Modelling ignition probability with pairwise mixing-reaction model for flame particle tracking

Reduced order models for ignition analysis can offer insights into ignition processes and facilitate the combustor optimization. In this study, a Pairwise Mixing-Reaction (PMR) model is formulated to model the interaction between the flame particle and the surrounding cell mixture during Lagrangian flame particle tracking. Specifically, the model accounts for the two-way coupling of mass and energy between the flame particle and the surrounding shell layer by modelling the corresponding turbulent mixing, chemical reaction and evaporation process if present. The state of a flame particle, e.g., burnt, hot gas or extinguished, is determined based on particle temperature. This model can properly describe the ignition process with a spark kernel being initiated in a nonflammable region, which is of practical importance in certain turbine engines and has not been rigorously accounted for by the existing models based on the estimation of local Karlovitz number. The model is integrated into an ignition probability analysis platform and is demonstrated for a methane/air bluff-body flame with the flow and fuel/air mixing characteristics being extracted from a non-reacting simulation. The results show that for the spark location being at the extreme fuel-lean outer shear layer of the recirculation zone, PMR can yield ignition events with a significant number of active flame particles. The mechanisms for the survival of the initial flame particles and the entrainment of the survived flame particles into the recirculation zone are analyzed. The results also show that the ignition probability map from PMR agrees well with the experimental observation: a high ignition probability in the shear layer of the recirculation zone near the mean stoichiometric surface, and low ignition probabilities inside the recirculation zone and the top stagnation region of the recirculation zone. The parametric study shows that the predicted shape of the ignition progress factor and ignition probability is in general insensitive to the model parameters and the model is adequate for quantifying the regions with high ignition probabilities.     

点火位置对中心分级燃烧室点火过程影响的研究

燃烧室点火可靠性关系到发动机的整体性能,而点火位置对点火结果具有较大的影响。本文首先对点火位置位于回流区边缘中游的点火过程进行实验研究,同时采用数值模拟的方法对冷态流场和燃烧过程进行研究并与实验结果对比,从而验证数值模拟的准确性,最后采用数值模拟的方法研究了不同点火位置的火焰传播过程。结果表明,点火初始时刻,在流场的作用下,火核首先在燃油浓度较高的周向进行传播,同时在流场的作用下沿轴向向燃烧室下游传播,最终在回流区的作用下运动至燃烧室头部。当点火位置位于回流区中上游时,点火成功的关键是火焰传播到靠近头部燃油浓度较高的区域,而点火位置位于回流区下游时,其点火成功的关键是火焰传播到燃烧室中心位置并具有较高的能量。最佳点火位置位于回流区边缘的中游位置。     

基于随机粒子追踪方法的环形燃烧室点火动态模拟

为了深入研究低排放燃烧室点火联焰规律,在全新的环形模型燃烧室中开展了点火模拟和试验研究。点火模拟采用随机粒子追踪方法,能够基于时均冷态流场的仿真结果快速模拟火焰传播过程。环形燃烧室包含16个中心分级旋流器,仅向预燃级通入丙烷,用于模拟航空发动机低排放燃烧室点火状态下的空气燃油分级。试验采用PIV技术测量3个头部区域流场,利用高速相机拍摄火焰CH*/C2*基团化学发光信号。对多个流量和当量比条件下的联焰过程、联焰时间和传焰速率进行了分析,试验和模拟的结果均表明：环形燃烧室内火焰双向传播,燃烧室内外环流速度差异导致了双向火焰传播速度差,传焰速率随燃烧室湍流速度和当量比的增加而增加。点火模型很好地捕捉了环形燃烧室点火动态,所得传焰速率也符合湍流火焰传播规律,表明该模型具有较强预测能力。     

Modeling turbulent transport effects on kernel formation and ?ame propagation in an ignition process

Reliable relighting is crucial for advanced low-emission aero-engine combustors. For forced ignition under highly-turbulent conditions, eddies of sizes being smaller than the flame kernel can affect its formation through penetrating and modifying the kernel structure. In this study, a one-dimensional model for small-scale turbulence on kernel formation is developed through the incorporation of turbulence-induced diffusion in governing equations. With given flow conditions,the spatial and time-dependent turbulent diffusivity is modeled using the idea of residual eddy viscosity. One-dimensional spherical flames of premixed pre-vaporized n-dodecane/air mixtures under high-altitude conditions are simulated to investigate the effects of turbulence. It is revealed that the range of the equivalence ratio for successful turbulent ignition is much narrower than that for laminar ignition. The range decreases with an increased turbulent intensity, and this effect is more pronounced for a low spark energy. In addition, turbulent transport has more pronounced effects on rich mixtures. An analysis on energy budget and species profiles shows that turbulence-induced diffusion enhances the heat loss at the very beginning of the kernel formation process that could lead to ignition failure. After the flame kernel is established, turbulent transport broadens the flame front, enhances the heat release rate, and thereafter increases the flame propagation speed.     

MCGA-assisted ignition process and flame propagation of a scramjet at Mach 2.0

The ignition process and flame propagation with ethylene fuel in cavity-stabilized scramjet by a Multi-Channel Gliding Arc(MCGA) at Mach 2.0 were investigated. Effects of equivalence ratios on the MCGA-assisted ignition process and flame propagation of the scramjet were recorded by two high-speed cameras from different view angles. The discharge characteristics of MCGA are also collected synchronously with the high-speed cameras. The distributions of temperature, velocity, and equivalence ratios...     

主燃孔轴向位置对低压点火性能的影响

对回流燃烧室设计了两种主燃孔结构(交错射流和对齐射流),在不同压力条件下对不同主燃孔方案的回流燃烧室的点火性能进行了试验研究.试验结果表明:随着回流燃烧室进口空气压力的降低,点火边界的油气比先减小后升高,而对齐主燃孔的火焰筒方案的低压点火性能优于交错主燃孔.结合火焰筒冷态流场数值模拟和试验中观察到的点火现象进行对比分析,对齐主燃孔方案存在更大范围的回流区,其火焰筒头部参考速度较低.此方案有利于减弱火焰核心的淬熄概率,同时增强头部火焰燃烧的稳定性,从而改善了回流燃烧室的点火性能.      

超声速气流中乙烯点火试验与影响因素

对超声速气流中的非预混乙烯燃料扩散点火过程进行了试验研究,采用高速摄影、纹影技术获得了点火过程的火焰成功传播与失效图像和激波动态演化过程。基于点火前喷注混合流场的NPLS（纳米粒子散射）、PIV（粒子图像测速）试验数据和大涡模拟结果对影响点火结果的关键因素进行了研究,分析了点火过程的燃料分布、回流区尺寸、激波串作用、气动壅塞效应等关键流动特征对火焰传播过程和点火失效模式之间的影响关系。研究结果表明,点火过程的激波串前移过程会对燃料的分布造成影响,并进而影响凹腔内的燃料质量分数分布;凹腔角回流区是初始火焰形成的关键区域,点火能量在该区域累积建立凹腔角回流区火焰后,分别扩展形成凹腔驻留火焰,并向下游输运、掺混燃烧,建立预燃激波串,形成点火过程的正向压力反馈;凹腔内燃料分布受喷注位置、喷注压力的影响,采用凹腔内主动喷注的方法能够主动调节凹腔内的燃料分布,有助于初始火核的形成,能有效避免点火过程中由于压力反馈对燃料分布影响造成的熄火现象。      

Experimental investigation of a gliding discharge plasma jet igniter

Relight of jet engines at high altitude is difficult due to the relatively low pressure and temperature of inlet air. The penetration of initial flame kernel affects the ignition probability in the turbine engine combustor greatly. In order to achieve successful ignition at high altitude, a deeper penetration of initial flame kernel should be generated. In this study, a Gliding Arc Plasma Jet Igniter(GAPJI) is designed to induce initial flame kernel with deeper penetration to achieve successful ...     

主燃级旋流数影响三级旋流燃烧室流动与燃烧特性试验

为了研究主燃级旋流数对三级旋流燃烧室内的流动、燃烧特性,设计了两种不同主燃级旋流数的旋流器,通过粒子图像测速仪(PIV)与火焰自发辐射手段得到了燃烧室的流场和火焰结构。研究结果表明:主燃级旋流数的改变对出口流动以及点熄火极限油气比影响较大,主燃级旋流数增加使回流涡心位置向中心和上游靠近,中心回流区高度增加,出口涡量强度降低,下游中心回流区内侧的回流速度,湍流强度增加,火焰结构对称,成功点火时间减少,主燃级旋流数为0.8的点火极限油气比较主燃级旋流数为0.7在进口流量为200、250、300、350 m3/h各工况对应增加了48%、41%、26%、24%,熄火极限油气比各工况均增加30%以上。燃烧时,火焰呈一定的“V”型张角向外燃烧。点火时,火焰沿着中心回流区边界向内侧发展。      

三级旋流燃烧室流动和点火过程中火焰传播特性

为了研究三级旋流燃烧室的流动以及预燃级煤油非预混燃烧特性,设计了三级旋流燃烧室结构方案与光学非接触测量方案,研究了总压损失与当量比对三级旋流燃烧室流动特性及火焰结构的作用和油气参数对点火过程中火焰特征结构与特征时间的影响规律。研究结果表明：在高速气流碰壁区存在内、外剪切层,剪切层的无量纲高度随总压损失变化较小,剪切强度随总压损失增大而增大;火焰结构随着当量比变化存在“V”型火焰、过渡火焰以及包络火焰三种形态,过渡当量比约在0.6左右;热态回流区扩张段扩张角度随总压损失的增大而增大,随着当量比先减小后增大;点火过程中存在大尺度火焰的熄灭与复燃,复燃火焰从回流涡附近以三维螺旋方式回传;点火过程中,随总压损失的增大,火核生成时间增大,火焰传播时间减小,熄火复燃时间减小;随当量比增大,火核生成时间增加,火焰传播时间先增大后减小,熄火复燃时间减小。     

壁式与径向组合稳定器的流动与点火特性研究

为实现多模态冲压燃烧室全工况范围内的可靠点火及稳定燃烧,本文提出一种壁式稳定器和径向稳定器组合设计方案以提高在高速来流下的点火与传焰性能。本文数值研究了壁式+径向组合稳定器在不同结构参数下的流动特性,试验测量不同结构组合稳定器的点火极限,并利用回流率、质量交换率以及流动停留时间等参数揭示稳定器结构参数对点火性能的影响。研究结果表明：台阶高度及径向稳定器倾角通过改变流场结构进而影响点火性能。台阶高度越高,回流区结构越大,点火极限越低;在与径向稳定器组合后,值班稳定器内回流区沿径向稳定器向主流冷流区延伸,散热增强,同时点火释放能量易被径向回流带出值班区,因此点火极限增加。随着径向稳定器前倾角度增加,回流区与主流质量交换增加,流动停留时间缩短,导致点火性能的降低。本文结果可为多模态冲压发动机的工程研制提供技术支撑。     

采用flamelet模型分析旋流杯燃烧室近贫油熄火点

针对进口温度388 K不变,不同进气速度下对旋流杯燃烧室常压模化实验得到的贫油熄火油气比数据,采用带有详细化学机理的非预混flamelet燃烧模型进行数值模拟,对近贫油熄火点的局部热态流场进行了分析.结果表明:近贫油熄火点时刻,随着油气比的下降,回流涡旋中心和高温度区分离,回流区内气流温度下降,着火点后移,点火距离增加;进气速度的增加和燃油流量的下降,使得回流区回流量增加,回流涡旋中心两侧温差加大,而着火点更靠后,增加了对这种变化的耐受性.      

双级轴向涡流器气量分配对燃烧室点火特性的影响

为研究双级轴向涡流器一、二级气量分配对燃烧室点火特性的影响,对4种不同气量比的双级轴向涡流器进行了单头部燃烧室点火试验,同时结合燃烧室头部流场和喷嘴匹配涡流器雾化试验结果对点火试验结果进行了分析。结果表明：随着一、二级气量比由0.55增加至1.28,涡流器出口旋流数、涡流器下游回流区宽度、回流空气流量以及喷雾锥角逐渐减小;过小的一、二级气量比会导致点火状态下的燃油粒径变大;点火边界油气比随着一、二级气量比的增加呈现先减小后增加的趋势,气量比为0.85~1的方案兼顾了流场和喷雾特性,获得了相对较好的燃烧室点火性能。     

贫预混燃烧室化学反应器网络模型建模及不确定性分析

基于CFD三维数值模拟结果的化学反应器(CRN)网络模型方法具有快速预估燃烧室NOx排放的特点。研究通过CFD数值模拟手段获得了贫预混燃烧室流场、温度场等特征分布,基于燃料空气掺混特性、速度场、温度场、OH分布以及达姆科勒数,燃烧室被离散划分为预热区、火焰锋面区、火焰过渡区、后火焰区、中心回流区以及角回流区,建立了复杂的CRN模型表征燃烧室内部的流动特征和火焰结构。以贫预混燃烧器为对象,与实验结果进行了对比验证。通过敏感性和不确定性分析获得了反应区域停留时间和烟气回流比例等关键参数对NOx排放的影响规律。结果表明:CFD-CRN混合方法更适用于在高当量比条件下贫预混燃烧室NOx排放的快速有效预测。在相同扰动强度的条件下,反应预热区域和火焰锋面区域的停留时间扰动对CRN模型预测NOx的生成量和稳定性影响更显著。CFD-CRN混合方法应明确在较高的绝热火焰温度条件下烟气回流比的准确性计算及其对NOx生成的显著影响。      

试验研究旋流数对燃烧室气动性能的影响

为了深入了解双级轴向旋流器的旋流数变化对模型环形燃烧室内气流结构与气动性能的影响,采用粒子图像速度仪(PIV)对燃烧室内冷态和液雾燃烧流场进行测量,试验研究在冷、热态情况下不同旋流数对模型燃烧室内回流区的尺寸、平均速度(u,v)、脉动速度(U<,rms>,V<,rms>)以及雷诺剪切应力u'v'分布的影响.研究结果表明...     

折流燃烧室间接点火过程研究

为了研究某折流燃烧室的间接点火过程,对三种不同初始火核位置的燃烧室进行大涡模拟计算,并结合燃烧室点火试验和性能试验进行验证。研究结果表明：折流燃烧室的主燃区可分为三个区域,分别是主回流区、横跨气流区以及次回流区;燃烧室点火成功的关键在于初始火炬进入次回流区;通过大涡模拟计算得到的贫油点火边界油气比与点火试验结果的绝对误差在0.004以内。     

高空来流条件下航空发动机双旋流燃烧室点火特性数值模拟

为深入了解真实航空发动机燃烧室极端条件下点火性能，在自有CFD平台上对不同高空来流条件下典型航空发动机双旋流燃烧室点火过程进行了数值模拟。为保证模拟精度，对模型包括全部气膜冷却小孔在内的所有精细结构均进行了完全仿真，并完整再现了燃烧室内从燃油雾化到点火燃烧全过程。结果表明3种高空来流条件下单次点火均失败。点火过程显示高温燃气越过旋流杯中心向上回流区扩张是点火的关键时空区域，在此时补充点火可推动火焰顺利传播到整个主燃区。对8km和6km两种状态分别增加点火次数到3次和5次后最终点火成功，结果表明前者着火极限油气比约为0.057，后者为0.038~0.042。     

Experiment on microscale flames stabilized on surface of annular porous media

The characteristics of the surface stabilized flame on a porous medium in an annular microscale channel were studied experimentally with methane/air mixture. In the pressure drop characteristic study, three porous media with the same pore diameter and different porosities were used and compared. The substitution of the air for the mixture was verified accurately at first. Then the relationship expression of the air pressure drop characteristic was acquired for each porous medium according to the Forcheimer correlation. The third porous medium was selected for the following research, as it had the expression closer to the Darcys law. As for the ignition characteristic study of the surface stabilized flame, a reasonable criterion was established for the flammability limit determination. Based on the criterion, the result showed that the limit reached the minimum value when the mixture equivalence ratio was 0.9. During the extinction characteristic study, through the well designed operating procedure, the experiment was conducted to obtain the strict extinction limit of the surface stabilized flame. It was indicated that the extinction limit at mixture equivalence ratio of 08 was the least.      

第2级径向旋流器旋流数对燃烧室点火和贫油熄火性能的影响

双级旋流器是航空发动机燃烧室头部产生回流区所采用的主要形式,研究主要考察第2级径向旋流器的旋流数对点火与燃烧稳定性能的影响,数值模拟结果能够较好地匹配第2级径向旋流器设计参数.试验研究表明:第2级径向旋流器旋流数的改变对燃烧室点火性能无影响;但减小该旋流数会对贫油熄火性能产生明显地改善,旋流卷吸效果会影响回流区火焰稳定.减小第2级径向旋流器旋流数,使下游卷吸量增加,回流区流动与火焰匹配更好,更有利于燃烧稳定性的提高.      

旋流器后火焰流场的试验研究

 本文给出了用LDA测量旋流器后火焰流场的试验研究结果。试验表明,中心开孔的平底碟形火焰稳定器后方形成双回流区,湍流脉动的均方根速度在回流区边界区域上发生突变,且湍流脉动速度的概率密度分布图上存在双峰;用热电偶测出的温度分布表明内外两支火焰在双回流区的内外边界附近开始,并向下游伸展。试验结果为应用旋流器燃烧室性能改进提供了依据,也为发展带回流的湍流反应流数值计算方法提供了验证依据。