Marangoni and buoyant convection in an open cavity under reduced and under normal gravity

We give the first full analysis of the microgravity experiment MKB ( arangoni onvektion im offenen oot) conducted on board of the space shuttle during the D1-mission in 1985, together with that of some ground based experiments on thermocapillary flow in a rectangular liquid volume with free upper surface. Streamlines and velocity profiles under μ-g and l-g are presented and discussed. Strong thermocapillary flow was observed under μ-g after the rupture of a dirt-film suppressing surface tension forces. The Nusselt-number under microgravity due to thermocapillary flow for Ma = 4.6 · 10⁵ is at least Nu = 6 ± 1. Under l-g a separation of the surface tension driven convection roll of hot fluid circulating on top of colder fluid was found for large Ma. The coupling and decoupling of buoyant and thermocapillary forces has been further studied in an experiment varying the temperature gradient along the free surface independently from that in the bulk fluid.     

Marangoni convection when the surface tension increases with the temperature in normal and low gravity conditions

Thermocapillary convection has been studied in n-heptanol aqueous solutions whose surface tension is increasing with the temperature.

The fluid was confined in a parallelipipedic enclosure and a thermal gradient was imposed parallel to the free liquid/gas interface. The motions induced by the thermocapillary forces have been studied under low gravity conditions during Texus sounding rocket experiments and during the Spacelab D1 mission.

The combined thermocapillary and buoyancy convection have been extensively studied during ground based experiments.

The influence of the aspect ratio and of the alcohol concentration were investigated. Detailed velocity field was determined at the steady state under normal gravity conditions by Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA).

The aspect ratio was of 0.3 and the temperatures imposed to the lateral sides of the cell were respectively 45°C and 60°C. With these experimental conditions, two superposed contrarotative cells were observed with rapid motions in the surface from the cold to the hot side. This convective pattern was also observed during the normal and high gravity periods of parabolic flights but during the low gravity period of the parabola the motions stopped everywhere in the fluid even in the surface and reappeared immediatly at the pull out of the parabola.     

Factors influencing the heating of the auroral electrojet by high power radio waves

Results are presented from recent ionospheric modification experiments in which the EISCAT UHF radar measured the E-region temperature and density response to high power RF heating above Tromsø. A variety of electrojet conditions were encountered during these experiments. In particular, the electron drift velocity varied considerably allowing the heating efficiency of the RF heater to be investigated as a function of electron flow velocity. These observations constitute the first direct investigation of electrojet temperature modifications by high power radio waves and provide a test of a recent theoretical model in which the combined effects of RF heating and of natural plasma turbulence associated with the Farley-Buneman instability have been considered.     

环形浅液池内低Prandtl数流体超临界热毛细对流演化

为研究低Prandtl数（Pr）流体热毛细对流演化过程，对环形浅液池内Pr=0.011的流体热毛细对流进行三维数值模拟.研究发现:当Marangoni数较小时，流动为轴对称稳态流动；当Marangoni数超过某一临界值后，流动失稳并转变为热流体波，其波数随Marangoni数增加而减小，而波动主频增大；随着Marangoni数增加，流动加强，沿周向运动的热流体波演变为沿径向运动的径向波，其波数大大减小；当Marangoni数继续增加时，波动频谱曲线噪声增加，呈广谱特性.因此，在计算范围内热毛细对流的演化过程为:轴对称稳态流动-热流体波-单周期径向波-多周期三维振荡流动.      

Surface tension-driven flows in horizontal liquid metal layers

The problem of surface tension-driven flows in horizontal liquid layers has been studied experimentally, and theoretically by direct numerical simulation and small perturbation analysis. We focus our attention on situations in which the depth of the fluid (liquid tin; small Prandtl number, Pr=0.015) is small enough to ensure the predominance of the surface tension forces over those due to the buoyancy. The surface velocity has been experimentally obtained for liquid tin layer with various aspect ratio (length to height) in the range 5<A<83. The thermal gradients are ranged from 5 to 40°K/cm. In the numerical study, the Navier-Stokes and energy equations are solved by an efficient finite difference technique. The parameters governing the flow behaviour in the liquid are varied to determine their effects on thermocapillary convection: the Reynolds number 10<Re<210⁴ and the aspect ratio 2<A<25; with Pr kept constant at Pr=0.015. The linear eigenequation resulting from small spatial disturbances of the Couette flow solution is solved using an Tau-Chebyshev approximation. A notable feature of the theoretical study is the totally different end circulations. In the region near the cold wall a multicell structure is evident. This agrees with the eigensolution which is of complex type, indicating spatial periodicity. In the hot wall region the flow is accelerated to reach the velocity value for the fully-developed Couette flow which is reached under conditions such as Re/A<20. The transition from viscous to boundary layer regime occurs for a critical value (Re/A)_c of nearly about 200, as deduced from the numerical and experimental results.     

热毛细液层非模态稳定性分析

利用非模态稳定性方法研究了亚临界情况下的热毛细液层对初始扰动和外加激励的敏感性.通过瞬态增长函数和反馈函数分别反映流场对初始扰动和外加激励的放大.研究结果表明, 小Prandtl数(Pr)下的亚临界流动对初始扰动和外加激励均十分敏感,最大扰动放大与Reynolds数(Re)的平方近似成正比.在大Pr下,只有回流的亚临界...     

热毛细效应对细丝薄膜流动不稳定性的影响

根据重力与热毛细力耦合作用薄膜在细丝上的流动情况,采用长波近似推导了界面的演化方程.通过色散关系分析热毛细作用对Rayleigh-Plateau稳定性的影响;通过时空模式的稳定性分析,研究了系统的绝对对流不稳定性特性;通过直接数值模拟,研究了薄膜破裂和绝对对流稳定性的关系.      

Morphological and convective instabilities during solidifiation

The stability of the flow between two vertical, infinite, rigid, coaxial cylinders held at different temperatures is analyzed by linear stability theory. For a Prandtl number of 22.8 and a radius ratio of 0.02, the flow is unstable to an axisymmetric perturbation at a critical Grashof number of 2150; the wave speed of the instability is comparable to the maximum velocity of the unperturbed flow. When the rigid outer cylinder-fluid interface is replaced by a crystal-melt interface which can change shape, two new modes of instability occur at lower Grashof numbers. There is an asymmetric instability with a critical Grashof number of 180 and an axisymmetric instability with a critical Grashof number of 460; for both of these modes the wave speed of the instability is several orders of magnitude smaller than the unperturbed flow velocity.These calculations were motivated by and are in general agreement with our recent experiments on succinonitrile. A long vertical cylindrical sample of succinonitrile was heated by an electrical current through a coaxial vertical wire so that a vertical melt annulus formed between the coaxial heater and the surrounding crystal-melt interface. Above a critical Grashof number of circa 200, a helical crystal-melt interface formed which rotated steadily about the cylinder axis; the wave speed was several orders of magnitude less than the base flow velocity.     

Convective flow structure in a growth ampoule

The hydrodynamic aspects of physical vapor transport processes in growth ampoules are considered experimentally. The apparatus consists of a horizontal cylinder filled with air and subjected to a constant horizontal temperature gradient. The apparatus is made transparent by using a glass cylinder coated with a thin film of SnO₂ which is used as a heater by passing a constant electrical current through it. The cylinder has inside diameter D=18.3 mm and length L=90mm. The Rayleigh number is varied between 444 and 1425. A Laser-Doppler anemometer is used to obtain the velocity field along the axis and various diameters of the cylinder. The 3-D convective structure obtained by flow visualisation and confirmed by velocity measurements is illustrated. The influence of the boundary conditions on the flow structure is examined and experimental results are compared to 2-D computations.     

微重力环境下蒸发液层热毛细对流的数值模拟

提出了一种新模型来研究由单一物质构成的液层在其纯蒸气中的蒸发.液层置于微重力环境中并且受到水平方向温度梯度的作用,液层的热毛细对流和蒸发耦合在一起,使得气液界面的传热传质规律更加复杂.用理论分析的方法求解了不考虑热毛细效应的纯蒸发模型,得出温度场分布和界面质量流量的解析表达式.对于热毛细对流和蒸发耦合情况,采用有限差分的投影算法同时求解Navier-Stokes方程和能量方程,得到了不同蒸发Biot数和Marangoni数下流场和温度场的稳态数值解.论述了蒸发Biot数和Marangoni数对界面传热传质的影响,提出并解释了蒸发和热毛细对流耦合的三种模式.      

全玻璃真空管型太阳热水器内流场的CFD模拟

全玻璃真空管型太阳热水器是技术相对成熟、应用最广的太阳能利用方式.通过对全玻璃真空管型太阳热水器内流场的计算流体力学模拟,研究了器内的对流换热过程,分析了真空管截面的流体流动速度分布,考察了真空管不同位置处的流体循环速度及箱体内水温对循环速度的影响.结果表明,随着流体温度的升高,器内出现随机的湍动涡流;涡流的存在将造成管内冷热流体的混和,对换热过程不利;在真空管内安置引流挡板将抑制流体的湍动,确保有序的热对流流动,提高对流换热效率.研究结果有助于剖析热水器内对流换热的机理,对技术革新提供参考.      

Dynamic particle accumulation structure (PAS) in half-zone liquid bridge – Reconstruction of particle motion by 3-D PTV

Three-dimensional (3-D) velocity field reconstruction of oscillatory thermocapillary convections in a half-zone liquid bridge with a radius of O (1 mm) was carried out by applying 3-D particle tracking velocimetry (PTV). Simultaneous observation of the particles suspended in the bridge by two CCD cameras was carried out by placing a small cubic beam splitter above a transparent top rod. The reconstruction of the 3-D trajectories and the velocity fields of the particles in the several types of oscillatory-flow regimes were conducted successfully for sufficiently long period without losing particle tracking. With this application the present authors conducted a series of experiments focusing upon the collapse and re-formation process of the PAS by mechanically disturbing fully developed PAS.     

Thermocapillary motion of droplets at large Marangoni numbers

In this paper, the thermocapillary motion problem of drops is investigated using the axisymmetric model. The front-tracking method is employed to capture the drop interface. We find that the migration velocity of the drop is greatly influenced by the temperature field in the drop when Ma is fairly large (>100), which leads to an increase–decrease migration velocity at the beginning of our simulations.     

NUMERICAL MODELLING OF VELOCITY AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS OF THE BUOYANCY CONVECTION EFFECT IN KNbO3 MELT

Numerical modelling of velocity and temperature fields in high-temperature KNbO3 melt of a loop-shaped Pt wire heater is carried out by using the commercial com putational code ANSYS for the mathematical solution of the governing equations.Based on the experimental boundary conditions and the Boussinesq approximation,the numerical modelling of a steady and two-dimensional model is applied to study the process under consideration of the buoyancy-driven convection condition. The result is compared with the previous experimental and theoretical data obtained in our laboratory, and the former is in agreement with the latter. Thus a theoretical guide for reasonable growth conditions is provided by studying in depth the real fluid flow effects in the crystal growth from the melt.     

两车间距对超车过程轿车气动特性的影响

利用计算流体力学方法对超车过程中两种间距工况下的超车车辆和被超车辆周围非定常流场进行数值模拟,超车车辆和被超车辆均为简化直背式模型,得到超车车辆和被超车辆受到的侧向力、侧倾力矩和横摆力矩在超车过程中的变化情况,并根据超车过程中两种间距情况下速度场和压强场的分布情况,分析流场特性对气动力特性的影响.计算结果表明:被超车辆受到的侧向力、侧倾力矩和横摆力矩在两种间距下的变化趋势基本相同,但它们各自变化趋势有所不同;超车车辆受到的侧向力、侧倾力矩和横摆力矩在两种间距下的变化趋势有着明显差别.      

热毛细对流模式转换及温度振荡特征

研究了矩形液池中由于两端温差引起的热毛细对流的温度振荡临界条件.在实验室中,设计了一个高分辨率的温度测量系统,用于实时观测并记录流体的温度.该系统主要由热电偶温度传感器、纳伏表和数据采集电脑3部分组成.得到了各种实验条件下温度振荡的临界条件,并且讨论了它与Prandtl数和Bond数之间的关系.利用flow3d软件数值模拟了微重力条件下的热毛细对流,发现了一种由于自由面变形和液层流场相互作用导致的晃荡的现象.     

EFFECTS OF CONVECTIVE FLUID MOTION UPON OXIDE CRYSTAL GROWTH IN HIGH TEMPERATURE SOLUTION

For understanding of the influence of convective flow on crystal growth, space high temperature in situ observation instrument (SHITISOI) is dedicated to visualize and record the whole growth process of oxide crystals in high temperature up to 1000°C. Model experiments using transparent liquids such as KNbO3 and a mix ture of Li2B4O7+KNbO3 were chosen to investigate effects on ground and in space.On the earth, an investigation of growth kinetics of KNbO3 crystal related to two different states of convection: diffusive-advective flow and diffusive-convective flow,has been performed. The per unit length of a step e is calculated from the exper imental data for two different states of convection. Analyses of these data show the effect of buoyancy convection is to enhance the sharpness of the interface. The growth of KNbO3 crystals from solution of KNbO3+Li2B4O7 was investigated in space. The streamlines of the steady thermocapillary convection in Li2B4O7 solvent was observed. Due to thermocapillary convection, KNbO3 crystal grains grew and filled the whole solution homogeneously. Earth-based quenching experiments are de signed in order to study polyhedral instability of KNbO3 crystal, which is controlled by diffusion mechanism limitation. In all cases, when the crystal was nucleated near air/solution surface, it lost its polyhedral stability and varied from polyhedrons to dedrites. The thickness of diffusion mechanism limitation layer is about 60μm.     

旋转状态下叶片前缘复合换热实验

通过液晶示温瞬态实验方法,对旋转状态下涡轮叶片前缘带气膜出流的冲击冷却结构的换热特性进行了研究,获得了哥氏力、离心力对复合换热效果的影响.实验参数:射流进口雷诺数R_e=4 000,旋转数R_o=0~0.139.实验结果表明:随着旋转数的升高,实验模型的整体换热效果逐渐减弱,在旋转数为0.139时,与静止状态相比冲击面平均努塞尔数Nu下降了33%,压力面和吸力面分别下降了20.5%和7.5%;哥氏力的作用加速了射流的扩散,是造成旋转换热减弱的主要原因;哥氏力和离心力的共同影响使得吸力面的换热好于压力面;气膜孔的存在改变了流动结构,极大的增强了孔周边区域的换热效果.      

过冷核态池沸腾中的Marangoni效应

分析了过冷核态池沸腾过程中气泡横向运动现象,指出其成因在于相邻气泡界面温度差引起的Mara-ngoni对流对周围液体的吸引.通过对该流动的尺度分析,得到了气泡横向运动特征速度及其可观测度的估算公式,其预测结果与实验观测相一致.特别是对极细小的初始核化气泡,该公式预测了强烈的横向Marangoni对流会导致气泡顶端微射流的形成.该效应在加热面水平向下或微重力沸腾等气泡脱落频率较低的情形中尤为重要.      

环形液池热毛细对流的线性稳定性研究

对外壁加热的环形液池热毛细对流进行了线性稳定性分析.采用Chebyshev配点法对Pr=6.8、内外径之比为0.5、深宽比A范围为0.25～1.4的数值结果进行分析,发现流动的临界状态均为振荡形式,并且随着A的增大,临界雷诺数减小,相应的临界波数与振荡频率也呈减小趋势.能量分析结果表明,小扰动与基本流相互作用项较小,表面张力在径向做功与周向做功对小扰动的动能变化起主导作用.观察三者与液池深宽比的关系,发现A=0.8时表面张力在径向做功项达到极小值,周向做功项以及小扰动与基本流相互作用项达到极大值.