支板喷射超声速湍流燃烧的大涡模拟

为了发展可行的超声速湍流燃烧大涡模拟方法,将设定型PDF(Probability Density Function)模型与LES(Large Eddy Simulation)相结合以封闭亚格子湍流-燃烧相互作用,并将模型用于支板喷射超声速湍流燃烧流场的数值模拟。分别对冷流及燃烧流场进行了模拟,计算结果与实验测量符合较好,表明了所采用方法及模型的可行性。冷流条件下,大尺度湍流涡通过卷吸、拉伸运动主导支板尾迹区的近场混合,并通过破碎过程影响远场混合。燃烧条件下,回流区尺度扩大,剪切层中形成的高温燃烧产物通过大涡卷吸以及回流区末端对流作用进入回流区并与其中的燃料喷流相互作用,使部分燃料预热升温并进入回流区两侧剪切层与主流空气混合、燃烧,从而实现火焰稳定。在薄反应剪切层及大尺度反应涡的边界区域,LES网格不足以直接求解湍流与燃烧的相互作用,PDF模型给出了较强的亚格子脉动。     

反应机理对湍流预混值班火焰稳燃影响的研究

针对反应机理对湍流预混值班火焰稳燃的影响,使用大涡模拟(LES)耦合输运概率密度(PDF)方法模拟了湍流射流火焰的燃烧流场。化学反应过程采用被广泛应用的SMOOKE (16组分,46步)和DRM22 (22组分,104步)机理,概率密度输运的确定采用欧拉随机场来实现。计算结果表明,LES/PDF模型可以准确地模拟该类火焰的速度分布,火焰褶皱等结构。反应机理的点火延迟时间的准确与否是模拟值班射流火焰的关键,预混射流出口处的小尺度掺混引起的点火和火焰传播过程是值班射流火焰稳燃的关键。     

模型加力室大涡模拟的并行计算

采用基于MPI(消息传递库)的并行算法,在贴体网格下对带V形槽稳定器模型加力燃烧室紊流化学反应流场进行数值模拟,湍流模型采用k方程亚网格尺度模型,燃烧模型采用亚网格EBU模型,采用热通量辐射模型估算辐射通量。在程序设计中,采用动态内存分配、分区算法和多点重合交错网格系统,并行计算的结果与单机运行结果的对比表明计算结果是正确的,可以明显的提高运算效率,是解决复杂燃烧流动大规模数值模拟的有效手段。      

Towards the use of large eddy simulation in engineering

This paper reviews some important aspects of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) as applied to engineering flows. We first summarize the present status of modeling in incompressible, compressible and reacting multi-phase flows, with a view towards the overall formalism instead of the intrinsic details of different subgrid models. On the basis of the assumed requirements on future LES, expected to handle full-scale flows and reacting flows with detailed chemistry, we discuss some potentially interesting LES methods for the future. These methods are exclusively based on multi-scale modeling, in which simplified equations are solved within each LES cell, instead of semi-empirical modeling based on the resolved flow scales only. After that we outline a few flows studied by LES at the Swedish Defense Research Agency—FOI, which form the basis for the subsequent discussion of validation and verification, and quality management, being of increasing importance for practical engineering flows. Next we summarize some practical aspects of LES of engineering applications, many of which being crucial to the successful use of LES, and being of increasing importance for engineering flows. Finally, a view of the future use of LES in engineering is presented, which is based primarily on the evolutionary use of LES during the last decade in the fields of hydrodynamics and combustion.     

模型燃气轮机燃烧室中三维气相反应流的数值计算

 本文给出一种模型燃气轮机燃烧室中三维气相反应流流场的数值计算结果。计算中采用了著名的SIMPLE算法,改进的κ-ε双方程湍流模型及湍流扩散燃烧模型。研究了燃烧过程对流动图形的影响。计算结果经过实验验证,两者符合较好。     

环形燃烧室两相喷雾燃烧的大涡模拟

在三维任意曲线坐标系下采用欧拉-拉格朗日两相大涡模拟方法对环形燃烧室火焰筒气液两相紊流瞬态反应流进行数值模拟.采用椭圆偏微分方程生成三维贴体网格,计算中所采用的数学度模型有:k方程亚网格尺度模型估算亚网格紊流粘性;亚网格EBU燃烧模型估算化学反应速率;热通量辐射模型估算辐射换热.并在非交错网格体系下气相采用SIMPLE算法和混合差分格式求解,液相采用随机离散模型(Stachasttc Separated Flow,简称SSF),在拉格朗日坐标系下追踪各油珠群沿各自轨道运动、质量损失及能量变化.通过计算结果与实验数据相比较,表明在三维贴体坐标系下对燃烧室火焰筒两相紊流油雾燃烧流场进行大涡模拟,采用欧拉-拉格朗日两相大涡模拟方法能反映两相紊流化学反应流流动及实际燃烧过程.     

大涡模拟模型燃烧室燃烧性能计算

对带双级扩压器的模型燃烧室气液两相瞬态喷雾燃烧过程,在三维贴体坐标系下采用欧拉-拉格朗日两相大涡模拟方法进行数值研究,同时采用多维经验分析法预估燃烧性能.采用 k 方程亚网格尺度模型模拟亚网格湍流黏性;亚网格EBU(eddy-break-up)燃烧模型预估化学反应速率;多维经验分析法计算燃烧性能;并在非交错网格体系下气相采用SIMPLE(semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations)算法对控制方程进行求解,液相采用随机离散模型,两相之间的耦合采用PSIC(particle-source-in-cell)算法.通过大涡模拟瞬态及时均计算结果表明:与粒子图像测速仪(PIV)测量的瞬态速度场、出口温度分布试验数据吻合,表明在三维贴体坐标系下采用欧拉-拉格朗日两相大涡模拟方法,数值模拟模型燃烧室两相喷雾燃烧流场,所采用的亚网格模型可以用于燃烧室气液两相喷雾燃烧流场的大涡模拟;燃烧性能计算结果与试验测量结果基本一致,说明所采用多维经验分析法可以用来数值模拟航空发动机燃烧室燃烧性能的计算,特别是污染物的预估,为设计低污染高性能航空发动机燃烧室提供有用的设计依据.      

非均匀网格湍流大涡模拟高精度有限体积解法

为准确预测不可压复杂湍流,提出了一种可用于大涡模拟均匀或非均匀网格上的高精度有限体积法。该方法空间离散采用有限体四阶紧致格式,时间推进采用四阶Runge-Kutta法,压力-速度耦合应用四阶紧致格式的动量插值。通过直接求解顶盖驱动方腔流动证实了该方法具有近四阶的空间精度;并在此基础上,采用动态Smagor-insky亚格子应力模式,成功地实现了充分发展槽道湍流和后台阶湍流流动的大涡模拟计算,所得结果与直接数值模拟结果吻合良好,且采用非均匀网格可在比均匀网格数少的离散系统上得到同样满意的结果。结果表明,该方法是实现高精度湍流大涡数值模拟的一个有效途径。     

LES of film cooling for different jet fluids

The present paper investigates the impact of the velocity and density ratio on the turbulent mixing process in gas turbine blade film cooling.A cooling fluid is injected from an inclined pipe at α=30° into a turbulent boundary layer profile at a freestream Reynolds number of Re∞=400000.This jet-in-a-crossflow(JICF) problem is investigated using large-eddy simulations(LES).The governing equations comprise the Navier-Stokes equations plus additional transport equations for several species to simulate a non-reacting gas mixture.A variation of the density ratio is simulated by the heat-mass transfer analogy,i.e.,gases of different density are effused into an an air crossflow at a constant temperature.An efficient large-eddy simulation method for low subsonic flows based on an implicit dual time-stepping scheme combined with low Mach number preconditioning is applied.The numerical results and experimental velocity data measured using two-component particle-image velocimetry (PIV) are in excellent agreement.The results show the dynamics of the flow field in the vicinity of the jet hole,i.e.,the recirculation region and the inclination of the shear layers,to be mainly determined by the velocity ratio.However,evaluating the cooling efficiency downstream of the jet hole the mass flux ratio proves to be the dominant similarity parameter,i.e.,the density ratio between the fluids and the velocity ratio have to be considered.      

Large eddy simulation of hydrogen/air scramjet combustion using tabulated thermo-chemistry approach

Large eddy simulations(LES) have been performed to investigate the flow and combustion fields in the scramjet of the German Aerospace Center(DLR). Turbulent combustion is modeled by the tabulated thermo-chemistry approach in combination with the presumed probability density function(PDF). A b-function is used to model the distribution of the mixture fraction, while two different PDFs, d-function(Model I) and b-function(Model II), are applied to model the reaction progress. Temperature is obtained by solving filtered energy transport equation and the reaction rate of the progress variable is rescaled by pressure to consider the effects of compressibility. The adaptive mesh refinement(AMR) technique is used to properly capture shock waves,boundary layers, shear layers and flame structures. Statistical results of temperature and velocity predicted by Model II show better accuracy than that predicted by Model I. The results of scatter points and mixture fraction-conditional variables indicate the significant differences between Model I and Model II. It is concluded that second moment information in the presumed PDF of the reaction progress is very important in the simulation of supersonic combustion. It is also found that an unstable flame with extinction and ignition develops in the shear layers of bluff body and a fuelrich partially premixed flame stabilizes in the central recirculation bubble.     

On the computation of instabilities and symmetry-breaking in fluid mechanics

A review on the implementation of modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods for simulating low- and high-speed flows featuring turbulent mixing, instabilities and symmetry-breaking is presented. Results are reviewed for several complex flows including turbulent mixing associated with Richtmyer–Meshkov and Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities, incompressible flows in suddenly expanded geometries, shock-induced instabilities, free-shear instabilities and complex vortex dynamics. Many of the results presented in this review have been obtained by large eddy simulation (LES), monotone integrated LES (MILES) in particular. The computational challenges associated with complex flow physics and nonlinear behaviour of the numerics are discussed.     

Implementation of the conditional moment closure model to a nonpremixed methanol-air flame stabilized on a bluff-body

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Large-eddy simulation:Past,present and the future

Large-eddy simulation(LES) was originally proposed for simulating atmospheric flows in the 1960 s and has become one of the most promising and successful methodology for simulating turbulent flows with the improvement of computing power. It is now feasible to simulate complex engineering flows using LES. However, apart from the computing power, significant challenges still remain for LES to reach a level of maturity that brings this approach to the mainstream of engineering and industrial computations. This paper will describe briefly LES formalism first, present a quick glance at its history, review its current state focusing mainly on its applications in transitional flows and gas turbine combustor flows, discuss some major modelling and numerical challenges/issues that we are facing now and in the near future, and finish with the concluding remarks.     

用双流体—轨道模型模拟四角喷燃模型炉内三维湍流两相流动和煤粉燃烧

目前炉内两相流动和煤粉燃烧数值模拟中多半用颗粒随机轨道模型和单流体无滑移模型，这些模型都难以完整地给出三维空间内颗粒速度，浓度，湍流度分布的信息。主采用双流体－轨道模型（颗粒相连续介质－轨道模型）对一个四角喷燃模型炉内三维湍流两相流动及煤粉燃烧进行了模拟。此模型基于欧拉气相方程组、欧拉颗粒连续方程组和动量方程组以及拉氏颗粒能量方程和质量变化的方程，并使用k-ε-kp两相湍流模型，EBU－Arrhenius湍流燃烧模型，离散坐标辐射传热模型，煤粉颗粒的水分蒸发，热解挥发模型和焦炭燃烧的扩散－动力模型等。热态模拟中，为了减小为信散造成的影响，采用了扭转坐标法（将坐标扭转一定的角度使之与煤粉射流方程一致）。为了检验数值模拟，采用三维相位移普勒测速仪（PDPA）对于冷态模型炉内湍流两相流场进行了测量，得到了两相速度，湍流脉动及颗粒浓度的分布。分别对冷态模炉内两相流动和热态模型炉内三维两相流动和煤粉进行了模拟，冷态两相流动的计算与实验结果的对比表明预报的两相流场是合理的，热态模拟的结果给两相速度，气相温度、组分浓度及壁面热，显示出靠近出口处气相速度和温度分布不对称，造成一个局部高温区。     

超声速反应流火焰面/进度变量模型

基于Pierce低马赫数条件下的火焰面/进度变量模型,考虑可压缩性和激波的影响,发展了用于超声速湍流反应流的火焰面/进度变量模型.该模型通过求解混合分数和进度变量两个标量方程来描述化学反应,且采用火焰面方程解的完整的三个分支:稳态燃烧分支、具有局部熄火状态的非稳态分支和完全熄火分支.利用该模型对德国宇航中心(DLR)的超燃冲压发动机进行模拟,与稳态火焰面模型得到的附着火焰不同,计算结果捕捉到了熄火和火焰抬举现象;且数值阴影和平均温度分布与实验结果吻合较好.      

A new two-scale model for large eddy simulation of wall-bounded flows

A new hybrid approach to model high Reynolds number wall-bounded turbulent flows is developed based on coupling a two-level simulation (TLS) approach (Kemenov and Menon, 2006 [1], 2007 [2] in the inner region with conventional large eddy simulation (LES) away from the wall. This new approach is significantly different from previous near-wall approaches for LES. In this hybrid TLS–LES approach, a very fine small-scale (SS) mesh is embedded inside the coarse LES mesh. The SS equations capture fine-scale temporal and spatial variations in all three Cartesian directions for all three velocity components near the wall. The TLS–LES equations are derived using a new scale separation operator that allows a smooth transition between the two regions, with the equations in the transition region obtained by blending the TLS large-scale and LES equations. New terms in the hybrid region are identified. The TLS–LES approach is used to study the near-wall features in canonical turbulent channel flows for a range of Reynolds number using relatively coarse large-scale (LS) grids. Results show that the TLS–LES approach is able to capture the effect of both the LS and SS features in the wall region consistently for the range of simulated Reynolds number.     

两相紊流燃烧过程的数值计算

 本文描写了作者发展的两相紊流燃烧理论及数值方法;简介了作者自编的计算机程序GEMCHIP;提供了将本方法应用于几种燃烧室流动的计算结果。     

Navier–Stokes analysis methods for turbulent jet flows with application to aircraft exhaust nozzles

This article presents the current status of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods as applied to the simulation of turbulent jet flowfields issuing from aircraft engine exhaust nozzles. For many years, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) methods have been used routinely to calculate such flows, including very complex nozzle configurations. RANS methods replace all turbulent fluid dynamic effects with a turbulence model. Such turbulence models have limitations for jets with significant three-dimensionality, compressibility, and high temperature streams. In contrast to the RANS approach, direct numerical simulation (DNS) methods calculate the entire turbulent energy spectrum by resolving all turbulent motion down to the Kolmogorov scale. Although this avoids the limitations associated with turbulence modeling, DNS methods will remain computationally impractical in the foreseeable future for all but the simplest configurations. Large-Eddy simulation (LES) methods, which directly calculate the large-scale turbulent structures and reserve modeling only for the smallest scales, have been pursued in recent years and may offer the best prospects for improving the fidelity of turbulent jet flow simulations. A related approach is the group of hybrid RANS/LES methods, where RANS is used to model the small-scale turbulence in wall boundary layers and LES is utilized in regions dominated by the large-scale jet mixing. The advantages, limitations, and applicability of each approach are discussed and recommendations for further research are presented.     

空间发展混合流的大涡模拟

采用大涡模拟方法数值模拟了空间发展混合流，通过在平均流中引入小扰动，研究了混合流大涡结构的产生和演化过程，捕捉了展向涡的卷起、配对、合并，以及二次流向涡的出现等大尺度的三维拟序结构。与实验及直接数值模拟的结果相比，吻合程度较好，表明本文所采用的LES方法对湍流的数值模拟是切实可行的。