Poly-phase codes and optimal filters for multiple user ranging

A technique is introduced to select poly-phase codes and optimal filters of a pulse compression system that have specific temporal and frequency characteristics. In the particular problem under study, multiple vehicles are assigned unique codes and receiver filters that have nearly orthogonal signatures. Narrowband users, that act as interference, are also present within the system. A code selection algorithm is used to select codes which have low autocorrelation sidelobes and low cross correlation peaks. Optimal mismatched filters are designed for these codes which minimize the peak values in the autocorrelation and the cross correlation functions. An adjustment to the filter design technique produces filters with nulls in their frequency response, in addition to having low correlation peaks. The method produces good codes and filters for a four-user system with length 34 four-phase codes. There is considerable improvement in cross and autocorrelation sidelobe levels over the matched filter case with only a slight decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the system. The mismatched filter design also allows the design of frequency nulls at any frequency with arbitrary null attenuation, null width, and sidelobe level, at the cost of a slight decrease in processing gain     

The Output Pdf of a Polarity Coincidence Correlation Detector

A general expression is derived for the probability density function of the output of a cross correlator, the inputs of which are assumed to consist of clipped sine waves of similar frequency plus uncorrelated, stationary Gaussian noise. The correlator output is shown to be a piecewise linear function of the random phase difference between the two input processes; hence, the density function for the correlator output is obtained by a relatively simple transformationfrom the probability density function of the random phase difference.     

Precise navigation using adaptive FIR filtering and time domainspectral estimation

This paper introduces a new low cost, short range, positioning system based on adaptive finite impulse response (FIR) filtering and time domain spectral estimation. The system can determine absolute positions with a high degree of accuracy and is well suited for real time navigation. The approach is based upon signal processing techniques and a priori knowledge of the system transfer function. The first step is to measure the phase response of the linear transfer function and then using a FIR filter the time response of the system can be determined. The FIR filter computes the time response by performing a deconvolution between the measured phase response, and the complex conjugate of the transfer function. By correlating the known input impulse response with the output of the FIR filter, an error term is generated. The time delay of the system is determined by adjusting the FIR filter coefficients to minimize the error term. Simulated analysis of the system indicates a worst case error of ±16 cm     

A Clutter Reduction Technique for Random Signal Radars

The performance of certain radars is degraded in environments with significant clutter returns, and since the clutter is signal-generated, increasing the transmitted power does not improve the situation. However, changing the pulse width and pulse period of the transmitted signal can increase the input signal-to-interference ratio. In this correspondence, the transmitted signal is made up of pulses of random waveforms and the receiver is a correlator where the reference signal extends over many pulses. An expression for input signal-to-interference ratio as a function of pulse width and period is obtained for the case of a distributed target. This expression could be maximized by any of several methods, but to further elucidate the clutter reduction technique, contour plots of the input signal-to-interference ratio are presented.     

Interferometer Design for Elevation Angle Estimation

Radars that are developed for the purpose of monitoring aircraft landings in the terminal air traffic control system can be designed to exploit the relatively high signal-to-noise ratio that characterizes the power budgets calculated for such a link. An interferometer using a pair of low gain antennas can be used to obtain passive coverage over a targe azimuth and elevation sector. A large baseline can be used to obtain the desired elevation angle estimation accuracy. In this paper an optimal tradeoff between the width of the subarray aperture and the width of the interferometer baseline is performed that achieves a specified elevation angle estimation error while minimizing the overall height of the interferometer configuration. The algorithm searches through the class of antenna patterns that can be synthesized from so-called finite impulse response, linear phase digital filters. For the specific problem of designing an elevation sensor for monitoring landing aircraft on final approach, the elevation angle can be estimated with no more than 1-mrad rms error when the aircraft is within ± 60° azimuth, 2.5° to 40° elevation, using two 7-wavelength subarray antennas spaced 8 wave-lengths apart. The design of a separate sensor for resolving the interferometer ambiguities is formulated as a hypothesis testing problem and solved using statistical decision theory. A bound on the probability of an ambiguity error is derived that accounts for the effects of ground reflection multipath and receiver noise.     

一种用于故障诊断的定常线性系统的建模方法

提出了以系统脉冲响应序列作为闭环系统模型的建模方法,并且给出了这种建模方法的计算方法以及模型输出的计算方法。这种闭环系统建模方法保留了脉冲响应序列中的高频成分,避免了从脉冲响应序列向传递函数变换过程中丢失脉冲响应函数高频信息的缺点;同时,也避免了神经网络每次学习结果获得的网络模型不确定的缺点。采用该方法建立的闭环系统模型精度非常高并且可以应用在故障诊断的系统中。文章最后以数值仿真和实际带随机干扰的系统为例,证明该方法是有效的。     

基于信号完整性的PCB设计一般规则

随着在计算机、通信系统、视频系统和网络系统中开发的时钟频率和数据速率越来越高,信号完整性正变得愈发重要。在当前的高工作频率下,影响信号上升时间、脉宽、定时、抖动或噪声的任何事物都会影响整个系统的可靠性。本文概要地介绍了基于信号完整性分析的PCB设计一般规则。     

Performance analysis of GPS carrier phase observable

The accuracy analysis of Global Positioning System (GPS) carrier phase observable measured by a digital GPS receiver is presented. A digital phase-locked loop (DPLL) is modeled to extract the carrier phase of the received signal after a pseudorandom noise (PRN) code synchronization system despreads the received PRN coded signal. Based on phase noise characteristics of the input signal, the following performance of the first, second, and third-order DPLLs is analyzed mathematically: (1) loop stability and transient process; (2) steady-state probability density function (pdf), mean and variance of phase tracking error; (3) carrier phase acquisition performance; and (4) mean time to the first cycle-slipping. The theoretical analysis is verified by Monte Carlo computer simulations. The analysis of the dependency of the phase input noise and receiver design parameters provides with an important reference in designing the carrier phase synchronization system for high accuracy GPS positioning     

Correlation of Binarized Images

Correlator technique has been used in pattern recognition applications. We introduce a correlation performance measure, peak to background ratio (PBR), defined as the ratio of the peak intensity to the average background variation in a single correlation output. Using this performance measure, we analyze the binary correlator and show that the binarization of the images can result in better performance. We consider a real-time implementation of the binary correlator, using VLSI technology. The analytical results are supported by computer simulations.     

利用互相关函数进行环境激励下的模态分析

对互相关函数理论的进一步发展作了详细推导 ,探索出一条将互相关函数理论同多种经典模态分析方法相结合进行环境激励下模态分析的方法。以一悬臂梁为试验模型 ,在白噪声激励下将互相关函数代替脉冲响应函数用于多参考点复指数法和特征实现算法进行模态识别 ,并同功率谱峰值法结果进行了对比。研究表明 ,利用互相关函数理论同某些经典模态识别方法相结合能够有效地识别出环境激励下的系统模态参数     

Modeling and a Correlation Algorithm for Spaceborne SAR Signals

A mathematical model of a spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) response is presented. The associated SAR system performance, in terms of the resolution capability, is also discussed. The analysis of spaceborne SAR target response indicates that the SAR correlation problem is a two-dimensional one with a linear shift-variant response function. A new digital processing algorithm is proposed here in order to realize an economical digital SAR correlation system. The proposed algorithm treats the two-dimensional correlation by a combination of frequency domain fast correlation in the azimuth dimension and a time-domain convolver type of operation in the range dimension. Finally, digitally correlated SEASAT satellite SAR imagery is used in an exemplary sense to validate the SAR response model and the new digital processing technique developed.     

Digital tracking filters with high order correlated measurement noise

The existing algorithms for the design of digital filters with colored measurement noise involve a restriction on the dimension of the measurement error model. Kalman filter equations and state space partition are used to formulate an optimal tracking filter without such restrictions. The input to the new filter are two consecutive measurements, and it is initialized by using the first available measurements and the error model correlation matrix. Several examples illustrate the filter formulation and initialization.     

Modeling and analysis for the GPS pseudo-range observable

In this paper, a digital system for the Global Positioning System (GPS) pseudo-range observable is modeled and analyzed theoretically. The observable is measured in a GPS receiver by accurately tracking the pseudorandom noise (PRN) code phase of the input GPS signal using a digital energy detector and a digital delay lock loop (DDLL). The following issues are presented: (1) mathematical modeling of the digital PRN code acquisition and tracking system, (2) the closed-form expression derivation for the detection and false-alarm probabilities of the acquisition process and for the variance of code phase tracking error, and (3) the linear and nonlinear performance analysis of the DDLL for optimizing the receiver structures and parameters with tradeoff between the tracking errors due to receiver dynamics and due to input noise     

Detection of Known Signals in Nonstationary Noise

The basic design of a nonlinear, time-invariant filter is postulated for detecting signal pulses of known shape imbedded in nonstationary noise. The noise is a sample function of a Gaussian random process whose statistics are approximately constant during the length of a signal pulse. The parameters of the filter are optimized to maximize the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The resulting nonlinear filter has the interesting property of approximating the performance of an adaptive filter in that it weights each frequency band of each input pulse by a factor that depends on the instantaneous noise power spectrum present at that time. The SNR at the output of the nonlinear filter is compared to that at the output of a matched filter. The relative performance of the nonlinear system is good when the signal pulses have large time-bandwidth products and the instantaneous noise power spectrum is colored in the signal pass band.     

空间三轴激光陀螺高精度抖动剥除算法研究CSCD

激光陀螺的输出信号中包涵外界输入角速度、机械抖动角速度两部分信息,机械抖动角速度是一个叠加了一定噪声的标准正弦振动。针对空间三轴机抖激光陀螺仪,提出了一种高精度的新型正弦抖动信号滤除算法,通过自适应陷波器和有限冲击响应数字滤波器的组合,能极大地衰减激光陀螺仪零偏输出波形中的正弦分量,实现外界输入信号的高精度准确提取。实验结果表明,该抖动剥除算法效果显著,在保证快速响应外界输入的条件下能够实现高精度地提取角速度信号,可有效降低惯性系统的成本和复杂度,进而提高产品质量可靠性,具有很强的工程实用价值。     

Postfiltering in Digital Beamformers

Assuming a sinusoidal signal superimposed on a narrow-band Gaussian noise as the input to a receiving array, the output power and signal-to-noise ratio of a digital beamformer with postfiltering were formulated so that subsequent calculations could be made without an analysis in the frequency domain. The formulation utilized the quantizer functions previously given by the author and certain spectral power distribution factors originally attributed to Davenport but more rigorously derived and discussed in the present work. A numerical study based on this formulation for a DIMUS array in a correlated noise field reveals that except for certain rare circumstances, postfiltering generally improves the output SNR or array gain. It is demonstrated that the amount of postfiltering gain not only varies with array input SNR but also depends strongly upon the spacing-to-wavelength ratio, and its meaningful interpretation can only be made in conjunction with both the clipping and noise correlation losses. In particular, balancing postfiltering gain against the two losses suggests that receiving arrays with element spacings smaller than one-half of the operating wavelength may be used to the advantage of system design under certain conditions.     

噪声调制连续波雷达信号波形射频隐身特性

雷达信号波形的射频(RF)隐身性能是雷达系统能否适应现代战场环境的重要因素,雷达射频隐身信号波形设计是现代雷达系统设计中的重要课题.首先,在介绍随机噪声信号雷达原理的基础上,基于Schleher截获因子阐述了噪声调制连续波雷达信号波形的射频隐身特性.然后,分析了高斯噪声相位和频率调制连续波雷达输出自相关函数和高斯噪声相...     

The Performance of Analog Correlators for Several Integrator Functions

A measure of analog correlator performance is considered and interpreted reted as an output signl-to-noise ratio. This quantity is shown to depend on the fourth-order expectation of the input signals and the characteristics of the integrating system. Based on the output signal-to-noise ratio, figures of merit are established for correlators utilizing an ideal low-pass filter, an RC filter, and a finite time integrator. These figures of merit indicate to what degree the correlators reject noise components. For jointly Gaussian inputs, the variation of the output signal-to-noise ratio with the input signal-to-noise ratio is shown to be independent of the integrating system. Finally, a graphical comparison indicates the characteristics of the three systems for several different parameters. This comparison shows that the finite time integrator is superior to the other two systems considered.     

A Simple Real-Time Incoherent Optical Correlator

The Theory and experimental results of a simple optical correlator are given. The optical components consist only of an incoherent source, condensing, collimating, and transforming lenses, and a photodetector. For real-time operation, a reference signal on a photographic transparency is correlated with an unknown signal on an ultrasonic light modulator. The output is a function of time proportional to the correlation function's amplitude rather than the squared amplitude generated by other optical correlators. When used for correlation in radar signal processing, the optical processor may be used for both pulse coding and decoding (pulse expansion and compression) and the decoded signal is shown to be described by Woodward's ambiguity function. The experimental results demonstrated the validity of the theory in both real and scaled time. However, developmental work is still required to improve the operation.