Optimization and analysis of winglet configuration for solar aircraft

Installing winglets can notably improve the aerodynamic performance of solar aircraft.This paper proposes a multi-constraints optimization method of winglets for solar aircraft, aiming to enhance the corresponding uninterrupted cruising capability. An optimization objective function is formed and is separately studied in aerodynamic and structural terms. Qualitative analysis shows that the winglet design parameters are restricted by four special constraints(geometry, aerodynamics, energy and sta...     

An advanced five-unknown higher-order theory for free vibration of composite and sandwich plates

Accurate prediction of dynamic characteristics is quite critical to understand the strength of layered structures. Nevertheless, the existing five-unknown higher-order theories encounter difficulties to forecast accurately the dynamic response of sandwich structures. Therefore, a new five-unknown higher-order theory is developed for free vibration analysis of composite and sandwich plates, which possesses the same degree of freedom as those of other five-unknown higher-order theories. The developed model can meet beforehand interlaminar continuity conditions and the free-surface conditions of transverse shear stresses. To assess capability of the proposed model, analytical solution for such composite structures with simply-supported conditions has been presented by employing Hamilton’s principle, which is utilized for analysis of mechanical behaviors of composite and sandwich plates. Compared with the three-dimensional (3D) elasticity solutions, 3D finite element results and the results obtained from the chosen five-unknown higher-order models, the proposed model can yield accurately natural frequencies of composite and sandwich plates. Even for the thick plates, the higher-order frequencies calculated from the proposed model are in good agreement with the 3D finite element results. By studying effect of the thickness/length ratios on natural frequencies, it is found that the proposed model is adaptable to predicting natural frequencies of the sandwich plates with the thickness/length ratios between 1/4 and 1/100. In addition, some factors influencing accuracy of five-unknown higher-order models have been investigated in detail. Finally, by means of numerical analysis and discussion, some conclusions have been drawn as well, which can serve as a reference for other investigators.     

复合材料加筋板剪切后屈曲分析与优化设计

为了充分利用复合材料加筋板的后屈曲承载能力,针对复合材料加筋板的后屈曲行为开展优化设计方法的研究具有重要意义。详细探讨了筋条尺寸及密度等参数对承受面内剪切载荷作用下的复合材料双向加筋板屈曲后屈曲的影响规律。建立了复合材料加筋板考虑后屈曲响应的结构分级优化方法:在一级优化中以结构几何尺寸为设计变量,使用响应面法(RSM)拟合出结构后屈曲响应的全局近似函数,结果显示,加筋缘条的宽度及加筋的密度对屈曲承载能力有重要影响;在二级优化中采用遗传算法(GA)对复合材料铺层顺序进行优化,经过两级优化后的复合材料加筋板相比于初始设计在质量减少了3%的同时,线性屈曲位移提高了8.86倍,线性屈曲模态由局部屈曲改善为整体屈曲,同时结构的后屈曲承载能力提高了8.7%。基于解决旅行商问题(TSP)的遗传算法被调整用于固定铺层厚度的复合材料铺层顺序优化问题,经优化,结构线性屈曲特征值提高了12.76%,表明了优化方法的可行性。     

3D打印夹芯复合材料模拟冰型设计与分析

适航取证是所有民用飞机走向市场投入使用的必经环节。根据适航条例,测试机完成模拟冰型试飞是必须进行的Ⅰ类风险试飞课目,以考察飞机综合的气动以及操作稳定性能。由于真实结冰飞行测试难度大风险高,因此开展模拟冰型的研究设计格外重要。以某民用飞机机翼自然结冰过程为研究对象,首先,确定研究飞机的临界冰型,设计模拟冰型结构以及采用3D打印夹芯材料制作复合材料模拟冰型;其次,通过CFD仿真得到带冰模型在极端工况下所承受的气动载荷,利用有限元分析得到模拟冰型的破坏强度以及破坏形式;最后,通过静力试验验证仿真结果的有效性,继而验证3D打印夹芯复合材料模拟冰型设计方案的可行性。     

Invariant and energy analysis of an axially retracting beam

The mechanism of a retracting cantilevered beam has been investigated by the invariant and energy-based analysis. The time-varying parameter partial differential equation governing the transverse vibrations of a beam with retracting motion is derived based on the momentum theorem. The assumed-mode method is used to truncate the governing partial differential equation into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with time-dependent coefficients. It is found that if the order of truncation is not less than the order of the initial conditions, the assumed-mode method can yield accurate results. The energy transfers among assumed modes are discussed during retrac-tion. The total energy varying with time has been investigated by numerical and analytical methods, and the results have good agreement with each other. For the transverse vibrations of the axially retracting beam, the adiabatic invariant is derived by both the averaging method and the Bessel function method.     

航空发动机机匣电子束焊接变形模拟分析与优化

为了对焊接变形进行预测与控制,建立了焊接接头的弹塑性有限元模型,并对电子束热源模型进行了校核,获得了接头焊接位置的塑性应变区域大小;建立了风扇叶片机匣3D壳单元有限元模型,并采用固有应变法对机匣焊接变形进行了模拟计算,获取了焊接过程的变形分布,通过实测机匣变形量并与仿真结果进行对标,验证了模型的准确性;通过对风扇叶片机...     

航空发动机套齿动态装配间隙非概率优化设计

为解决航空发动机套齿动态装配间隙的响应问题,在考虑动态变形和参数不确定性的情况下,将1种非概率区间分析方法与Kriging响应面模型及响应面优化方法相结合,对套齿初始装配间隙进行了可靠性优化设计。以某刚性套齿联轴器作为数值算例,在确定性设计的基础上,考虑机械载荷、热载荷、材料参数的分散性,运用区间分析方法得到了动态装配间隙的响应范围,利用非概率可靠性指标对初始装配间隙进行了优化设计。与确定性设计相比,优化设计提高了结构的可靠性;与概率设计相比,优化设计降低了对不确定参数的信息要求。验证了非概率方法解决装配对象不确定性结构响应问题的可行性与适用性。     

大膨胀比向心涡轮多学科优化设计及敏感性分析

向心涡轮内部流动复杂,功率密度大且结构限制严,因此,向心涡轮的设计必须考虑到气动、强度、结构等多学科间的耦合问题。采用多学科优化策略是提升向心涡轮气动效率和安全可靠性的一种可行途径。基于向心涡轮结构特点,发展了通用的向心涡轮三维参数化造型方法。耦合多目标优化算法和向心涡轮三维参数化方法,建立了向心涡轮多目标多学科优化设计体系。以频率为约束,以提高总静效率、降低叶根最大应力为优化目标,开展了向心涡轮的多学科优化设计。优化后,在避开所有危险共振频率的前提下,就单一性能指标而言,涡轮级的总静效率最高可提高1.35%,叶根最大当量应力最高可降低12.54%。进一步,对设计空间开展了敏感性分析,揭示了对性能指标影响显著的设计变量,阐明了关键设计变量对性能指标的影响机制。     

镍基高温合金电子束焊缝形貌预测模型及其验证

针对深熔电子束焊特有的钉形焊缝形貌特征,在综合考虑了熔池和匙孔中能量吸收与再分布效应的基础上,建立了高斯面热源和圆柱体热源组合的移动热输入数值模型。进而利用ANSYS通用有限元软件,对镍基高温合金GH4133电子束焊的完全穿透和部分穿透焊接温度场进行了三维数值模拟,分析中考虑了辐射换热和温度相关材料性能的影响。两种情况下的预测结果与实际接头的焊缝金相轮廓吻合良好,证明了组合热源模型的有效性,为进一步开展热-力-组织多场耦合的准确分析提供了可靠的保证。     

应力和位移约束下连续体结构的拓扑优化

结构拓扑优化设计是结构初始方案设计的重要方法。同时考虑应力和位移约束,采用遗传算法,用染色体基因映射结构离散化后的单元体,对连续体结构进行拓扑优化。为了消除结构中的铰接和棋盘格现象,在拓扑优化分析中引入了结构约束的概念,并在罚函数方法中引入导向因子,改善优化分析结果。该方法可以为工程结构的初始设计提供多种方案,同时为新结构的设计提供了理论基础。算例分析表明所提出的方法是合理、有效的。     

Geometry and size optimization of stiffener layout for three-dimensional box structures with maximization of natural frequencies

Based on the growth mechanism of natural biological branching systems and inspiration from the morphology of plant root tips, a bionic design method called Improved Adaptive Growth Method (IAGM) has been proposed in the authors’ previous research and successfully applied to the reinforcement optimization of three-dimensional box structures with respect to natural frequencies. However, as a kind of ground structure methods, the final layout patterns of stiffeners obtained by using the IAGM are highly subjected to their ground structures, which restricts the optimization effect and freedom to further improve the dynamic performance of structures. To solve this problem, a novel post-processing geometry and size optimization approach is proposed in this article. This method takes the former layout optimization result as start, and iteratively finds the optimal layout angles, locations, and lengths of stiffeners with a few design variables by optimizing the positions of some specific node lines called active node lines. At the same time, thicknesses of stiffeners are also optimized to further improve natural frequencies of three-dimensional box structures. Using this method, stiffeners can be successfully separated from their ground structures and further effectively improve natural frequencies of three-dimensional box structures with less material consumption. Typical numerical examples are illustrated to validate the effectiveness and advantages of the suggested method.     

三轴仿真转台的外框结构有限元--优化设计

建立了某三轴仿真转台的外框的结构分析模型和结构优化设计模型,利用基于性态模型的拟牛顿法对其进行了优化设计,得出了在一阶固有频率和静态变形约束下的最优方案。     

Uncertainty analysis and design optimization of hybrid rocket motor powered vehicle for suborbital flight

In this paper, we propose an uncertainty analysis and design optimization method and its applications on a hybrid rocket motor(HRM) powered vehicle. The multidisciplinary design model of the rocket system is established and the design uncertainties are quantified. The sensitivity analysis of the uncertainties shows that the uncertainty generated from the error of fuel regression rate model has the most significant effect on the system performances. Then the differences between deterministic design optimization(DDO) and uncertainty-based design optimization(UDO) are discussed. Two newly formed uncertainty analysis methods, including the Kriging-based Monte Carlo simulation(KMCS) and Kriging-based Taylor series approximation(KTSA), are carried out using a global approximation Kriging modeling method. Based on the system design model and the results of design uncertainty analysis, the design optimization of an HRM powered vehicle for suborbital flight is implemented using three design optimization methods: DDO, KMCS and KTSA. The comparisons indicate that the two UDO methods can enhance the design reliability and robustness. The researches and methods proposed in this paper can provide a better way for the general design of HRM powered vehicles.In this paper,we propose an uncertainty analysis and design optimization method and its applications on a hybrid rocket motor(HRM)powered vehicle.The multidisciplinary design model of the rocket system is established and the design uncertainties are quantified.The sensitivity analysis of the uncertainties shows that the uncertainty generated from the error of fuel regression rate model has the most significant effect on the system performances.Then the differences between deterministic design optimization(DDO)and uncertainty-based design optimization(UDO)are discussed.Two newly formed uncertainty analysis methods,including the Kriging-based Monte Carlo simulation(KMCS)and Kriging-based Taylor series approximation(KTSA),are carried out using a global approximation Kriging modeling method.Based on the system design model and the results of design uncertainty analysis,the design optimization of an HRM powered vehicle for suborbital flight is implemented using three design optimization methods:DDO,KMCS and KTSA.The comparisons indicate that the two UDO methods can enhance the design reliability and robustness.The researches and methods proposed in this paper can provide a better way for the general design of HRM powered vehicles.     

某供油调节器卡涩故障的特征分析与诊断

给出了考虑干摩擦力的某供油调节器的动态数学模型，分析了干摩擦力对供油调节器特性的影响。研究了由于摩擦力引起的参数变化，找出了油针正负向速度这一既反映干摩擦力大小又直接影响系统特性的参数。对从实际数据中分离出的反映油针正负向移动的序列，采用波形匹配的最小二乘拟合算法，得出油针正负向速度。经过理论计算和实验数据分析，验证了此方法的可行性。     

飞行/推进系统分散控制优化设计及鲁棒性分析

以一种短距起降战斗机的飞行/推进综合控制系统设计为背景,对分散控制如何保持集中控制的性能和鲁棒性的问题提出利用优化的思想设计分散控制器.首先采用遗传算法设计集中控制器,作为分散控制的性能参考,然后给出具有接口变量的分散控制器设计方法,通过分析得出影响分散控制性能的关键因素,并通过数学推导得到以频率加权矩阵为设计参数的分散控制性能表达式,将分散控制器设计转化为优化问题,采用遗传算法求解得到分散控制器.分散控制器设计中同时用到了一种改进的平衡降阶方法.通过仿真和结构奇异值分析验证了这种优化设计方法可使分散控制达到集中式控制的性能和鲁棒性.      

带侧向膨胀的三维非对称喷管设计和性能分析

针对带侧向膨胀的三维矩形截面非对称喷管,提出了一种基于准二维特征线法的喷管设计方法,获得了基于准二维特征线法的非对称喷管设计程序.然后,根据给定的几种侧向膨胀规律,通过该设计方法获得了相应的非对称喷管构型,并将该构型与通过优化算法获得的最优构型进行了比较,结果表明:两种方法所设计的非对称喷管的上、下壁面型面基本重合,喷管壁面压力分布趋势基本一致,验证了准二维特征线法的可靠性.与最优构型的性能相比,该方法所设计的喷管构型,推力偏差低于0.60%,升力偏差低于8.07%,且该设计法将设计耗时由30.5h减少到2h,可方便地应用到带侧向膨胀喷管的初期设计中.      

面向航空铝合金薄壁深腔构件的冲击液压成形工艺优化

为实现冲击液压成形下LY12铝合金薄壁深腔构件的一道次成形,采用响应面法结合冲击液压成形实验进行成形中的工艺参数优化研究。以减薄率和贴模率为响应量,压边力和冲击压力为优化变量,建立响应量与优化变量间的响应模型。选择中心复合设计法进行实验设计,通过Design Expert 12软件设计实验方案,分别建立关于减薄率的一阶响应模型和关于贴模率的二阶响应模型。优化结果表明当压边力为1.443 MPa、冲击压力为12.594 MPa时可满足减薄率和贴模率优化条件。通过验证实验得到的筒形件其减薄率和贴模率与预测值相对误差不超过5%。研究结果表明建立的响应面模型准确性和预测性良好,采用优化后的工艺参数成形的筒形件满足减薄率和贴模率要求。     

Design and Optimization of Press Bend Forming Path for Producing Aircraft Integral Panels with Compound Curvatures

In order to find out the optimal press bend forming path in fabricating aircraft integral panels, this article proposes a new method on the basis of the authors' previous work. It is composed of the finite element method (FEM) equivalent model, the surface curvature analysis, the artificial neural network response surface and the genetic algorithm. The method begins with analyzing the objective's shape curvature to determine the bending position. Then it optimizes the punch travel at each bending position by the following steps: (1) Establish a multi-step press bend forming FEM equivalent model, with which the FEM experiments designed with the Taguchi method are performed. (2) Construct a back-propagation (BP) neural network response surface with the data from the FEM experiments. (3) Use the genetic algorithm to optimize the neural network response surface as the objective function. Finally, this method is verified by press bending a complicated double-curvature grid-type stiffened panel and bears out its effectiveness and intrinsic worth in designing the press bend forming path.     

飞行器多学科耦合伴随体系的现状与发展趋势综述

多学科耦合伴随方法具有多学科耦合灵敏度计算量与各个学科设计变量个数均基本无关等优点,是一个值得关注的发展方向。面向气动、电磁、声学、结构、红外等与飞行器设计息息相关的学科,针对多学科耦合伴随方法的优势、现状、难点以及未来发展趋势开展研究与论述,系统性地分析了单一学科、多学科伴随方法的核心内容、关键技术与发展现状,对边界条件处理、交叉学科雅克比推导以及大型稀疏矩阵存储处理、求解等关键技术进行系统讨论,针对典型的关键环节和基础科学问题,给出了研究思路与解决方案,并进一步展望了多学科耦合伴随理论与应用发展趋势。希望能够为从事多学科伴随优化方法与应用的研究人员提供有意义的参考,促进多学科耦合灵敏度这一基础科学问题以及基于高保真度分析手段的多学科优化（MDO）技术的发展。     

Neck-spinning quality analysis and optimization of process parameters for plunger components: Simulation and experimental study

The plunger component is a key part of the plunger pump in the aircraft hydraulic system. Neck-spinning process is commonly used to fabricate plunger components, of which the quality of the spinning process significantly affects the performance of plunger pumps. One of the bottlenecks faced by the industry in the spinning process is to choose a suitable neck-spinning process so as to ensure the quality of plunger components. It is necessary to propose a reliable method to optimize the process parameters which affect the neck-spinning quality of plunger components. In this study, a calculable finite element analysis (FEA) model is established to simulate the three-roller neck-spinning process of the plunger component, which includes six typical slipper structures, two roller structures, and two spinning parameters. The FEA model is then validated by comparing the simulated spinning forces with the corresponding experimental results. The influence of the process conditions on the neck-spinning quality is investigated. And the orthogonal simulation results are analyzed by a combination of range method and fuzzy mathematical analysis method to recommend a reasonable slipper structure, roller structure and neck-spinning parameters. This study provides a promising method to improve the manufacturing quality of the typical plunger components.