直升机抛放吊挂后的最优操纵与分析

为了研究吊挂抛放后回到稳定状态的合理操纵方式以增加安全性且辅助控制律设计,开发并验证了直升机带吊挂模型,使用轨迹优化方法得到了直升机抛放吊挂物后的最优操纵时间历程及相应的状态变化历程.在相同的初始条件下,计算了不同的性能指标对应的优化结果,分析并确定了性能指标的最终配置方式.研究了吊挂物质量对优化结果的影响.根据从悬停...     

直升机吊挂控制系统飞行品质分析

基于直升机指令模型、PID控制和动态逆控制理论,建立了三种直升机吊挂耦合系统控制模型以研究吊挂对直升机飞行品质的影响.依据军用旋翼飞行器飞行品质规范(ADS-33E)和直升机带吊挂飞行的飞行品质要求,对各控制模型进行了仿真和频域分析,并研究了吊挂质量和吊索长度对系统飞行品质的影响.结果表明:引入吊挂摆角状态反馈可提高系...     

基于Kane方法的直升机-柔性绳索-吊挂系统动力学建模

完成了基于Kane方法的直升机-柔性绳索-吊挂系统的动力学建模.通过运动学描述,将系统分为直升机本体、吊挂绳索和吊挂载荷三部分.直升机本体为六自由度刚体;吊挂绳索模拟为集中质点模型,质点间用弹簧连接;吊挂载荷模拟为三自由度质点.考虑重力、气动力和弹性力的影响,建立直升机-吊挂系统的Kane动力学方程.针对直升机本体和考虑吊挂绳索柔性的直升机-柔性绳索-吊挂系统这两种模型,计算了它们在不同前飞速度下的配平状态,分析了其运动模态并进行对比.仿真结果表明:外吊挂引入后,直升机需要额外的总距操纵;考虑吊挂绳索柔性后,直升机长周期运动的收敛/发散速度变慢;Kane方法适用于直升机-柔性绳索-吊挂系统的动力学建模,方程整齐简洁,编程求解方便.      

直升机机动飞行的逆模拟

本文给出了一种直升机机动飞行的逆模拟方法以计算跟随预定飞行轨迹的驾驶员操纵,根据这一方法可以确定为完成直升机机动飞行所需的驾驶员操纵输入及直长机的飞行速度、角速度和的变化历程。直同飞行动力学模型没有作任何线化假设,其中考虑了旋翼入流的时滞效应、前行桨叶的压缩性物后行桨叶的失速特性及旋翼桨叶的非定常挥舞运动,引入了旋翼尾迹对直升机机身、尾翼和尾桨的气动干扰。最后以黑鹰直升机为例计算了鱼跃越障机动飞行     

Prediction of pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure

This paper presents a method to predict the pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure. The landing procedure is simulated numerically via applying nonlinear optimal control method in the form of performance index, path constraints and boundary conditions based on an augmented six-degree-of-freedom rigid-body flight dynamics model, solved by collocation and numerical optimization method. UH-60A helicopter is taken as the sample for the demonstration of landing after one engine failure. The numerical simulation was conducted to find the trajectory of helicopter and the controls from pilot for landing after one engine failure with different performance index considering the factor of pilot workload. The reasonable performance index and corresponding landing trajectory and controls are obtained by making a comparison with those from the flight test data. Furthermore, the pilot workload is evaluated based on wavelet transform analysis of the pilot control activities. The workloads of pilot control activities for collective control, longitudinal and lateral cyclic controls and pedal control during the helicopter landing after one engine failure are examined and compared with those of flight test. The results show that when the performance index considers the factor of pilot workload properly, the characteristics of amplitudes and constituent frequencies of pilot control inputs in the optimal solution are consistent with those of the pilot control inputs in the flight test. Therefore, the proposed method provides a tool of predicting the pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure.     

直升机单发失效后自转着陆轨迹优化

建立了直升机单发失效后增广的纵向三维刚体飞行动力学模型,通过选择合适的目标函数、路径约束和边界约束,将自转着陆问题表示成非线性最优控制问题,使用非线性规划方法求解得到自转着陆的最优轨迹和操纵.以UH-60直升机为例,首先计算了自转着陆距离最短的最优解,并与二维点质量模型进行对比.结果表明三维刚体模型在旋翼转速、旋翼拉力...     

Augmented flight dynamics model for pilot workload evaluation in tilt-rotor aircraft optimal landing procedure after one engine failure

An augmented flight dynamics model is developed to extend the existing flight dynamics model of tilt-rotor aircraft for optimal landing procedure analysis in the event of one engine failure.Compared with the existing flight dynamics model, the augmented model involves with more pilot control information in cockpit and is validated against the flight test data. Based on the augmented flight dynamics model, the optimal landing procedure of XV-15 tilt-rotor aircraft after one engine failure is formulated into a Nonlinear Optimal Control Problem(NOCP), solved by collocation and numerical optimization method. The time histories of pilot controls in cockpit during the optimal landing procedure are obtained for the evaluation of pilot workload. An evaluation method which can synthetically quantify the pilot workload in time and frequency domains is proposed with metrics of aggressiveness and cutoff frequencies of pilot controls. The scale of the pilot workload is compared with those of the shipboard landing procedures, bob-up/bob-down and dash/quickstop maneuvers of UH-60 helicopter. The results show that the aggressiveness of pilot collective and longitudinal controls for the tilt-rotor aircraft optimal landing procedure after one engine failure are higher than those for UH-60 helicopter shipboard landing procedures up to the condition of sea state 4, while the pilot cutoff frequency of collective control is lower than that of the bob-up/bob-down maneuver but the pilot cutoff frequency of longitudinal control is higher than that of the dash/quick-stop maneuver. The evaluated pilot workload level is between Cooper–Harper HQR Level 2 and Level 3.     

Load distribution strategy for multi-lift system with helicopters based on power consumption and robust adaptive game control

It is of great significance to reasonably distribute the slung load to each helicopter while considering difference in power consumption, relative position and interaction comprehensively. Therefore, the load distribution strategy based on power consumption and robust adaptive game control is proposed in this paper. The study is on a “2-lead” multi-lift system of four tandem helicopters carrying a load cooperatively. First, based on the hierarchical control, the load distribution problem is divided into two parts: the calculation of expected cable force and the calculation of the anti-disturbance cable force. Then, aimed at minimizing the maximum equivalent power of helicopter, an optimization problem is set up to calculate the expected cable force. Specially, the agent power model is trained by BP neural network, the safe distance constraint between helicopters is set to 2.5 rotor diameters to reduce aerodynamic interference, and the helicopters with different performance can be considered by introducing the equivalent power factor into the objective function. Next, considering the difference and interaction between helicopters, the robust adaptive differential game control is proposed to calculate the anti-disturbance cable force. Particularly, to solve the coupled Hamiltonian equations, an adaptive solving method for value function is proposed, and its stability is proved in the sense of Lyapunov. The simulation results indicate that the proposed load distribution method based on power consumption is applicable to the entire flight trajectory even there are differences between helicopters. The game control can consider interaction between helicopters, can deal with different objective functions, and has strong robustness and small steady-state error. Based on the entire strategy, the cable force can be reasonably allocated so as to resist disturbance and improve the flight performance of the whole system.     

应用轨迹优化策略的直升机任务科目基元仿真

任务科目基元的飞行试验是ADS-33E-PRF对直升机飞行品质的判定标准。针对直升机设计过程中飞行品质难以事先评定的特点,提出了一种基于轨迹优化策略的直升机任务科目基元数值仿真方法。该方法将飞行品质规范对直升机位置、姿态和速度的限制处理为状态量的边界约束,以完成任务科目基元的时间为目标函数,结合直升机自身的性能和安全性约束,建立了针对任务科目基元的直升机轨迹优化模型。求解该模型得到直升机完成相应任务科目基元所用的时间,便可定性判断直升机飞行品质是否满足ADS-33E-PRF对这一任务科目基元的要求,从而在设计之初对优化直升机总体设计参数提供参考。对某型直升机悬停转弯机动科目进行仿真计算,验证了该方法的正确性和有效性。     

全数字式操纵负荷系统设计及实现

操纵负荷系统是人在回路仿真系统中的负载模拟装置,它要完成对飞行员十分敏感的驾驶杆力和脚蹬力的仿真,其部件模型的设计满足了操纵负荷系统的通用性。此操纵负荷系统在某型机工程模拟器上的应用测试结果表明,该设计符合直升机飞行模拟器鉴定标准的C级要求。     

Robust control for an unmanned helicopter with constrained flapping dynamics

In this paper, a neural network based adaptive prescribed performance control scheme is proposed for the altitude and attitude tracking system of the unmanned helicopter in the presence of state and output constraints. For handling the state constraints, the barrier Lyapunov function and the saturation function are employed. And, the prescribed performance method is used to deal with the flapping angle constraints for the unmanned helicopter. It is proved that the proposed control approach can ensure that all the signals of the resulting closed-loop system are bounded, and the tracking errors are within the prescribed performance bounds for all time. The numerical simulation is given to illustrate the performance of the proposed scheme.     

计算机模拟铰接式直升机的外挂施工

为了给直升机施工的安全分析提供理论基础和求解非线性外挂直升机运动方程,本文提出了用计算机模拟直升机外挂飞行的方法。所用直升机运动方程模拟程序采用美国宇航局兰利研究中心发布的铰接式单旋翼直升机模拟程序。期望航迹及外挂载荷的模拟,根据航迹及载荷反求操纵输入及配平参数的方法和运动方程的积分等将由本文给出。     

基于飞行载荷分析的直升机动部件故障识别研究

主传力结构故障的发生、发展必然会反映到相关的载荷上来。以某尾桨故障为例,通过飞行载荷的重复性分析,可以及时捕捉到工作异常;通过相关载荷的动力学特性分析,透过载荷异常的表象,揭露其背后的深层次原因,为故障识别及从根源上提出解决措施提供依据;载荷特性分析方法为结构的试飞安全监控提供了思路。     

Modeling and control for cooperative transport of a slung fluid container using quadrotors

In this paper, dynamic modeling and control problem for transfer of a sloshing liquid container suspended through rigid massless links from a team of quadrotors are investigated. By the proposed solution, pose of the slung container and fluid sloshing modes are stabilized appropriately. Dynamics of the container-liquid-quadrotors system is modeled by Euler-Lagrange method. Fluid slosh dynamics is included using multi-mass-spring model. According to derived model, a proper control law is designed for a system with three or more quadrotors. Implementing the proposed control law, quadrotors can control pose of the container, directions of the links and liquid sloshing modes simultaneously. Stability of closed loop system of tracking errors and sloshing modes are demonstrated using a theory of singularly perturbed systems and Lyapunov stability theorem. Also, the capability of the proposed feedback control laws in solving a formerly organized transport problem of a liquid filled container has been demonstrated in simulations. Moreover, priority of the proposed control scheme to an existing slung load controller in the literature is demonstrated.     

直升机操纵杆振动特性测量与分析

基于直升机铰链力矩的研究成果,建立了倾斜器操纵杆载荷的计算模型.在参考常规飞机测试元件的基础上,研制了具有足够强度和灵敏度的测力元件,通过地面试验解决了测量精度与飞行安全之间的矛盾,成功地进行了飞行试验, 并获得操纵杆载荷这一重要参数.本文计算结果与试验数据基本一致,激振力的频率与主旋翼的1倍和2倍频率接近.可以满足工程计算要求,为直升机操纵系统的设计和检验提供依据.      

直升机着舰起落架动态响应

舰载直升机着舰过程复杂。与地面降落相比,舰面的不稳定气流使得直升机姿态难以保持,下降的速度更大,且由于直升机通常都是单轮着舰,导致起落架载荷很大。为了研究直升机在不同条件下着舰时起落架的动态响应,建立了机体/起落架/舰船耦合模型,将着舰过程中直升机的运动和舰船的运动联系起来,通过仿真计算得出起落架的动态响应。仿真计算结果表明:直升机着舰质量越大,起落架压缩量和载荷越大;直升机低头着舰会导致前起落架载荷显著增大;直升机着舰下沉速度过大会导致着舰载荷急剧增大,可能会对结构造成破坏。     

直升机飞行实测载荷有效性分析技术

由于直升机以动部件为代表的特殊结构形式以及复杂的振动载荷环境,飞行实测载荷是疲劳设计和评定过程中的关键数据。本文结合某直升机实测载荷数据,介绍了实测载荷有效性分析的工作内容和方法,其中相关性分析和规律性分析等方法可进一步用于获取各结构的状态、重量、重心、高度疲劳载荷的分布规律和相互关系,使其应用到新型号设计中。为我国直升机疲劳设计载荷的获得提供一些可借鉴的思路。     

直升机旋翼桨叶自由尾迹的计算

采用自由涡系理论 ,用时间历程法逐步迭代计算直升机桨叶的环量和涡迹坐标。每一方位反复迭代直至尾迹稳定 ,从而得到其诱导下洗。最后以某直升机为例 ,将求出的诱导下洗用于桨叶气动载荷计算。计算出的气动载荷与实验结果相吻合     

某直升机液压阻尼器动态载荷增大原因分析

某直升机液压阻尼器使用一段时间后出现动态载荷比使用前增大的问题,通过研究油液污染对动态载荷的影响和分析液压阻尼器结构,确定了液压阻尼器动态载荷增大的原因,提出了结构改进措施,经验证改进措施有效.