流星雷达系统相位差偏差的估计和校正

介绍了一种新的流星雷达系统的相位偏差估计和校正方法.利用流星回波的观测数据,用回波信号在各个接收通道之间的相位差,结合干涉式接收天线阵的几何关系,建立了各天线相位差测量值与偏差值之间的线性方程组,利用最小二乘法求解方程组,得到了流星雷达系统各个接收通道之间的相位差偏差估计值及校正后的流星回波到达角.与已有的流星雷达相位偏差估计和校正的方法相比,这种方法可以通过流星雷达的观测数据来计破算雷达系统各个接收天线通道之间的相位差偏差量,而不需要增加额外的硬件,实现了对观测数据的事后处理,可以方便地对已有数据进行校正.以2004年4-6月的武汉流星雷达观测数据为例,计算了流星雷达系统的偏差估计量,并用校正后的数据来计算流星回波的空间位置.结果表明,校正后流星回波数在各个方向上随高度的分布比校正前更符合统计分布.      

廊坊中频雷达流星观测及初步结果

中频雷达用来开展夜间100km高度以上的流星观测,获得流星随时间、高度、方位的分布情况及流星体速度、流星辐射点、流星余迹径向速度等参数,其探测数据可用于流星天文学、中层大气动力学等领域的研究.利用2017年11月16日12:00UT-22:00UT期间廊坊观测站（39.4°N,116.7°E）的中频雷达数据,首次开展了中国中纬度地区夜间流星观测实验,共检测到94个流星回波信号,集中分布在97～115km高度范围内,平均高度为106.5km,计算得到了流星回波的双极扩散系数、方位分布等相关参数,并与国外中频雷达流星探测结果进行了初步比较.      

流星参数的数值分析和流星高度分布模型

流星余迹能够被后向散射雷达观测到, 利用观测结果, 可以分析和研究流星的空间分布和时间变化规律. 同时, 利用流星空间分布还可以进行空间碎片的研究. 基于标准理论, 对影响雷达回波功率的主要因素, 例如如双极扩散、余迹的初始半径、流星的有限速度, 以及雷达的脉冲重复频率在不同频率和速度下进行了数值分析和计算, 得到的流星衰减时间及双极扩散系数的观测结果与理论结果一致. 通过对昆明流星雷 达观测到的571632个流星进行统计分析, 得到了流星高度分布统计模型, 并利用该模型的分析结果与不同月份流星的观测数据进行对比, 结果比较一致.      

用武汉流星雷达观测象限仪座流星雨期间的流星速度

利用武汉流星雷达,首次成功地观测了象限仪座流星雨及流星雨期间的流星速度,讨论了利用单站全天空流星雷达观测流星雨的相关问题.从观测结果可以发现此次象限仪座流星雨发生在2004年1月4日的0000-0800LT,其中流星峰值出现在0400LT,而且通过流星雷达观测到的流星雨期间的流星回波平面推测得到的流星雨辐射点也与该流星雨的理论辐射点位置对应非常好.利用流星回波振幅的Fresnel振荡方法计算了此次流星雨期间观测到的流星的速度,分析了该流星速度的分布,这次流星雨期间观测到的流星速度主要集中在10-30 km/s,可以看出这种速度分布是由流星雨进入地球大气的初始速度和流星在大气中的减速过程共同决定的.最后研究了流星速度随高度的变化,并且由此讨论了地球大气对于流星体的减速作用.      

流星突发通信信道日变化预测模型

流星突发通信不同于传统的通信, 其是低速率通信, 具有突发、不连续、不定时的特性. 因此, 流星余迹通信的复杂性要求有必要对其通信信道进行建模. 在流星通信链路中, 流星的辐射分布、可用流星率和占空比是影响流星通信信道性能的重要参数. 流星辐射分布在不同季节不同时间都各不相同, 因此准确预测流星通信链路在不同时间的流星辐射分布, 从而改变大圆路径上天线的指向, 对提高通信速率显得非常重要. 同时, 准确预测流星突发通信链路上的可用流星率和占空比, 有助于准确预测并建立流星突发信道模型. 本文分析研究了偶发流星辐射分布建模的发展, 建立了偶发流星日心空间和地心空间的几何关系, 得到了流星突发通信信道参数预测模型. 并将预测模型应用于流星通信链路, 预测结果与通信链路观测结果比较一致, 为流星通信系统的建立提供了技术支持.      

武汉上空偶发E层与流星雨的联系

利用全天空流星雷达和数字测高仪联合观测数据,初步分析了武汉(30°32′N,114°22′E)上空2002年3次大的流星雨(英仙座、狮子座、双子座)及2003年象限座流星雨爆发期间Es的出现率变化趋势及其与流星观测量的关系.结果表明,在流星雨爆发时,雷达观测到的流星数目会显著增加;流星雨峰值过后,Es出现率也会增大.流星数和Es出现率间的平均互相关函数有两个峰值,第一个峰值平均出现在流星雨爆发后的第2天前后,第二个峰值平均出现在流星雨后第6天前后.我们认为,第一个峰值对应于流星雨期间的大量流星雨电离产生的Es,第二个峰值对应于流星雨后沉积的金属离子在风剪切作用下形成的Es.     

武汉上空中层和低热层大气潮汐的流星雷达观测

武汉流星雷达是2002年元月建成的我国第一部全天空流星雷达，本文对2002年2月19日到7月31日流星雷达观测的潮汐的讨论表明，武汉中层顶以周日潮汐为潮汐运动的主要分量，它的强度远大于半日潮汐，周日潮汐和半日潮汐的波源都在80km以下．周日潮汐分量在3、4月份最强，并且经向分量略强于纬向分量．两个分量的峰值在约95km处出现，分别达到44m／s和60m／s．半日潮的最大值24m／s出现在4月初约93km处．周日潮汐和半日潮汐的振幅和相位随时间呈现出拟周期变化的特征，这可能是潮汐与行星波非线形相互作用的结果．观测结果与GSWM模型的比较表明，GSWM模型在相位随高度变化趋势上与观测结果一致，但模型的周日潮相位比观测约超前1—2h，半日潮相位约滞后1—4h．在周日潮汐较强的月份，模型与观测有较大的差异，观测的幅度通常在95km附近有极大值，而模型并没有极大值．GSWM模型对半日潮的幅度的估计通常过小，观测的半日潮汐幅度有时甚至超过模型值的一倍以上．     

微流星消融对中高层区域金属层的影响

采用连续的微流星体消融模型,对小微粒的流星颗粒(半径＜100μm)消融过程进行分析,并估计对中高层区域(80～110 km)金属层的影响．无线电流星雷达与激光雷达的探测结果表明,半径在100μm以上的流星颗粒的消融物并不是金属层主要的源．本文从流星颗粒的动量方程和能量方程出发,计算不同半径下的流星微粒在不同的注入速度下的消融剖面,并分析了流星消融截止高度的变化趋势．结合长期的激光雷达观测,计算表明,10～4μ半径的流星微粒是普通金属层的主要影响因素．     

中国廊坊中间层和低热层大气平均风观测模拟

利用中国廊坊站（39.4°N,116.7°E）流星雷达在2012年4月1日至2013年3月31日的水平风场观测数据,分析廊坊上空80~100km的中间层与低热层（Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere,MLT）大气平均纬向风和经向风的季节变化特征.结果表明平均纬向风和经向风都表现出明显的季节变化特征.平均纬向风在冬季MLT盛行西风,极大值位于中间层顶,随高度增加西风减弱;在夏季中间层为东风,低热层为强西风,风向转换高度约为82km.平均经向风在冬季以南风为主,在夏季盛行北风.纬向风和经向风在春秋两季主要表现为过渡阶段.流星雷达观测结果与WACCM4模式和HWM93模式模拟的气候变化特点基本一致,但WACCM4模式纬向风和经向风风速偏大,而HWM93模式纬向风和经向风风速偏小.      

长时间流星不均匀体母体特征个例研究

流星体坠入地球大气烧蚀电离产生流星等离子体尾迹,在等离子体不稳定性过程作用下产生流星不均匀体.利用光学视频和无线电雷达在低纬三亚开展流星体烧蚀和流星不均匀体综合探测结果,发展了一种获取流星不均匀体母体（流星体）特征参数的方法,并对2015年12月双子座流星雨期间观测的一次长持续时间流星不均匀体事例进行了分析,得到了其母体速度、质量和轨道等特征,结果显示产生这次流星不均匀体的流星体速度和轨道等具有双子座流星特点.该方法可应用于流星不均匀体及其母体特征研究.      

An intercomparison of meteor radar measurements at the South Pole using two different processing systems

A new meteor radar system was installed at the Amundsen–Scott station South Pole in 2001 to further the understanding of the dynamics of the Antarctic region. The antenna array consists of four yagis pointed along the 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270° meridians and five folded crossed dipoles arranged in a cross configuration and operating as an interferometer to provide position measurements for the detected radio meteors. The four yagis are time division multiplexed and used for both transmitting and receiving while the five folded crossed dipoles are only used for reception. The current arrangement of data acquisition (DAQ) systems at the South Pole allows the collection of meteors in a configuration similar to the previous meteor radar system that operated at the South Pole in the mid 1990s while also using an interferometer to accurately determine the meteor positions in the sky, which enables the determination of the vertical structure of the observed waves. This has been accomplished through the use of two DAQ and post-processing systems: COBRA (Colorado Obninsk radar) connected to the yagis and MEDAC (meteor echo detection and collection) connected to the folded crossed dipoles. With two separate DAQ systems operating in parallel we have the ability to directly compare the results and understand the inherent variability in the derived scientific results based on different system architectures and processing assumptions. The impact of operating a system without an interferometer on the amplitudes and phases of the observed wave components is considered. We find that the lack of altitude resolution of the COBRA DAQ system leads to an underestimation of the amplitude of the s = 1 component of the semidiurnal tide of ∼20% during the summer months.     

Antarctic meteor observations using the Davis MST and meteor radars

This paper presents the meteor observations obtained using two radars installed at Davis (68.6°S, 78.0°E), Antarctica. The Davis MST radar was installed primarily for observation of polar mesosphere summer echoes, with additional transmit and receive antennas installed to allow all-sky interferometric meteor radar observations. The Davis meteor radar performs dedicated all-sky interferometric meteor radar observations. The annual count rate variation for both radars peaks in mid-summer and minimizes in early Spring. The height distribution shows significant annual variation, with minimum (maximum) peak heights and maximum (minimum) height widths in early Spring (mid-summer). Although the meteor radar count rate and height distribution variations are consistent with a similar frequency meteor radar operating at Andenes (69.3°N), the peak heights show a much larger variation than at Andenes, while the count rate maximum-to-minimum ratios show a much smaller variation. Investigation of the effects of the temporal sampling parameters suggests that these differences are consistent with the different temporal sampling strategies used by the Davis and Andenes meteor radars. The new radiant mapping procedure of [Jones, J., Jones, W., Meteor radiant activity mapping using single-station radar observations, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 367(3), 1050–1056, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10025.x, 2006] is investigated. The technique is used to detect the Southern delta-Aquarid meteor shower, and a previously unknown weak shower. Meteoroid speeds obtained using the Fresnel transform are presented. The diurnal, annual, and height variation of meteoroid speeds are presented, with the results found to be consistent with those obtained using specular meteor radars. Meteoroid speed estimates for echoes identified as Southern delta-Aquarid and Sextantid meteor candidates show good agreement with the theoretical pre-atmospheric speeds of these showers (41 km s⁻¹ and 32 km s⁻¹, respectively). The meteoroid speeds estimated for these showers show decreasing speed with decreasing height, consistent with the effects of meteoroid deceleration. Finally, we illustrate how the new radiant mapping and meteoroid speed techniques can be combined for unambiguous meteor shower detection, and use these techniques to detect a previously unknown weak shower.     

Comparison of mesopause region meteor radar winds,medium frequency radar winds and low frequency drifts over Germany

During 2004 and 2005 measurements of mesospheric/lower thermospheric (80–100 km) winds have been carried out in Germany using three different ground-based systems, namely a meteor radar (36.2 MHz) at the Collm Observatory (51.3°N, 13°E), a MF radar (3.18 MHz) at Juliusruh (54.6°N, 13.4°E) and the LF D1 measurements using a transmitter (177 kHz) at Zehlendorf near Berlin and receivers at Collm with the reflection point at 52.1°N, 13.2°E. This provides the possibility of comparing the results of different radar systems in nearly the same measuring volume. Meteor radar winds are generally stronger than the winds observed by MF and especially by LF radars. This difference is small near 80 km but increases with height. The difference between meteor radar and medium frequency radar winds is larger during winter than during summer, which might indicate an indirect influence of gravity waves on spaced antenna measurements.     

Plasma and electromagnetic wave simulations of meteors

Every day billions of meteoroids impact and disintegrate in the Earth’s atmosphere. Current estimates for this global meteor flux vary from 2000 to 200,000 tons per year, and estimates for the average velocity range between 10 km/s and 70 km/s. The basic properties of this global meteor flux, such as the average mass, velocity, and chemical composition remain poorly constrained. We believe much of the mystery surrounding the basic parameters of the interplanetary meteor flux exists for the following reason, the unknown sampling characteristics of different radar meteor observation techniques, which are used to derive or constrain most models. We believe this arises due to poorly understood radio scattering characteristics of the meteor plasma, especially in light of recent work showing that plasma turbulence and instability greatly influences meteor trail properties at every stage of evolution. We present our results on meteor plasmas simulations of head echoes using particle in cell (PIC) ions, which show that electric fields strongly influence early stage meteor plasma evolution, by accelerating ions away from the meteoroid body. We also present the results of finite difference time domain electromagnetic simulations (FDTD), which can calculate the radar cross section of the simulated meteor plasmas. These simulations have shown that the radar cross section depends in a complex manner on a number of parameters. These include the angle between radar and meteor entry, a large dependence on radar frequency, which shows that for a given meteor plasma size and density, the reflectivity as a function of probing radar frequency varies, but typically peaks below 100 MHz.     

基于LCMV算法的星载SAR距离模糊抑制方法

距离模糊抑制是星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)系统顶层设计中的关键问题之一.增加天线高度可以抑制距离模糊,但卫星平台往往对天线尺寸有所限制.指出了距离模糊抑制对于提高可视观测带宽度、产生高质量雷达图像的重要性,介绍了距离模糊的数学模型,提出了分布距离模糊度的概念,分析了平均距离模糊度与分布距离模糊度的区别,给出了应用线性约束最小方差(LCMV)算法抑制星载SAR距离模糊的方法.仿真结果证明,该方法在天线高度不变的情况下,不仅能够提高平均距离模糊度,也可以改善分布距离模糊度.      

武汉中层、低热层大气角谱中频雷达观测

武汉中频雷达是利用中层、低热层中电子密度不均匀体的散射来测量大气的水平风场和电子密度剖面。雷达在计算风场的过程中可得到一些该层大气中电子密度不均匀体的寿命和空间尺度等参量值。结合这些参量和大气风场值可计算得到大气的角谱。其计算方法包括全相关分析技术的谱宽法和空间相关法。前者计算的值被认为是大气角谱的上限值。应用这两种方法,利用2001年2月9日武汉中频雷达的观测数据,对武昌上空中层、低热层大气的角谱进行了计算。结果得到大气角谱随高度增加略微增加,如在68km为6°,90km达最大为11°,其平均值为9.2°。利用2001年2月4—10日86km高度上的数据,得到一个7天平均的日变化曲线,发现大气角谱值在本地夜晚最小。