚动最小二乘支持向量回归机(OSLS-SVR),在线训练高精度、实时性好的内嵌式预测模型,其测试精度可达3‰;而后利用该模型与序列二次规划(SQP)算法完成滚动优化,建立预测控制器;最后,在UH-60A直升机/T700涡轴发动机综合模型仿真环境下,通过模拟直升机大幅急速升降操作,验证了该混合预测控制方案对大扰动具有较强的抑制能力及鲁棒性,从而使直升机获得更好的机动性能。     

变转速旋翼直升机单发失效低速回避区分析

利用最优控制方法研究变转速旋翼直升机在遭遇单发失效时,旋翼转速对自转着陆低速回避区的影响。首先,以UH-60A直升机为样机,建立三维刚体飞行动力学模型,并分析低速范围内旋翼转速对直升机需用功率的影响。然后,在模型中加入单发失效后自转着陆阶段发动机输出功率以及旋翼转速变化方程,并利用直接多重打靶法将直升机单发失效后的自转着陆过程转换为非线性最优控制问题进行数值求解。最后,基于最小化回避区面积的思想,得到并分析直升机在不同旋翼转速下单发失效后的自转着陆低速回避区,以及回避区高悬停点、拐点和低悬停点对应的最优着陆轨迹和操纵过程。结果表明：随着旋翼转速的降低,直升机单发失效后的低速回避区首先会逐渐缩小,然后迅速增大。最小回避区对应的旋翼转速略高于最小需用功率对应的旋翼转速。适当降低旋翼转速不仅能有效降低直升机的需用功率,还有利于提高直升机单发失效后的自转着陆性能。     

倾转旋翼机动态倾转过渡过程的操纵策略优化

利用最优控制方法研究倾转旋翼机的最优动态倾转过渡过程,并得到最优操纵策略,使得由时间、姿态角变化以及驾驶员工作负荷等组成的性能指标达到最小。首先,在基本纵向刚体飞行动力学模型的基础上引入混合操纵方程,并使用杆量位移的一阶导数作为控制量,形成适用于计算倾转旋翼机动态倾转过渡过程的飞行动力学模型,从而能在动态倾转操纵策略优化过程中考虑到操纵系统特性对操纵量变化速度的限制,以及避免操纵量在优化过程中出现跳跃不连续。然后,将倾转旋翼机的最优动态倾转过渡过程转化为非线性动态最优控制问题,建立合理的性能指标,并采用直接转换法和序列二次规划算法进行求解。最后,以XV-15倾转旋翼机为样机,分别计算正向和逆向最优动态倾转过渡过程,并与驾驶员飞行仿真数据进行对比。结果表明:飞行状态量的时间历程与文献吻合地较好,且俯仰姿态角和杆量位移变化更加柔和。最优控制方法可以用于研究倾转旋翼机的最优动态倾转过渡过程。     

基于直升机舰面起降动态仿真的风限图计算

建立了基于直升机舰面起降动态仿真的风限图（WOD）计算方法,综合计入舰船尾流、直升机运动和驾驶员操控等多因素的作用提升风限图计算的准确度。基于耦合舰船非定常尾流的飞行动力学模型,发展了适于直升机多轴协同操控的驾驶员模型,建立了舰面起降轨迹的数学描述和生成方法,形成计入舰船尾流、直升机运动和驾驶员操控等多因素综合作用的直升机舰面起降动态仿真方法。在此基础上,总结风限图计算判据,建立风限图计算方法。计算结果表明,某些风况下直升机在舰面起飞和降落过程中受到舰船尾流的干扰远大于在甲板上方悬停时受到的作用。本文方法能够捕捉到不同起降点和起降方式导致舰船尾流时空变化的干扰,与传统计算方法相比,显著提升了风限图计算的准确度。     

基于嵌套网格的舰载直升机流场仿真及风限图计算

为保证舰载直升机的安全,本文基于嵌套网格方法,针对CG-47提康德罗加级巡洋舰搭载UH-60“黑鹰”直升机的机舰组合进行了流场仿真。研究了此组合在不同风向角及风速下的着舰流场,并结合飞行力学模型计算了直升机操纵量和姿态角。根据安全着舰判据,绘制了此组合的理论风限图。结果表明:滚转角及周期变距操纵量均随来流速度增加,俯仰角则受到来流和舰上建筑的多重影响。风向角越小,最大着舰速度越大,且总体左侧大于右侧。     

直升机单发失效后自转着陆轨迹优化

建立了直升机单发失效后增广的纵向三维刚体飞行动力学模型,通过选择合适的目标函数、路径约束和边界约束,将自转着陆问题表示成非线性最优控制问题,使用非线性规划方法求解得到自转着陆的最优轨迹和操纵.以UH-60直升机为例,首先计算了自转着陆距离最短的最优解,并与二维点质量模型进行对比.结果表明三维刚体模型在旋翼转速、旋翼拉力...     

直升机急拉杆机动飞行仿真建模与验证

 针对直升机大机动飞行仿真,建立了一个非线性的飞行动力学模型,考虑了翼型非定常/动态失速、机动飞行引起的动态尾迹畸变、桨叶弹性变形效应和发动机动态特性。采用基于有限元分析的挥舞-摆振-扭转耦合的弹性桨叶模型,并利用一种新的数值方法将旋翼/机体耦合运动方程表示为显式形式,整个飞行动力学模型表示为状态空间格式。以UH-60A直升机在高速飞行条件下的急拉杆机动飞行为例进行仿真计算,并与飞行试验数据进行对比验证。分析表明,仿真结果与试验结果吻合,高速飞行条件下机体抬头过程中前行桨叶非定常气动载荷的计算误差是引起旋翼和机体运动仿真误差的主要原因。