基于3DT的空时自适应单脉冲参数估计算法

空时自适应处理(STAP)是机载预警雷达抑制杂波和干扰的一项关键技术,而多普勒三通道联合自适应处理(3DT)是适合工程实现的降维(RD)STAP方法。STAP目标检测后还需进一步估计目标的角度参数,因此将自适应单脉冲(AM)技术引入3DT,提出了一种高精度联合估计目标速度与方位空间角的空时自适应单脉冲算法。理论分析与仿真实验结果表明,当目标多普勒频率偏离检测多普勒单元中心频率时,该算法能同时减少目标多普勒跨越损失和空时导引矢量失配损失,进而提高输出信杂噪比(SCNR),改善目标测角精度。     

基于稀疏贝叶斯学习的字典失配杂波空时谱估计方法

杂波谱稀疏恢复空时自适应处理（STAP）是一种有效减少杂波样本数需求的机载雷达杂波抑制方法。然而,空时平面被离散地划分为若干个网格点来构建空时导向矢量字典,当字典在失配时,杂波脊不能准确落在预先离散化的网格点上,稀疏恢复STAP性能严重下降。提出了一种基于稀疏贝叶斯学习的字典失配杂波空时谱估计方法,首先利用二维泰勒级数建立空时动态字典模型,然后将字典失配误差作为待估超参数构建贝叶斯稀疏恢复模型,并利用失配误差估计值对空时导向矢量字典进行修正,最后利用修正后的空时导向矢量字典重构杂波协方差矩阵,进而计算杂波空时谱。实验证明,该方法能够有效提高字典失配情况下的杂波谱稀疏恢复精度,杂波抑制性能优于已有字典预先离散化的稀疏贝叶斯学习STAP方法。     

基于三迭代与二阶锥规划的机载MIMO雷达稳健降维STAP方法

针对机载多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达空时自适应处理(STAP)中期望目标导向矢量的失配问题,提出一种基于三迭代(TRIA)与二阶锥规划(SOCP)的稳健降维MIMO-STAP方法。首先将MIMO-STAP权矢量分解为发射、接收、多普勒3个低维权矢量的Kronecker积,然后分别限定实际发射、接收、多普勒导向矢量与假定导向矢量之间的误差范数边界,通过优化最差性能,利用SOCP对各个低维权矢量进行三迭代求解,最后进行权矢量合成。该方法在保证机载MIMO雷达获取稳健STAP性能的同时,通过三迭代降维处理,能够有效降低训练样本数需求与运算复杂度,因此更具有实际应用价值。仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。     

基于稀疏阵列和码分信号的机载预警雷达STAP研究

基于稀疏阵列和码分正交信号,研究了机载雷达的空时自适应处理（STAP）技术,用于空中预警背景下的地面杂波抑制和运动目标探测。提出了稀疏阵列码分多相位中心孔径综合方法,采用正交编码信号实现多发多收,使综合后不同编码信号的相位中心在数量和分布情况上和满阵天线的相同,从而避免了稀疏阵列天线旁瓣较高的问题;在孔径综合的基础上,利用空时自适应处理方法完成杂波抑制,实现运动目标检测。仿真结果表明了本文方法的有效性。     

无线电引信海面及目标多普勒回波仿真分析

频谱识别技术利用海面及目标回波的多普勒频差来滤除海杂波信号。为准确分析弹目交会时引信回波的多普勒频谱,采用了三维弹目交会模型对弹目不共面时引信回波进行模拟,利用等多普勒线划分海面区域进而计算海面回波多普勒频率,利用目标不同散射点合成的方法推导了目标回波多普勒频率的表达式,并在弹目飞行速率、弹目交会角及目标脱靶量等因素不同时对引信回波多普勒频率进行仿真,通过仿真分析得出了以上因素对引信回波多普勒频率的影响,并验证了频谱识别技术在不同交会条件下的有效性。     

波形分集MIMO STAP雷达的灵敏度(英文)

空时自适应处理(STAP)是一种有效的机载雷达地杂波抑制方法,多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达是一种性能优于传统雷达的新体制雷达,近期STAP被应用于MIMO雷达以提高性能。MIMO雷达所发射的波形可以彼此相关或不相关。针对波形分集MIMO雷达的STAP处理,提出了一种统一的信号模型,基于此模型,将STAP的性能表示为波形协方差矩阵(WCM)的函数。对波形的影响进行了研究,证明灵敏度(即最大可检测距离)与WCM的最大特征值成正比。理论分析和仿真结果验证了波形对MIMO STAP雷达灵敏度的影响,相关结论可应用于波形的折中设计,以获得最佳系统性能。     

基于杂波子空间估计的MIMO雷达降维STAP研究

 多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达是近年来出现的一种新体制雷达,针对MIMO体制的机载雷达开展空时自适应处理（STAP）技术研究是值得进一步努力的方向。本文研究了机载MIMO雷达STAP技术的降维算法,通过对STAP技术杂波抑制原理进行分析,推导并得到一种基于杂波子空间的降维算法。结合扁长椭球波函数（PSWF）的特点,提出了一种基于杂波子空间估计的降维算法,并与若干降维算法的杂波抑制性能进行比较。结果表明,当存在阵元幅相误差时,该算法在保持杂波抑制性能的同时能够有效地降低STAP算法的运算量。     

机载MIMO雷达空时自适应杂波对消器

针对机载多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达杂波分布呈现空时耦合特性,提出一种空时自适应杂波对消器.利用机载MIMO雷达的脉冲回波数据,构造杂波对消器的系数矩阵.通过空时自适应杂波对消器的预处理,可以有效地抑制杂波,并通过与常规空时处理算法的级联,最终可以有效提高动目标的检测性能.实现了由传统地基雷达杂波对消器向机载运动平台的推广.仿真结果表明,这种自适应杂波对消器不仅适用于正侧视雷达,对于非正侧视雷达也同样适用.     

基于图像质量度量准则的空间目标平动补偿

为了获得空间目标的微动信息,需要对雷达回波中的高速平动分量进行精确补偿。针对空间目标高速运动对微动信息提取的影响问题,首先分析了空间目标平动对微多普勒频率的调制影响,得到目标高速平动,特别是平动加速度、平动加加速度对微多普勒频率趋势性调制现象将干扰微多普勒频率提取的结论。在此基础上,利用目标平动直接导致目标多普勒频谱展宽的特点,提出了一种基于图像质量度量准则的空间目标平动参数估计方法,并根据估计出的平动参数实现运动补偿。最后,采用空间目标多散射中心模型,进行平动补偿分析,仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

一种FMCW SAR地面运动目标谱图域参数估计方法

对调频连续波(FMCW)合成孔径雷达(SAR)地面运动目标的参数估计方法进行了研究,采用相位中心偏置天线(DPCA)技术对地杂波进行抑制,分析了载机及地面运动目标连续运动对回波信号的影响,推导了采用DPCA技术引入的回波慢时间包络(STE)项与地面运动目标参数之间的关系。在此基础上,提出了一种地面运动目标谱图域参数估计方法,该方法首先利用Radon变换在谱图域估计导致回波信号距离走动的目标等效径向速度,并对距离走动进行校正;其次,在谱图域中提取运动目标回波幅度,根据STE项引起的回波幅度变化与目标方位向速度之间的关系,估计目标的方位向速度,并进一步求解相应的目标径向速度。所提方法能够在谱图域完成地面运动目标二维速度估计,最后的仿真实验验证了所提方法的有效性和可行性。     

Comparison between monostatic and bistatic antenna configurationsfor STAP

The unique characteristics of bistatic radar operation on the performance of airborne/spaceborne moving target indicator (MTI) radars that use space-time adaptive processing (STAP) are discussed. It has been shown that monostatic STAP radar has the following properties. 1) For a horizontal flight path and a planar Earth the curves of constant clutter Doppler (isodops) are hyperbolas. 2) For a sidelooking antenna geometry the clutter Doppler is range independent. 3) Clutter trajectories in the cosφ-F plane (F=normalized Doppler) are in general ellipses (or straight lines for a sidelooking array). We demonstrate that these well-known properties are distorted by the displacement between transmitter and receiver in a bistatic configuration. It is shown that even for the sidelooking array geometry the clutter Doppler is range-dependent which requires adaptation of the STAP processor for each individual range gate. Conclusions for the design of STAP processors are drawn     

Automatic target classification of slow moving ground targets in clutter

A new approach is proposed which will allow air-to-ground target classification of slow moving vehicles in clutter. A wideband space-time adaptive (STAP) filter architecture, based on subbanding, is developed and coupled with a one dimensional template-based minimum mean squared error (MMSE) classifier. The performance of this STAP/ATC (automatic target classification) algorithm is quantified using an extensive simulation. The level of residual clutter afforded by various filter configurations and the associated incremental improvement in ATC performance is quantified, revealing the potential for realizable hardware and software implementations to achieve acceptable ATC performance.     

Spatial Correlation of Reverberation Noise in Active Sonar

A linear array of hydrophones is considered for detecting a signal echo from a stationary target in the presence of reverberation. The structure of the optimum (likelihood ratio) detector is compared with that of a beamformer-matched filter detector. The conditions causing an increase in the spatial noise correlation between two hydrophones are the conditions under which the optimum spatial detector performs significantly better than the beamforming detector. A study of the space-time correlation function of reverberation shows that 1) a decrease in scatterer angular spread (or a narrowing of the receiver directivity pattern) tends to increase the spatial correlation, 2) if the scatterer Doppler spread is much less than the signal carrier frequency and if the angular spread is uniform, it is still possible to get a high correlation if the intersensor distance is much smaller than the carrier wavelength. These conditions indicate situations where optimum techniques may be worthwhile.     

Adaptive cancellation method for geometry-induced nonstationary bistatic clutter environments

This paper describes and characterizes a new bistatic space-time adaptive processing (STAP) clutter mitigation method. The approach involves estimating and compensating aspects of the spatially varying bistatic clutter response in both angle and Doppler prior to adaptive clutter suppression. An important feature of the proposed method is its ability to extract requisite implementation information from the data itself, rather than rely on ancillary - and possibly erroneous or missing - system measurements. We justify the essence of the proposed method by showing its ability to align the dominant clutter subspaces of each range realization relative to a suitably chosen reference point as a means of homogenizing the space-time data set. Moreover, we numerically characterize performance using synthetic bistatic clutter data. For the examples considered herein, the proposed bistatic STAP method leads to maximum performance improvements between 17.25 dB and 20.75 dB relative to traditional STAP application, with average improvements of 6 dB to 10 dB.     

Array shape estimation tracking using active sonar reverberation

This paper concerns the problem of array shape estimation and tracking for towed active sonar arrays, using received reverberation returns from a single transmitted CW pulse. Uniform linear arrays (ULAs) deviate from their nominal geometry while being towed due to ship maneuvers as well as ocean currents. In such scenarios, conventional beamforming performed under the assumption of a ULA can sometimes lead to unacceptably high spatial sidelobes. The reverberation leaking through the sidelobes can potentially mask weak targets in Doppler, especially when the target Doppler is close to that of the mainlobe reverberation and the reverberation-to-target ratio (RTR) is very high. Although heading sensors located along the array can be used to provide shape estimates, they may not be sufficiently available or accurate to provide the required sidelobe levels. We propose an array shape calibration algorithm using multipath reverberation returns from each ping as a distributed source of opportunity. More specifically, a maximum likelihood (ML) array shape calibration algorithm is developed, which exploits a deterministic relationship between the reverberation spatial and Doppler frequencies causing it to be low rank in the space-time vector space formed across a single coherent processing interval (CPI). In this application, a sequence of overlapped CPI length snapshots of duration less than the CW pulse is used. The ML estimates obtained for each snapshot are tracked using a Kalman filter with a state equation corresponding to the water pulley model for array dynamics. Simulations performed using real heading sensor data in conjunction with simulated reverberation suggest that 8-10 dB improvement in sidelobe level may be possible using the proposed array shape tracking algorithm versus an algorithm that uses only the available heading information.     

Framework and Taxonomy for Radar Space-Time Adaptive Processing (STAP) Methods

The goal of radar space-time adaptive processing (STAP) is to detect slow moving targets from a moving platform, typically airborne or spaceborne. STAP generally requires the estimation and the inversion of an interference-plus-noise (I+N) covariance matrix. To reduce both the number of samples involved in the estimation and the computational cost inherent to the matrix inversion, many suboptimum STAP methods have been proposed. We propose a new canonical framework that encompasses all suboptimum STAP methods we are aware of. The framework allows for both covariance-matrix (CM) estimation and range-dependence compensation (RDC); it also applies to monostatic and bistatic configurations. Finally, we discuss a taxonomy for classifying the methods described by the framework.     

Mismatched Filtering of Sonar Signals

A replica correlator (matched filter) is an optimum processor for a receiver employing a pulse of continuous wave (CW) signal in a white Gaussian noise background. In an active sonar, however, when the target of interest has low Doppler shift and is embedded in a high reverberation background, this is not so. High sidelobes of the correlator frequency response pass a significant portion of the signal contained in the mainlobe of the reverberation spectrum. In order to reduce the sidelobes of the correlator output spectrum and at the same time keep the increase in its 3 dB bandwidth to a small amount, we propose lengthening of the replica of the transmitted signal and weighting it by a Kaiser window. It is demonstrated that by extending the weighted replica by 50 percent compared with the transmitted signal, it is possible to reduce the sidelobe levels to at least 40 dB below the mainlobe peak, with the concomitant increase of the 3 dB band-width by less than 5 percent. The degradation in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance for such a ?mismatched? filter receiver with respect to the matched filter is less than 1.5 dB.