液体火箭贮箱增压排液过程三种气枕模型的数值对比

针对液氧贮箱氦气增压排液过程,分别建立了零维整体模型、一维分层模型及二维计算流体力学(CFD)模型对气枕物理场的变化规律进行数值研究.零维及一维模型采用经验公式求解气枕与壁面间的换热量,而二维CFD模型通过低雷诺数k-ε模型确定流体与固壁间的耦合换热作用.计算时氦气采用理想气体模型.利用三种模型分别预测了贮箱内气枕压力、气枕平均温度及温度分布规律.计算结果表明:三组结果分布合理,不同模型的结果之间能够互相印证;对于气枕及与气枕接触壁面沿轴向的温度分布,在气枕主体区一维模型与二维模型预测结果基本吻合,而在靠近消能器的气枕上端,两种模型预测值存在偏差;当增压气体入口速度较大时,气枕上端径向温度分层明显,需采用二维CFD模型才能展示气枕物理场分布.      

飞行器用液氢贮箱低温推进剂晃动热力学响应分析

研究飞行器低温推进剂贮箱内流体晃动的热力耦合特性,采用计算流体力学(CFD)技术仿真不同工况对液氢贮箱内低温推进剂晃动热力学的影响。考虑外部环境漏热和气液界面相变对贮箱气枕压力的影响,并通过用户自定义函数(UDF)将外部晃动激励施加于罐壁作为动量边界,利用VOF法捕捉气液相界面波动。结果表明：晃动激励越大,气枕空间压降越大,晃动激励为0 m/s、0.11 m/s、0.22 m/s、0.44 m/s时的气枕最大压降分别是2 Pa、120.3 Pa、6084.5 Pa、9158.3 Pa;气枕压降随初始液体温度的降低而增大,初始液体温度为20.0 K、21.0 K、21.5 K时的气枕压降时为6079 Pa、5248 Pa、3902 Pa;初始充满率越高,气枕压降越大,充满率为30%、40%、50%、60%、70%时气枕压降分别是1905 Pa、3758 Pa、6085 Pa、6476 Pa、8339 Pa。流体晃动扰动了液氢贮箱内气液界面处的热力学平衡,导致气枕压力大幅降低,为保证飞行器的稳定运行需采取合理的增压或防晃措施来维持贮箱气枕压力。     

液体火箭贮箱增压排液过程温度场数值研究

针对某液体火箭贮箱增压排液过程,采用二维数值模拟方法对其温度场进行计算.选用低雷诺数k-ε模型分析流体与固壁间的耦合换热,考虑到气液之间发生热质转移现象,编写了控制相变的用户自定义程序(UDF)并植入Fluent软件.采用文献实验数据对相同工况下的计算结果进行验证,对比结果表明所建立的二维模型能够有效预测气枕温度、壁面温度沿轴向分布规律.数值模拟结果发现:气体扩散器入口方向、入口面积对气枕温度、壁面温度的轴向分布影响较弱,而对靠近增压口附近的温度场影响明显.当增压气体竖直向下进入气枕时,贮箱上封头附近气枕温度较低,有利于保障安全阀的可靠运行.当增压气体水平进入气枕时,扩散器直径变大,贮箱顶端高温区范围相应扩大.      

低频压力振荡环境下静止液滴蒸发过程的准稳态模型

为了获得燃料液滴对压力变化得到响应特性,从微观上对压力振荡环境下的液滴蒸发过程进行了分析。结果表明压力振荡会导致流场内部力的不平衡,从而会使液滴周围边界层内气体产生周期性流动,以及液滴周围边界层内蒸气质量分数的振荡,最终会使液滴蒸发速率的产生与压力振荡周期相同的振荡。在此基础上,根据流动边界层理论,提出了饱和蒸气边界层的概念,建立了压力振荡环境下静止液滴蒸发的准稳态模型并进行了数值求解,获得了静止液滴蒸发速率对压力振荡的响应特性。     

可重复使用运载火箭返回段低温流体行为特性

可重复使用运载火箭在返回段复杂干扰作用下，贮箱内低温推进剂与高温气枕剧烈掺混，造成贮箱压力下降、推进剂温度升高等问题。针对垂直起降（VTVL）运载火箭返回段推进剂掺混及重定位过程开展研究，首次建立了液氧掺混后行为特性仿真模型并通过加速落塔试验进行验证，研究垂直起降运载火箭返回段复杂干扰作用下低温流体行为特性，获得推进剂形态、贮箱压力、推进剂温度及蒸发量等变化规律，为推进剂管理系统及增补压方案设计提供支撑。     

节流制冷对低温贮箱主流液体控温影响分析

为研究低温流体节流特性及冷量引入对贮箱主流体控温影响,首先对低温流体节流干度和体积含气率进行了分析,结果表明质量占比较小的气相占据了大部分空间体积,对流动速率及换热产生较大影响;建立了节流制冷性能测试平台,采用液氮工质开展了节流前压力为0.3～0.37 MPa工况下的减压降温试验,节流前后降温达到了11.3～14.2 K;在集成节流阀孔的热力学排气系统（TVS）系统中,通过节流制冷使贮箱流体产生了平均6.5 K的温降,将贮箱压力控制在150～160 kPa范围;冷量的引入使主流区液体温度持续波浪式降低,气液界面热分层处的降温效果更加明显。     

液体运载火箭低温动力系统注气式循环预冷过程的AMESim仿真研究

讨论了液体运载火箭低温动力系统起动前预冷的必要性和循环预冷方案的优缺点,分析了注气式循环预冷的基本原理和影响因素,建立并根据试验数据验证了基于AMESim的注气式循环预冷仿真模型。对不同工况液体运载火箭低温动力系统注气式循环预冷过程进行研究,部分工况获得了与文献试验数据较为一致的规律,并对注气式循环预冷过程伴随的增压下注入气体对贮箱气枕的影响、变过载对系统循环特性的影响和注入气体在贮箱与管路内行为特性等问题进行了分析与讨论。     

低温推进剂贮箱压力变化的CFD仿真

为预示低温推进剂贮箱在地面停放阶段的压力变化并研究贮箱内物理过程的相互作用关系,建立了包含液体推进剂和混合气体两相的二维轴对称volume of fluid(VOF)计算流体力学(CFD)模型,并引入了基于热力学平衡假设的推进剂相变模型.对实验液氢贮箱进行仿真得到的压力上升速率与实验结果相差9.1%.通过对地面加压停放阶段下的液氢和液氧贮箱的仿真发现:造成液氢贮箱压力上升的主要因素是壁面漏热对气枕的加热作用,而液氢蒸发影响更小,液氧贮箱在加压停放阶段初期明显受到液氧相变的影响.两个贮箱中液面附近的对流运动在不同的气液传热过程作用下有不同的变化趋势,对流运动会影响推进剂的相变进而影响贮箱的压力变化.      

低温推进剂加注系统置换介质的相似性分析

为了研究新一代航天推进系统低温推进剂加注系统的气体置换流程特性,采用数值模拟的方法,对置换介质的流动过程进行了模拟和分析,重点考察低温液体增压罐的工作压力、气路调节阀开度对于系统中流动状态和流量及压力调节的影响,并分别以氢、氮作为介质对系统内的流动特性进行计算,分析置换过程中流量调节的氮氢相似性。结果显示,氮气置换系统所得的流量压力调节规律与氢气置换系统在影响因素和变化趋势方面是相似的;但是,在相同的液体储罐增压工作压力和调节阀开度下,氢气系统内的最大流速可达氮气系统内最大流速的5倍,考虑到氢气系统的安全性要求,精确的流量调节策略还需要根据实际氢的置换测试结果来进行确定。     

回流型脉冲爆震燃烧室工作特性分析 “爆震专刊”

为了获得回流型脉冲爆震燃烧室在不同工作频率下的工作特性,通过试验和数值相结合的方法对该爆震室工作频率10~30Hz时的出口燃气总压、总温、流量变化规律以及该爆震室的增压能力进行了测试与计算分析。结果表明：出口燃气总压、总温具有极高的峰值和较高的平台区,其工作频率10~30Hz时,压力平台值为0.36~0.91MPa,时均温度为710~1270K。此外,该爆震室排气流量十分集中,以10Hz为例,在一个爆震循环的16%时间,排出了整个循环60.5%的燃气。为此对出口燃气总压进行质量加权平均,发现该爆震室的增压比随工作频率的增加而降低,在2.37~2.05之间。     

Simulation of mass and heat transfer in liquid hydrogen tanks during pressurizing

In order to accurately predict the heat and mass transfer behaviors and analyze key factors affecting pressurization process in the hydrogen tank, a comprehensive 2 D axial symmetry Volume-Of-Fluid(VOF) model is established by Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) method.The effects of phase change, turbulence and mass diffusion are included in the model and relationships between physical properties and temperature are also comprehensively considered. The phase change model is based on Hertz-Knudsen equation and the mass transfer time relaxation factor is determined by the NASA's experimental data. The mass diffusion model is included in gaseous helium pressurizing. The key factors including the inlet temperature, inlet mass flow rate, injector types and pressurizing gas kinds are quantitatively analyzed. Compared with the experiment, the simulation results show that the deviation of pressurizing gas mass consumption, condensing mass and ullage temperature are 3.0%, 7.5% and 4.0% respectively. The temperature stratification is existed along the axial direction in the surface liquid region and the ullage region, and the bulk liquid is in subcooled state during pressurizing. The location of phase change mainly appears near the vapor–liquid interface, and the mass transfer expressing as condensation or vaporization is mainly determined by the heat convection and molecular concentration near the vapor–liquid interface.The key factors show that increasing the inlet temperature and inlet mass flow rate could shorten the pressurizing time interval and save the pressurizing gas mass. The proportion of the total energy addition of the tank absorbed by the ullage region, the liquid region and the tank wall respectively is greatly influenced by the injector types and more heat transferred into the ullage would result in a faster pressure rising rate. Gaseous hydrogen pressurization has a higher efficiency than gaseous helium pressurization. The simulation results presented in this paper can be used as a reference for design optimization of the pressurization systems of cryogenic liquid launch vehicles so as to save the mass of pressurizing gases and shorten the pressurizing time interval.     

航空燃油类型对催化惰化系统性能的影响

在设计了一种催化惰化系统流程并描述其工作原理的基础上,以从油箱中抽吸气体的摩尔流量为基准,推导了流经催化反应器后各气体组分的流量关系,通过质量守恒方程及气体平衡溶解关系,建立了油箱气相空间气体浓度变化的数学模型。选择了RP-3、RP-5和RP-6燃油作为对象,用所建立的数学模型计算了不同载油率和催化反应器效率下的气相空间氧浓度变化关系。研究显示,由于3种燃油的蒸汽压不同,造成从外界环境补气及进入油箱的混合惰气流量不同,从而导致气相空间氧浓度的变化规律差异远大于采用中空纤维膜的机载惰化系统。因此,在设计催化惰化系统时要充分考虑燃油类型对惰化系统性能的影响。     

Oxygen concentration variation in ullage influenced by dissolved oxygen evolution

To determine the oxygen concentration variation in ullage that results from dissolved oxygen evolution in an inert aircraft fuel tank, the CFD method with a mass transfer source is applied in the present study. An experimental system is also designed to evaluate the accuracy of the CFD simulations. The dissolved oxygen evolution is simulated under different conditions of fuel load and initial oxygen concentration in ullage of an inert fuel tank with stimulations of heating and pressure decrease. The increase in the oxygen concentration in ullage ranges from 0.82% to 5.92% upon stimulation of heating and from 0.735% to 12.36% upon stimulation of a pressure decrease for an inert ullage in the simulations. The heating accelerates the release of the dissolved oxygen from the fuel by increasing the mass transfer rate in the mass transfer source and decreasing the pressure, thereby accelerating the dissolved oxygen evolution by increasing the concentration difference between the gas and the fuel. The time constant that represents the oxygen evolution rate is independent of the initial oxygen concentration in ullage of an inert tank but depends closely on the fuel load, temperature and pressure. The time constant can be fitted using a polynomial equation relating the fuel load to temperature in the heating stimulation with an accuracy of 4.77%. Upon stimulation of a pressure decrease, the time constant can be expressed in terms of the fuel load and the pressure, with an accuracy of 5.02%.     

飞机燃油箱地面预洗涤技术理论研究

基于氧氮质量守恒关系,建立了飞机燃油箱爬升过程中气相空间、燃油中平衡氧浓度及地面预洗涤的数学模型,并采用微元段法对其进行了求解。计算结果显示,当采用富氮气体进行地面预洗涤后时达到的平衡浓度越低,则可达到的安全巡航高度越高。由于爬升过程中逸出的氧气很多会排出燃油箱外,因而地面预洗涤时,并不需要将燃油中氧质量浓度降低至安全气相浓度所对应极限质量浓度,且飞机燃油箱中的初始载油率对洗涤后的氧质量浓度有直接要求,当载油率越高,需要将燃油中的氧质量浓度洗涤的越低。计算还显示,在地面洗涤时,油罐中的油量也对换气次数有直接影响。通过选择合适浓度的富氮气体在地面预洗涤燃油箱,可保证飞机在巡航高度下氧浓度在安全范围内,但是会在一定程度上增加设备的初投资费用。文章的研究结果可为燃油地面预洗涤的工程设计奠定初步的理论基础     

Experimental study of an aircraft fuel tank inerting system

In this work, a simulated aircraft fuel tank inerting system has been successfully established based on a model tank. Experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of different operating parameters on the inerting effectiveness of the system, including flow rate of the inert gas(nitrogen-enriched air), inert gas concentration, fuel load of the tank and different inerting approaches. The experimental results show that under the same operating conditions, the time span of a complete inerting process decreased as the flow rate of inert gas was increased; the time span using the inert gas with 5% oxygen concentration was much longer than that using pure nitrogen;when the fuel tank was inerted using the ullage washing approach, the time span increased as the fuel load was decreased; the ullage washing approach showed the best inerting performance when the time span of a complete inerting process was the evaluation criterion, but when the decrease of dissolved oxygen concentration in the fuel was also considered to characterize the inerting effectiveness, the approach of ullage washing and fuel scrubbing at the same time was the most effective.     

无人机油箱地面洗涤惰化性能

提出了无人机油箱地面洗涤惰化技术理论和方法,利用CFD方法研究了采用地面洗涤惰化技术降低油箱气相空间氧体积分数并使无人机油箱在地面和飞行条件下仍然保持惰化状态的可行性.利用vol-ume of fluid(VOF)两相流模型和自定义传质方程计算了不同油箱初始氧体积分数和载油率下气相空间氧体积分数的变化情况,结果表明:在...     

加油控制失效时飞机通气系统性能计算

飞机地面压力加油系统通气能力计算是飞机燃油系统设计的重要环节.基于流体网络算法,给出了飞机地面压力加油系统和通气系统的计算模型,并对某型飞机地面压力加油控制失效时,油箱通气系统的通气能力进行了计算,获得了油箱承受的压力.通过计算结果与最大压力限制的比较,验证了地面加油通气系统的通气能力.模型对飞机地面压力加油通气系统的设计具有指导意义.