激波/湍流边界层干扰物面剪切应力统计特性

为了揭示激波/湍流边界层干扰区内物面剪切应力统计特性的演化规律,采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数2.9、12°激波角的入射激波与平板湍流边界层相互作用问题进行了研究。通过与风洞试验数据的比较分析,验证了计算结果的可靠性。系统地探究了干扰区内物面剪切应力的典型特征,如预乘谱、概率密度分布和相干结构等。研究结果表明,分离激波的低频振荡运动对流向及展向分量的预乘谱均没有实质影响,其脉动仍以高频特征为主,低频能量变化较小。干扰区内流向剪切应力概率密度函数分布变化剧烈,分离泡内对数正态分布规律不再适用,而展向剪切应力在干扰区内与正态分布较为接近。相较于上游湍流边界层,分离泡内物面剪切应力矢量夹角与幅值的联合概率密度变化显著,峰值概率降低,峰值范围增大。此外,流向剪切应力脉动场的本征正交分解分析指出,主能量模态与分离激波的低频振荡以及下游再附边界层内的Görtler-like流向涡结构密切相关。     

Experimental investigation of expansion effect on shock wave boundary layer interaction near a compression ramp

The experiment is conducted to investigate the effect of expansion on the shock wave boundary layer interaction near a compression ramp. The small-angle expansion with an angle degree of 5° occurs at different positions in front of the compression ramp. The particle image velocimetry and flow visualization technology show the flow structures, velocity field, and velocity fluctuation near the compression ramp. The mean pressure distribution, pressure fluctuation, and power spectral density are me...     

Strong interactions of incident shock wave with boundary layer along compression corner

The coherent structure and instability of the interaction of incident shock wave with boundary layer developing on a compression corner are experimentally studied. The experiments are carried out in a supersonic wind tunnel of Mach number 2. Particular attention is paid to shock patterns and unsteady shock motions induced by the separation bubble. The high-speed schlieren is used to visualize the flowfield evolution and to characterize the instability. The snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition of schlieren sequences is applied to investigate the primary coherent structure in the flowfield. Fast Fourier transform and continuous wavelet transformation are applied to characterize the instability. The results show that there are large-scale low-frequency oscillations of the shock waves and small-scale high-frequency pulsations in the separation region. The peak frequency of shock oscillation is mainly concentrated in the range of 100–1000 Hz. The pulsation of the small flow structure in the separation bubble is mainly concentrated above 12.5 kHz. Based on the results of experimental analysis, the preliminary mechanism of the large-scale instability of such interaction is obtained.     

超声速膨胀角入射激波/湍流边界层干扰直接数值模拟

为了揭示膨胀效应对激波/湍流边界层干扰区内复杂流动现象的影响规律,采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数2.9、30°激波角的入射激波与10°膨胀角湍流边界层相互作用问题进行了数值研究。系统地探讨了激波入射点分别位于膨胀角上游、膨胀角角点和膨胀角下游3种工况下膨胀角干扰区内若干基本流动现象,如分离泡、物面压力脉动及激波非定常运动、湍流边界层统计特性和相干结构动力学过程等。结果表明,激波入射点流向位置改变对分离区流向和法向尺度的影响显著,尤其是当激波入射点位于角点及其下游区域。研究发现,膨胀角干扰区内物面压力脉动强度急剧减小,分离区内压力波向下游传播速度将降低而在膨胀区内将升高,膨胀效应极大地抑制了分离激波的低频振荡运动。相较于入射激波与平板湍流边界层干扰,入射激波流向位置改变对膨胀角再附区速度剖面对数区及尾迹区影响显著,将导致其内层结构参数升高而外层降低,近壁区内将呈现远离一组元湍流状态的趋势。此外,流向速度脉动场本征正交分解分析指出,主模态空间结构集中在分离激波及剪切层根部附近而高阶模态以边界层内小尺度正负交替脉动结构为主。低阶重构流场结果表明,前者对应为分离泡低频膨胀/收缩过程而后者表征为分离泡高频脉动。     

动态微涡流发生器对激波/边界层干扰的影响研究

本文基于OPENFOAM数值仿真平台,采用动态网格技术和湍流离散涡(DES)模型,研究了微涡流发生器以一定速度向下游移动时,激波/边界层干扰(SWBLI)流场特性的变化,重点关注干扰区域内的流向和展向的流场特性。来流马赫数为4,微涡流发生器向下游移动速度为0m/s,20m/s和40m/s。研究表明：当MVG向下游移动时,SWBLI区域的“弓”形高压区会演化成“双弓”形；入射激波形成高压区的压力明显降低,同时,入射激波和反射激波形成高压区的峰值位置均会向下游移动；流场下游 “双圆弧”状高压区的高度逐渐降低；SWBLI区域边界层的高度逐渐降低,同时边界层底部的速度也有所降低；随着MVG移动速度的增加,对SWBLI流场的控制效果更加明显；动态MVG对流场的控制是通过尾迹涡和波系结构实现的。     

等离子体激励控制激波与边界层干扰流动分离数值研究

针对高超声速进气道激波与边界层干扰流动分离控制问题,提出了一种低功率重频非定常激励方式,并基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程,从唯象学的角度出发,将等离子激励简化为功率密度源项,对比研究了定常与低功率重频非定常等离子体气动激励的作用机理与控制效果。结果表明:定常激励的能量沉积作用对于激波控制非常有效,并可诱导出斜激波,但是对于流动分离控制而言,其能量沉积显然过于强大,反而会使流动分离更加严重,无法满足控制要求;当采用低功率重频非定常激励方式时,对于不同功率密度的情况均存在最佳激励时长与频率,当功率密度为5.0×109W/m3时,最大射流速度可以达到895m/s,并且可以在一定程度上减弱激波与边界层干扰流动分离。      

Unsteadiness in shock wave boundary layer interactions with separation

Shock/turbulent boundary-layer interactions produce generally unsteadiness of the shock system. This phenomenon is reviewed and analyzed, by evaluating the results of various experiments; in particular results in the case of a shock reflection are presented. It appears that the frequency of the fluctuations produced by the shock motion are much lower than the characteristic frequencies of turbulence in the incoming boundary layers. It is checked that in the supersonic case, a previously proposed scaling provides the correct order of magnitude of the shock motion frequencies. It is suggested from experimental results that the three-dimensional structure of the separated bubble may be at the origin of such unsteadiness.     

Direct numerical simulation of impinging shock wave and turbulent boundary layer interaction over a wavy-wall

The interaction of an impinging oblique shock wave with an angle of 30° and a supersonic turbulent boundary layer at Ma_∞=2.9 and Re_θ = 2400 over a wavy-wall is investigated through direct numerical simulation and compared with the interaction on a flat-plate under the same flow conditions. A sinusoidal wave with amplitude to wavelength ratio of 0.26 moves in the streamwise direction and is uniformly distributed across the spanwise direction. The influences of the wavy-wall on the interaction, including the characterization of the flow field, the skin-friction, pressure and the budget of turbulence kinetic energy, are systematically studied. The region of separation grows slightly and decomposes into four bubbles. Local peaks of skin-friction are observed at the rear part of the interaction region. The low-frequency shock motion can be seen in the wall pressure spectra. Analyses of the turbulence kinetic energy budget indicate that both diffusion and transport significantly increase near the crests, balanced by an amplified dissipation in the near-wall region. Proper orthogonal decomposition analyses show that the most energetic structures are associated with the separated shock and the shear layer over the bubbles. Only the bubbles in the first two troughs are dominated by a low-frequency enlargement or shrinkage.     

MHD控制激波诱导边界层分离的机理

激波边界层相互作用是高超声速飞行器面临的重大问题,激波入射到平板引起的边界层分离是其中最具代表性的一种。用加权的3阶ENN格式计算了小磁雷诺数近似的MHD方程,研究了MHD控制层流边界层分离的机理。数值结果显示,通过局部电离空气并施加洛伦兹力,能使分离点向下游移动,分离区尺寸减小,从而抑制和缓解由于激波-边界层相互作用而引起的分离。     

等离子体气动激励控制超声速边界层分离的实验研究

等离子体气动激励与超声速气流相互作用已成为高速流动控制领域的研究热点。激波与边界层相互作用现象广泛存在于超声速飞行器之中。本文进行了等离子体气动激励控制压缩角区和激波诱导边界层分离的实验,通过流场纹影显示和壁面静压测量,研究等离子体气动激励如何影响激波、激波如何影响边界层特性的科学问题。实验结果表明:施加毫秒量级表面电弧放电能够前移压缩角区的诱导斜激波,使分离区后移,分离区域增加,但激波强度减弱,流场总压增加;施加微秒量级表面电弧放电能够抑制激波诱导边界层分离,使分离区减小,流场总压减小。基于实验结果,认为毫秒量级表面电弧放电激励控制超声速气流的主要机理为放电过程的焦耳热效应;微秒量级表面电弧放电激励控制超声速气流的主要机理为焦耳热效应和冲击波效应共同作用。     

膨胀效应对激波/湍流边界层干扰的影响

采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数2.9,30°激波角的入射激波与膨胀角湍流边界层干扰问题进行了数值研究。入射激波在壁面上的名义入射点固定在膨胀角角点,膨胀角角度分别取为0°、2°、5°和10°。通过改变膨胀角角度,考察了膨胀效应对干扰区内复杂流动现象的影响规律和作用机制,如分离泡、物面压力脉动特性、膨胀区湍流边界层和物面剪切应力脉动场等。研究发现,膨胀角角度的增大使得分离区流向长度和法向高度急剧降低,尤其是在强膨胀效应下分离泡形态呈现整体往下游偏移的双峰结构。物面压力脉动功率谱结果表明,膨胀角为2°和5°时,分离激波的非定常运动仍表征为大尺度低频振荡,而膨胀角为10°,强膨胀效应极大地抑制了分离激波的低频振荡,加速了下游再附边界层物面压力脉动的恢复过程。膨胀区湍流边界层雷诺剪切应力各象限事件贡献和出现概率呈现逐步恢复到上游湍流边界层的趋势,Görtler-like流向涡结构展向和法向尺度变化剧烈,同时在近壁区将诱导生成大量小尺度流向涡。此外,物面剪切应力脉动场的本征正交分解分析指出,膨胀效应的影响体现在低阶模态能量的急剧降低从而使得高阶模态的总体贡献相对升高。     

The Polar plasma wave instrument

The Plasma Wave Instrument on the Polar spacecraft is designed to provide measurements of plasma waves in the Earth's polar regions over the frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 800 kHz. Three orthogonal electric dipole antennas are used to detect electric fields, two in the spin plane and one aligned along the spacecraft spin axis. A magnetic loop antenna and a triaxial magnetic search coil antenna are used to detect magnetic fields. Signals from these antennas are processed by five receiver systems: a wideband receiver, a high-frequency waveform receiver, a low-frequency waveform receiver, two multichannel analyzers; and a pair of sweep frequency receivers. Compared to previous plasma wave instruments, the Polar plasma wave instrument has several new capabilities. These include (1) an expanded frequency range to improve coverage of both low- and high-frequency wave phenomena, (2) the ability to simultaneously capture signals from six orthogonal electric and magnetic field sensors, and (3) a digital wideband receiver with up to 8-bit resolution and sample rates as high as 249k samples s^–1.     

端壁等离子体气动激励抑制高负荷压气机叶栅角区流动分离实验

为揭示端壁等离子体气动激励抑制高负荷压气机叶栅角区流动分离的影响规律和流场特征,在不同流场参数和激励条件下分别开展了微秒脉冲和纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励抑制叶栅流动分离的实验研究.结果表明:端壁等离子体气动激励可以有效抑制叶栅角区的流动分离,其作用效果在攻角为3°时最佳,随攻角的增大逐渐下降;微秒脉冲激励的流动控制效果随来流速度的增大而降低,随激励电压和占空比的增大而提高,最佳非定常脉冲频率为500Hz;在较高来流速度下,微秒脉冲激励的作用效果十分微弱,但纳秒脉冲激励能够有效抑制角区流动分离;纳秒脉冲激励的流动控制效果随激励电压增大而提高,激励频率对控制效果至关重要,作用效果随激励频率的增大而不断增强,但当激励频率为5kHz时,作用效果有所下降.      

Effects of synthetic jet frequency on the separated flow in a diffusing S-duct

Numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the effects of synthetic jet actuation frequency on the separated flow in a diffusing S-duct. The Reynolds number based on the entrance height was 9.78×105. At first, the numerical model was validated with experimental data, and then, the interaction between the separated flow and the synthetic jets at different frequencies was discussed. The results demonstrate that the control effect is significantly dependent on the momentum mixing enhancement between inside of the separated boundary layer and the outer flow. There exists a narrow range of actuation frequency, in which effective separation control can be achieved using synthetic jets. A dimensionless frequency F+=1.0 is identified as the optimal frequency, with a momentum coefficient of 1.62×10-3, the separation area is reduced about 46%, and the aerodynamic performance of the S-duct is also greatly improved compared to uncontrolled case. Further analysis reveals that the choice of actuation frequency is mainly determined by the momentum flux produced by a single ejection and the spacing between adjacent ejections, the optimal frequency case can be understood as a balance between the two factors. In addition, it is found that the synthetic jets can also suppress the secondary flows while decreasing the separation.      

单边膨胀喷管内流动分离非定常特性

结合聚焦纹影和动态压力测量技术,对基于特征线法设计的单边膨胀喷管(SERN)不同落压比(NPR)条件下喷管内流场结构和壁面压力进行了试验测量,通过壁面压力时域和频域综合分析获得了喷管内流动分离非定常特性。结果表明:过膨胀状态下单边膨胀喷管内流场结构具有明显的非对称特征,喷管上壁面流动分离模态为受限激波分离(RSS),而下壁面流动分离模态为自由激波分离(FSS);相比于FSS模态,RSS模态下出口附近壁面压力振荡更剧烈。喷管上、下壁面压力标准差峰值均在分离点附近,且概率密度函数分布向一侧偏斜或出现双峰现象。RSS模态下,激波运动呈明显低频特性;FSS模态下,激波非定常特性不仅受回旋区压力扰动的影响,且受分离剪切层的影响。      

轴流压气机静子角区分离流动的DDES数值研究

为进一步加深对压气机静子角区分离流动非定常性和湍流特性的认识,以某台用于低速模拟的多级低速轴流压气机的第3级改型静子为研究对象,采用延迟脱落涡模拟(DDES)方法进行详细的数值研究。结果表明:压气机静子角区分离流动受到叶片几何参数和来流条件的综合影响;通道涡是引起静子角区分离的主要涡系结构,其发展过程伴随着大小尺度发簪涡的交替出现;通道涡、发簪涡和尾迹脱落涡的相互作用是引起静子角区分离流动非定常性的主要来源;静子角区存在高度各向异性和能量反传的湍流特征;角区分离区的频率幅值强于主流区,振幅较大的区域位于500 Hz以下的低频区。      

Self-sustained shock oscillations on airfoils at transonic speeds

Self-sustained shock wave oscillations on airfoils at transonic flow conditions are associated with the phenomenon of buffeting. The physical mechanisms of the periodic shock motion are not yet fully understood even though experiments performed over fifty years ago have demonstrated the presence of oscillatory shock waves on the airfoil surfaces at high subsonic speeds. The unsteady pressure fluctuations generated by the low-frequency large-amplitude shock motions are highly undesirable from the structural integrity and aircraft maneuverability point of view. For modern supercritical wing design with thick profiles, the shock-induced fluctuations are particularly severe and methods to reduce the shock wave amplitudes to lower values or even to delay the oscillations to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles will result in expanding the buffet boundary of the airfoil. This review begins with a recapitulation of the classical work on shock-induced bubble separation and trailing edge separation of a turbulent boundary layer. The characteristics of the unsteady pressure fluctuations are used to classify the types of shock-boundary layer interaction. The various modes of shock wave motion for different flow conditions and airfoil configurations are described. The buffet boundaries obtained using the standard trailing edge pressure divergence technique and an alternative approach of measuring the divergence of normal fluctuating forces are compared to show the equivalence. The mechanisms of self-sustained shock oscillations are discussed for symmetrical circular-arc airfoils at zero incidence and for supercritical airfoils at high incidence angles with fully separated flows. The properties of disturbances in the wake are examined from linear stability analysis of two-dimensional compressible flows. The advances in high-speed computing make predictions of buffeting flows possible. Navier–Stokes solvers and approximate boundary layer-inviscid flow interaction methods are shown to give good correlation of frequencies and other unsteady flow characteristics with experiments. Finally, passive and active methods of shock oscillation control show promising results in delaying buffet onset to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles, thus enhancing the transonic performance of airfoils.     

展向振荡对激波/湍流边界层干扰的影响

周期振荡作为一种有效的壁面流动控制手段受到广泛关注,而其对激波/湍流边界层干扰的影响目前鲜有研究。本文采用高精度直接数值模拟（DNS）方法对马赫数2.9、12°激波入射角、强振荡下的激波/湍流边界层干扰进行了系统研究。通过与无振荡工况的定量比较,揭示了展向强振荡对干扰区内复杂流动结构的影响规律及作用机制,如分离泡尺度、物面压力脉动非定常特性、物面剪切的非定常特性及统计特征等。研究发现：在展向强振荡作用下,分离点位置提前,间歇区长度增大;同时由于分离泡内强黏性耗散的影响,展向振荡的穿透高度约为分离泡高度的4%,因而对流动结构不会产生实质影响。但展向强振荡会对壁面附近流动造成显著影响,如强振荡诱导的壁面展向速度远大于流向速度,造成流向剪切与展向剪切之间夹角的概率密度函数峰值从0°偏移到80°~90°之间。物面压力及剪切本征正交分解分析表明,展向振荡会导致模态能量从低阶模态向高阶模态转移,降低低频运动的能量占比,增强再附后Görtler涡等壁面附近旋涡结构的强度。     

纳秒等离子体激励控制翼型流动分离机理研究

为研究纳秒介质阻挡放电(NSDBD)等离子体控制翼型流动分离的物理机理,采用已建立的NSDBD唯象学模型耦合非定常Navier-Stokes方程模拟纳秒等离子体对流场的作用。使用非定常雷诺平均NavierStokes方程(URANS)和大涡模拟(LES)两种求解方法,研究纳秒等离子体激励对NACA0015翼型流动分离控制。结果表明:NSDBD等离子体激励促使边界层提前转捩,转捩对控制流动分离起重要作用;NSDBD激励开始时在翼型前缘形成展向涡,展向涡促使分离剪切层失稳并最终进入尾迹,展向涡贴近壁面运动,将外区的高能气流带入近壁区,使上翼面流场结构发生变化,然后翼型前缘流动提前转捩促使流动经过一个小层流分离泡后发生湍流再附,最终在上翼面形成稳定的附着流动。     

Interaction mechanisms of shock waves with the boundary layer and wakes in a highly-loaded NGV using hybrid RANS/LES

Accurate predictions of Shock Waves and Boundary Layer Interaction (SWBLI) and strong Shock Waves and Wake Vortices Interaction (SWWVI) in a highly-loaded turbine propose challenges to the currently widely used Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model. In this work, the SWBLI and the SWWVI in a highly-loaded Nozzle Guide Vane (NGV) are studied using a hybrid RANS/LES strategy. The Turbulence Kinetic Energy (TKE) budget and the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) method are used to analyze flow mechanisms. Results show that this hybrid RANS/LES method can obtain detailed flow structures for flow mechanisms analysis. Strong shock waves induce boundary layer separation, while the presence of a separation bubble can in turn lead to a Mach reflection phenomenon. The shock waves cause trailing-edge vortices to break clearly, and the wakes, in turn, can change the shocks intensity and direction. Furthermore, the Entropy Generation Rate (EGR) is used to analyze the irreversible loss. It turns out that the SWWVI can reduce the flow field loss. There are several weak shock waves in the NGV flow field, which can increase the irreversible loss. This work offers flow mechanisms analysis and presents the EGR distribution in SWBLI and SWWVI areas in a transonic turbine blade.