行星保护的防控环节分析及实施建议

行星保护是指在深空探测任务中,通过采取一定的预防和控制手段,避免地球和地外星球之间发生交叉生物污染的活动,这对于地球生物安全和生命起源探索均具有重要的意义。文章明确了行星保护概念应包括避免地球的物质污染地外星球(正向污染)和避免带回的地外星球物质污染地球(逆向污染)。对已有的行星保护任务类别进行分析,重点讨论了行星探测任务中的生物污染防控环节及其特点,如正向污染中的选材、生产、运输、发射、飞行等环节,以及逆向污染中的样品采集、返回、运输、研究和销毁环节。最后,从正向污染、逆向污染及策略3个角度,提出了行星保护的实施建议,如探索灭菌方法、建立材料数据库、无菌总装及返回样品的密封、保存、隔离、销毁等。     

美国深空探测任务预算分配与投资策略研究

介绍了美国以《战略规划》和《科学计划》为主线的深空探测战略规划的管理体制,并综合NASA 2011—2017财年的预算申请文件,分析了NASA 2011—2021财年的预算发展情况和未来走向。介绍了NASA的各类深空探测活动和研究计划,包括"发现计划"、"新疆域计划"、"月球探索计划"、"火星探测计划"、"外行星计划"和"行星科学研究"等。研究了NASA深空探测活动的投资重点和投资策略,指出在深空探测领域,美国不仅制定了长期、连续且稳定的深空探测战略规划,而且还制定了相应的投资策略和预算管理机制,保证了研制经费的持续投入,不断支持未来探测任务所需先进技术的概念研究和预研攻关,全面发展深空探测能力,确保了其在深空探测领域的全球领先地位。文章提出启示和建议,可为我国深空探测战略规划的制定和预算分配提供参考。     

NASA深空探测技术研发管理浅析

正一、NASA深空技术研发概况1.深空探测的基本概念深空探测主要指围绕行星科学领域开展太阳系内地外天体探测活动,即通过飞越、撞击、环绕、着陆、巡视、采样返回、载人等方式对月球及以远的天体进行探测,可根据是否有宇航员参与分为"无人科学探测"和"载人探测"两类。由于深空探测具有任务实施难度大、技术要求高     

火星着陆自主导航与制导控制研究进展及趋势

一、背景 火星作为太阳系中自然环境与地球最相近的行星,是长久以来各航天大国的重点探测目标.近年来,我国深空探测技术取得了飞跃性进展,火星探测将进一步促进我国航天技术发展,提升空间技术研究能力,提高我国在深空探测技术领域的国际地位与核心竞争力,为我国在空间资源争夺和综合国力竞争中赢得先机.常见的火星探测方式包括飞越、环绕...     

深空探测VLBI技术综述及我国的现状和发展

甚长基线干涉测量（VLBI）技术是近年来深空探测研究领域中的研究热点之一。VLBI技术具有测量精度高,作用距离远等优点,这些优点使其在当前及未来的深空探测项目中具有广泛的应用前景。通过对数十篇相关文献的调研,重点阐述了深空探测VLBI技术的基本原理、研究现状,并对该技术的关键技术及未来发展趋势进行了分析和研究,最后介绍了我国深空探测用VLBI技术现状及发展。     

2022年深空探测进展与展望

<正>2022年,全球深空探测领域取得蓬勃发展。“天问”一号任务圆满完成科学探测任务目标;“嫦娥石”的发现让人类对月球起源与演化的理解更进一步;美国“阿尔忒弥斯” 1 (Artemis-1)任务成功发射,开启重返月球之旅;“双小行星重定向测试”(DART)任务完成全球首次近地天体撞击防御技术试验……人类探索深空的脚步从未停止,深空探测活动的疆域在不断扩大。本文对月球探测、行星探测、天文探测和近地小行星防御等方面的任务进展与科学发现进行归纳,对国际相关政策规划开展分析,并阐述了深空探测领域未来的发展重点与趋势。     

深空探测器总体技术

提出了深空探测器的总体设计要点,分析了总体设计约束,以及深空探测任务对探测器需求特点。基于技术的继承性和衔接性,提出了未来我国火星、小行星、金星以及木星等深空探测器的总体方案构想,讨论了任务目标、总体指标、构型和飞行过程等。研究对我国未来深空探测任务的方案设计有一定的参考价值。     

深空探测天线技术发展现状及趋势

为了满足我国新世纪深空探测任务的需求,文章结合国内外部分典型深空探测项目,介绍了有关探测器上天线系统的设计思路,从而了解深空探测天线技术的发展现状,并根据目前星载天线技术发展和深空探测领域测控通信系统的需求,归纳和总结了未来深空探测领域中探测器上天线技术的发展趋势,为我国深空探测天线技术的发展提供参考。     

IPS理论与技术在深空探测中的应用

简述了拉格朗日点附近Halo Lissajous轨道在空间科学探测中的应用价值,以及与之密切相关的IPS的物理意义,在此基础上给出了IPS节能轨道设计与控制涉及的几个基本问题,和IPS技术在拉格朗日点探测任务中的应用情况,分析了IPS技术在我国深空探测中的应用前景。研究表明：IPS技术将促进我国深空探测技术向高水平、低能耗、省经费的方向发展,将在未来的深空探测中发挥重要作用。     

地月平动点轨道应用与研究进展

面向未来月球和深空探测任务的需求,调研了地月平动点应用与研究的国内外现状与进展,着重分析了近年来的研究方向、研究内容、技术方法与特点,提出了面向未来月球和深空探测任务的地月平动点应用构想,梳理总结了需解决的相应关键技术,可为未来平动点相关研究与应用提供有益借鉴,以及为我国后续月球和深空探测任务的规划与论证提供参考。     

Issues in planetary protection: policy, protocol and implementation

Planetary protection is NASA's term for the practice of protecting solar system bodies from Earth life while protecting Earth from life that may be brought back from other solar system bodies. Spacefaring nations will soon begin retrieving samples from Mars and other solar system bodies. For these samples, planetary protection is in order, and measures are already in place to prevent the forward contamination of Mars and other bodies by Earth microbes and the backward contamination of Earth by possible extraterrestrial life. A major goal of planetary protection controls on forward contamination is to preserve the planetary record of natural processes by preventing human-caused microbial introductions.     

Testing interplanetary transfer of bacteria between Earth and Mars as a result of natural impact phenomena and human spaceflight activities

Interplanetary transport of microbes between Earth and Mars can be envisioned to occur either naturally as a consequence of impacts (lithopanspermia) or as a result of human and robotic spaceflight. In either case, the considerations for modeling successful transfer of microbial life are similar. The probability of microbes surviving either natural or human-mediated transfer is a function of: the initial population size and composition (i.e., the bioload); survival of launch, transit through space, entry and deposition; and ability to survive and proliferate on the recipient planet. Modeling this process for testing lithopanspermia and for mitigation of forward and back contamination for planetary protection purposes calls for accurate simulation of all aspects of transfer.     

Fluorescence microscopy as a tool for in situ life detection

The identification of extant and, in some cases, extinct bacterial life is most convincingly and efficiently performed with modern high-resolution microscopy. Epifluorescence microscopy of microbial autofluorescence or in conjunction with fluorescent dyes is among the most useful of these techniques. We explored fluorescent labeling and imaging of bacteria in rock and soil in the context of in situ life detection for planetary exploration. The goals were two-fold: to target non-Earth-centric biosignatures with the greatest possible sensitivity and to develop labeling procedures amenable to robotic implementation with technologies that are currently space qualified. A wide panel of commercially available dyes that target specific biosignature molecules was screened, and those with desirable properties (i.e., minimal binding to minerals, strong autofluorescence contrast, no need for wash steps) were identified. We also explored the potential of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) as bacterial and space probes. A specific instrument for space implementation is suggested and discussed.     

载人航天器密封舱微生物防控技术体系框架研究概述

载人航天器密封舱内环境适宜航天员工作和生活,同时也给空间微生物提供了生长繁殖的有利条件。而空间微重力和电磁辐射等环境会加大空间微生物对材料的腐蚀能力。因此,必须对空间微生物防控技术进行体系化研究。文章从空间微生物菌种的采集和鉴定、空间环境下微生物对航天材料的腐蚀机理、载人航天材料抗菌涂层选择以及微生物控制技术等方面对微生物防控体系进行阐述,可以作为开展载人航天器空间微生物防控技术研究的参考。     

深空探测器表面采样技术适应性研究

对探测器硬件表面的生物负载进行有效评估,是深空探测任务中行星保护的重要环节。文章对比了两种植绒拭子在不同材料表面对不同产芽孢菌的采集效率。结果显示,国产CY-93050T植绒拭子的采集效率高于ESA常用的Copan 552C植绒拭子,两者的平均采集效率分别为45.38%±13.46%和29.43%±8.2%;材料表面物理性质对采集效率有明显影响,两种拭子对表面光滑的铝合金5A06材料的采集效率高于对阻燃混纺斜纹布的采集效率;两种拭子对不同产芽孢菌的采集效率也存在差异。研究结果可为我国开展深空探测器硬件表面微生物检测提供数据和技术支持。     

Resistance of bacterial endospores to outer space for planetary protection purposes--experiment PROTECT of the EXPOSE-E mission

Spore-forming bacteria are of particular concern in the context of planetary protection because their tough endospores may withstand certain sterilization procedures as well as the harsh environments of outer space or planetary surfaces. To test their hardiness on a hypothetical mission to Mars, spores of Bacillus subtilis 168 and Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 were exposed for 1.5 years to selected parameters of space in the experiment PROTECT during the EXPOSE-E mission on board the International Space Station. Mounted as dry layers on spacecraft-qualified aluminum coupons, the "trip to Mars" spores experienced space vacuum, cosmic and extraterrestrial solar radiation, and temperature fluctuations, whereas the "stay on Mars" spores were subjected to a simulated martian environment that included atmospheric pressure and composition, and UV and cosmic radiation. The survival of spores from both assays was determined after retrieval. It was clearly shown that solar extraterrestrial UV radiation (λ≥110?nm) as well as the martian UV spectrum (λ≥200?nm) was the most deleterious factor applied; in some samples only a few survivors were recovered from spores exposed in monolayers. Spores in multilayers survived better by several orders of magnitude. All other environmental parameters encountered by the "trip to Mars" or "stay on Mars" spores did little harm to the spores, which showed about 50% survival or more. The data demonstrate the high chance of survival of spores on a Mars mission, if protected against solar irradiation. These results will have implications for planetary protection considerations.     

Observations from a 4-year contamination study of a sample depth profile through Martian meteorite Nakhla

Morphological, compositional, and biological evidence indicates the presence of numerous well-developed microbial hyphae structures distributed within four different sample splits of the Nakhla meteorite obtained from the British Museum (allocation BM1913,25). By examining depth profiles of the sample splits over time, morphological changes displayed by the structures were documented, as well as changes in their distribution on the samples, observations that indicate growth, decay, and reproduction of individual microorganisms. Biological staining with DNA-specific molecular dyes followed by epifluorescence microscopy showed that the hyphae structures contain DNA. Our observations demonstrate the potential of microbial interaction with extraterrestrial materials, emphasize the need for rapid investigation of Mars return samples as well as any other returned or impactor-delivered extraterrestrial materials, and suggest the identification of appropriate storage conditions that should be followed immediately after samples retrieved from the field are received by a handling/curation facility. The observations are further relevant in planetary protection considerations as they demonstrate that microorganisms may endure and reproduce in extraterrestrial materials over long (at least 4 years) time spans. The combination of microscopy images coupled with compositional and molecular staining techniques is proposed as a valid method for detection of life forms in martian materials as a first-order assessment. Time-resolved in situ observations further allow observation of possible (bio)dynamics within the system.     

Exploration and protection of Europa's biosphere: implications of permeable ice

Europa has become a high-priority objective for exploration because it may harbor life. Strategic planning for its exploration has been predicated on an extreme model in which the expected oceanic biosphere lies under a thick ice crust, buried too deep to be reached in the foreseeable future, which would beg the question of whether other active satellites might be more realistic objectives. However, Europa's ice may in fact be permeable, with very different implications for the possibilities for life and for mission planning. A biosphere may extend up to near the surface, making life far more readily accessible to exploration while at the same time making it vulnerable to contamination. The chances of finding life on Europa are substantially improved while the need for planetary protection becomes essential. The new National Research Council planetary protection study will need to go beyond its current mandate if meaningful standards are to be put in place.     

航天器供配电智能管理技术研究

综述国外航天器供配电管理技术由传统遥控管理发展到智能管理的4个典型阶段,介绍了航天器供配电智能管理技术在空间站、科学观测及深空探测领域航天器上的应用情况;分析了目前国内航天器采用熔断器作为故障隔离主要手段、依托遥测遥控进行供配电管理的体制,归纳了国内航天器供配电体制的优缺点,并总结出国内航天器供配电智能管理系统的3项关键技术——智能配电管理技术、故障隔离技术和能源计划动态调度管理技术,可为航天器供配电智能管理系统关键技术的研究提供借鉴。     

Planetary protection—A microbial ethics approach

Planetary protection policies designed to reduce the cross-transfer of life on spacecraft from one planet to another can either be formulated from the pragmatic instrumental needs of scientific exploration, or from ethical principles. I address planetary protection concerns by starting from a normative ethical framework for the treatment of microorganisms. This argues that they have intrinsic value at the level of the individual through to the level of the community, but at the individual level this ethic can only be theoretical. This approach yields a solution to the problem of the inevitable contamination of Mars by human explorers and suggests that in some instances the local contamination of other planets may be acceptable. An exception would be where this contamination would cause destruction of microbial ecosystems. Within the framework of such an ethic, the term ‘planetary protection’ may be normatively too narrow and ‘planetary preservation’ may better describe the activity of controlling cross-inoculation of planets. I discuss an example of a contamination event that might be ethically acceptable within the framework of ‘preservation’, but would be regarded as unacceptable under current planetary ‘protection’ guidelines.