等离子体激励器控制平板边界层转捩实验研究

在低速射流风洞中,研究了单级介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器对光滑平板边界层转捩位置的控制作用。实验采用热线测量技术,以边界层速度脉动与平均速度型作为转捩判据。实验发现,在来流速度为15 m/s,激励器连续放电参数为输出电压峰峰值11 kV,频率4.7 kHz时,在激励器放电作用下,平板边界层转捩位置推迟约40 mm。在相同的来流条件和激励器布局下,研究了不同放电参数对边界层内速度型,速度脉动以及频谱分布的影响,发现提高放电电压、频率和占空比能进一步推迟转捩。实验结果表明:激励器产生的射流效应可以增强边界层流动的稳定性,随放电电压、频率以及占空比增强,射流能量增大,因此边界层稳定性进一步加强,转捩控制效果也更明显。     

Minimizing airfoil drag at low angles of attack with DBD-based turbulent drag reduction methods

Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) based turbulent drag reduction methods are used to reduce the total drag on a NACA 0012 airfoil at low angels of attack. The interaction of DBD with turbulent boundary layer was investigated, based on which the drag reduction experiments were conducted. The results show that unidirectional steady discharge is more effective than oscillating discharge in terms of drag reduction, while steady impinging discharge fails to finish the mission (i.e. drag increase). In the best scenario, a maximum relative drag reduction as high as 64 % is achieved at the freestream velocity of 5 m/s, and a drag reduction of 13.7 % keeps existing at the freestream velocity of 20 m/s. For unidirectional discharge, the jet velocity ratio and the dimensionless actuator spacing are the two key parameters affecting the effectiveness. The drag reduction magnitude varies inversely with the dimensionless spacing, and a threshold value of the dimensionless actuator spacing of 540 (approximately five times of the low-speed streak spacing) exists, above which the drag increases. When the jet velocity ratio smaller than 0.05, marginal drag variation is observed. In contrast, when the jet velocity ratio larger than 0.05, the experimental data bifurcates, one into the drag increase zone and the other into the drag reduction zone, depending on the value of dimensionless actuator spacing. In both zones, the drag variation magnitude increases with the jet velocity ratio. The total drag reduction can be divided into the reduction in pressure drag and turbulent friction drag, as well as the increase in friction drag brought by transition promotion. The reduction in turbulent friction drag plays an important role in the total drag reduction.     

基于CFD研究等离子体环量控制流场特性

为了研究等离子体气动激励射流在翼型钝尾缘产生Coanda效应时对流场特性的影响,基于雷诺平均N-S方程中添加体积力源项的唯象学仿真方法,建立并优化了等离子体环量控制的数值计算模型,研究了基于分离点的不同激励器位置对流场的影响规律。结果表明,优化激励器位置后环量控制的效费比ΔCL／Cμ最高可以达到113．49。分析发现,当等离子体激励产生的激励射流刚好可以将分离点推移至压力面时,机翼有效弯度增加最为明显,激励效果最好。     

基于新型丝状电极等离子体激励器的前体涡控制

本文首次将新型丝状暴露电极DBD等离子激励器应用于大迎角下细长体非对称涡控制.丝状暴露电极的材料的选择对DBD推力以及推力效率至关重要,通过地面精细推力测量对丝状暴露电极等离子体激励器进行了优化,结果表明,本文研究材料中采用钨丝作为暴露电极,其推力效率最优;且随着电极直径从d=0.3 mm减小到d=0.08 mm,DB...     

NS方程计算中耦合转捩自动判断的阻力精确计算方法初探

在Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程计算中耦合了流动转捩的自动判断以提高现有求解器预测翼型阻力的准确性.由RANS方程求得翼型表面压力分布作为层流边界层方程求解的输入参数,然后使用简化的eN-数据库转捩判断方法分析层流边界层的解得到转捩点的位置,这样随着流场的迭代求解求解器自动判断转捩点的位置.在对NLF0416翼型的气动性能计算中考虑流动转捩的因素后得到的翼型升阻力特性和实验吻合较好,验证了本文方法的正确性.     

毫秒脉冲等离子体激励改善飞翼的气动性能实验

在来流速度为30m/s时,进行了毫秒脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体激励改善飞翼气动性能的风洞实验.等离子体激励器布置在飞翼前缘,峰峰值电压为9.5kV时,放电的脉冲能量在0.1mJ/cm量级.通过六分量测力天平测力研究了脉冲激励频率和占空比对升/阻力系数、升阻比和俯仰力矩系数的作用效果.结果表明:等离子体激励可以有效改善飞翼大攻角气动特性;在最佳无量纲脉冲激励频率F+≈1时,临界失速迎角由14°提高到17°,最大升力系数提高10%;占空比对流动控制效果影响较大,减小占空比可以降低能耗,实验中最佳占空比为5%;俯仰力矩系数的变化表明施加等离子体激励改善了飞翼纵向静稳定性.      

Experimental study of an anti-icing method over an airfoil based on pulsed dielectric barrier discharge plasma

Aircraft icing has long been a plague to aviation for its serious threat to flight safety. Even though lots of methods for anti-icing have been in use or studied for quite a long time, new methods are still in great demand for both civil and military aircraft. The current study in this paper uses widely used Dielectric Barrier Discharge(DBD) plasma actuation to anti-ice on a NACA0012 airfoil model with a chord length of 53.5 cm in a closed-circuit icing wind tunnel. An actuator was installed at the leading edge of the airfoil model, and actuated by a pulsed low-temperature plasma power source. The actuator has two types of layout, a striped electrode layout and a meshy electrode layout.The ice accretion process or anti-icing process was recorded by a CCD camera and an infrared camera. Instantaneous pictures and infrared contours show that both types of DBD plasma actuators have the ability for anti-ice under a freestream velocity of 90 m/s, a static temperature of -7℃,an Median Volume droplet Diameter(MVD) of 20 lm, and an Liquid Water Content(LWC) of 0.5 g/m~3. The detected variations of temperatures with time at specific locations reveal that the temperatures oscillate for some time after spraying at first, and then tend to be nearly constant values.This shows that the key point of the anti-icing mechanism with DBD plasma actuation is to achieve a thermal equilibrium on the model surface. Besides, the power consumption in the anti-icing process was estimated in this paper by Lissajous figures measured by an oscilloscope, and it is lower than those of existing anti-icing methods. The experimental results presented in this paper indicate that the DBD plasma anti-icing method is a promising technique in the future.     

低雷诺数下层流分离的等离子体控制

为有效控制层流分离特性,消除或减弱低雷诺数时小迎角下的升力非线性现象,改善翼型升力特性,并通过翼型的上表面转捩带与油流显示测量对等离子体激励控制机理进行阐述,对厚度为16%椭圆翼型低雷诺数下的气动特性进行了风洞试验研究。在此基础上,在上表面前缘10%弦长处布置激励器,通过压力分布测量观察等离子体激励对层流分离的影响。试验结果表明：当翼型上表面仅发生层流分离时,等离子体激励和转捩带的作用类似,可以有效延迟或者消除后缘层流分离,从而增加升力;当翼型上表面出现层流分离气泡并发生再附现象时,等离子体可以有效减小或者消除层流分离泡的范围,从而减小升力;通过控制层流分离,占空循环等离子体激励可以实现对低雷诺数小迎角下的升力的线性控制。     

Flow field generated by a dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator in quiescent air at initiation stage

A single Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma actuator driven by Alternating Current (AC) power, capable of inducing a starting vortex and a wall jet in quiescent air, is suited for low-Reynolds-number flow control. However, the starting vortex and the wall jet are usually observed after the plasma actuator has been operated for dozens of and hundreds of cycles of the voltage, respectively. The detail of the induced flow field at the initiation stage of the plasma actuator has rarely been addressed. At the initiation stage, a thin jet that provides the impetus for the entrainment of the induced flow at the beginning of the plasma actuation is first observed by using a high-accuracy phase-lock Schlieren technique and a high-speed Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system. This is the initial form of the momentum transfer from the plasma to the fluid. Then, an arched type jet is created by the plasma actuator. In addition, the whole development process of the induced flow field from the starting point of the thin jet to the quasi-steady stage of wall jet is presented for providing a comprehensive understanding of the plasma actuator and proposing a relevant enhancement of the numerical simulation model.     

Numerical investigation of aerodynamic flow actuation produced by surface plasma actuator on 2D oscillating airfoil

Numerical simulation of unsteady flow control over an oscillating NACA0012 airfoil is investigated. Flow actuation of a turbulent flow over the airfoil is provided by low current DC surface glow discharge plasma actuator which is analytically modeled as an ion pressure force produced in the cathode sheath region. The modeled plasma actuator has an induced pressure force of about 2 k Pa under a typical experiment condition and is placed on the airfoil surface at 0% chord length and/or at 10% chord length. The plasma actuator at deep-stall angles(from 5° to 25°) is able to slightly delay a dynamic stall and to weaken a pressure fluctuation in down-stroke motion. As a result, the wake region is reduced. The actuation effect varies with different plasma pulse frequencies, actuator locations and reduced frequencies. A lift coefficient can increase up to 70% by a selective operation of the plasma actuator with various plasma frequencies and locations as the angle of attack changes. Active flow control which is a key advantageous feature of the plasma actuator reveals that a dynamic stall phenomenon can be controlled by the surface plasma actuator with less power consumption if a careful control scheme of the plasma actuator is employed with the optimized plasma pulse frequency and actuator location corresponding to a dynamic change in reduced frequency.     

射频介质阻挡放电改善NACA 0015翼型气动性能的实验

介质阻挡放电(DBD)均匀稳定、易于敷设,是机翼/翼型等离子体流动控制(PFC)中最常用的激励方式。射频介质阻挡放电激励频率高、放电功率大,且能在流场中产生明显的加热,应用潜力大。采用射频电源驱动DBD激励器产生等离子体,分析放电的体积力、热特性和诱导流场特性,开展了射频介质阻挡放电改善NACA 0015翼型气动性能的实验,研究了占空比、调制频率、载波频率和电源功率等参数对流动控制效果的影响规律。结果表明:射频等离子体激励的体积力效应随激励电压的增大而增加;射频等离子体激励产生的热量在诱导的流场中进行传导,加速流场;当来流速度为20m/s,Re=3.36×10~5时,在翼型前缘施加激励,使翼型临界失速迎角推迟1°,最大升力系数增大6.43%,且在过失速迎角下仍具有流动控制效果,使升力下降变缓;调制频率越大,控制效果越好;存在最佳占空比、载波频率和功率,占空比对流场控制效果的影响最显著,最佳占空比、载波频率和功率分别为20%,460kHz和50W。射频等离子体激励以体积力效应、热效应和诱导壁面射流改善失速流场,使得NACA0015翼型气动性能极大改善,流动分离得到有效控制。     

Leading-edge flow separation control over an airfoil using a symmetrical dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator

In order to promote an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of leading-edge flow separation control over an airfoil using a symmetrical Dielectric Barrier Discharge(DBD) plasma actuator excited by a steady-mode excitation, an experimental investigation of an SC(2)-0714 supercritical airfoil with a symmetrical DBD plasma actuator was performed in a closed chamber and a low-speed wind tunnel. The plasma actuator was mounted at the leading edge of the airfoil.Time-resolved Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) results of the near-wall region in quiescent air suggested that the symmetrical DBD plasma actuator could induce some coherent structures in the separated shear layer, and these structures were linked to a dominant frequency of f0= 39 Hz when the peak-to-peak voltage of the plasma actuator was 9.8 kV. In addition, an analysis of flow structures without and with plasma actuation around the upper side of the airfoil at an angle of attack of18° for a wind speed of 3 m/s(Reynolds number Re = 20000) indicated that the dynamic process of leading-edge flow separation control over an airfoil could be divided into three stages. Initially, this plasma actuator could reinforce the shedding vortices in the separated shear layer. Then, these vortical structures could deflect the separated flow towards the wall by promoting the mixing between the outside flow with a high kinetic energy and the flow near the surface. After that, the plasma actuator induced a series of rolling vortices in the vicinity of the suction side of the airfoil, and these vortical structures could transfer momentum from the leading edge of the airfoil to the separated region, resulting in a reattachment of the separated flow around the airfoil.     

壁面温度控制对平板边界层影响的数值研究

通过对零压力梯度的平板边界层流动施加温度控制,展开壁面温度控制对平板层流边界层和湍流边界层影响的研究,探索温度控制对平板转捩雷诺数和壁面摩擦阻力的影响规律。采用带有转捩模式的三方程湍流模型对平板边界层流动进行数值模拟,重点考察了壁面摩阻系数、平板转捩雷诺数、湍流边界层流动随壁面温度变化的规律。计算结果表明在壁面温度从288 K 增大到432 K 时,边界层转捩雷诺数增大约36%,表面摩擦阻力减少约9.6%。研究分析表明：加热控制使层流区域温度边界层内粘性作用增强,雷诺切应力和湍动能减小,流动更加稳定;而湍流区域边界层内粘性底层中速度梯度和粘性切应力减小,导致壁面处摩擦切应力减小。因此壁面加热控制可以延迟边界层转捩,减小湍流区摩阻系数,并减小平板摩擦阻力。     

等离子体激励控制激波与边界层干扰流动分离数值研究

针对高超声速进气道激波与边界层干扰流动分离控制问题,提出了一种低功率重频非定常激励方式,并基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程,从唯象学的角度出发,将等离子激励简化为功率密度源项,对比研究了定常与低功率重频非定常等离子体气动激励的作用机理与控制效果。结果表明:定常激励的能量沉积作用对于激波控制非常有效,并可诱导出斜激波,但是对于流动分离控制而言,其能量沉积显然过于强大,反而会使流动分离更加严重,无法满足控制要求;当采用低功率重频非定常激励方式时,对于不同功率密度的情况均存在最佳激励时长与频率,当功率密度为5.0×109W/m3时,最大射流速度可以达到895m/s,并且可以在一定程度上减弱激波与边界层干扰流动分离。      

Recent developments in thermal characteristics of surface dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators driven by sinusoidal high-voltage power

Flow control using surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge(DBD) plasma actuators driven by a sinusoidal alternating-current power supply has gained significant attention from the aeronautic industry. The induced flow field of the plasma actuator, with the starting vortex in the wall jet,plays an important role in flow control. However, the energy consumed for producing the induced flow field is only a small fraction of the total energy utilized by the plasma actuator, and most of the total energy i...     

翼型分离流动的等离子体控制数值分析方法研究

利用等离子体进行流动控制是当前的研究热点之一.本文研究通过数值方法模拟等离子体对流场作用的实现方法,及利用数值模拟方法研究翼型大迎角分离流动的等离子体控制.利用CFD软件Fluent中的自定义函数接口,通过C语言编程在软件中引入DBD等离子体激励模型外加体积力源项,对NACA0015翼型大迎角下的等离子体控制进行数值模拟.验证DBD等离子体激励在抑制流动分离与增升减阻方面的作用.结果表明：流动控制效果与DBD激励器布置位置有直接关系;激励器的数量与激励强度均会影响流动控制作用.     

Flow separation control on swept wing with nanosecond pulse driven DBD plasma actuators

A 15° swept wing with dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator is designed.Experimental study of flow separation control with nanosecond pulsed plasma actuation is performed at flow velocity up to 40 m/s. The effects of the actuation frequency and voltage on the aerodynamic performance of the swept wing are evaluated by the balanced force and pressure measurements in the wind tunnel. At last, the performances on separation flow control of the three types of actuators with plane and saw-toothed exposed electrodes are compared. The optimal actuation frequency for the flow separation control on the swept wing is detected, namely the reduced frequency is 0.775, which is different from 2-D airfoil separation control. There exists a threshold voltage for the low swept wing flow control. Before the threshold voltage, as the actuation voltage increases, the control effects become better. The maximum lift is increased by 23.1% with the drag decreased by 22.4% at 14°, compared with the base line. However, the best effects are obtained on actuator with plane exposed electrode in the low-speed experiment and the abilities of saw-toothed actuators are expected to be verified under high-speed conditions.     

纳秒等离子体激励控制翼型流动分离机理研究

为研究纳秒介质阻挡放电(NSDBD)等离子体控制翼型流动分离的物理机理,采用已建立的NSDBD唯象学模型耦合非定常Navier-Stokes方程模拟纳秒等离子体对流场的作用。使用非定常雷诺平均NavierStokes方程(URANS)和大涡模拟(LES)两种求解方法,研究纳秒等离子体激励对NACA0015翼型流动分离控制。结果表明:NSDBD等离子体激励促使边界层提前转捩,转捩对控制流动分离起重要作用;NSDBD激励开始时在翼型前缘形成展向涡,展向涡促使分离剪切层失稳并最终进入尾迹,展向涡贴近壁面运动,将外区的高能气流带入近壁区,使上翼面流场结构发生变化,然后翼型前缘流动提前转捩促使流动经过一个小层流分离泡后发生湍流再附,最终在上翼面形成稳定的附着流动。     

耦合Navier-Stokes方程的可压缩边界层数值求解

为了在Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程计算中耦合eN方法进行转捩判断,在RANS方程求解过程中耦合求解了可压缩层流边界层方程为判断转捩提供了精确、可靠的边界层信息.利用等熵关系由RANS方程求出的物面压力分布确定边界层外边界的速度分布,进一步确定出边界层外边界.边界层方程的求解使用Keller提出的二阶BOX方法.为了验证方法求解边界层方程的正确性,在低速流动状态下将计算结果和XFOIL的计算得到的边界层解进行了比较,二者吻合较好.     

等离子体流动控制研究进展与展望

等离子体流动控制是基于等离子体气动激励的新型主动流动控制技术,具有响应时间短、激励频带宽等显著技术优势,在改善飞行器/发动机空气动力特性方面具有广阔的应用前景,已成为国际上等离子体动力学与空气动力学交叉领域的前沿研究热点。鉴于此,从介质阻挡放电(DBD)、电弧放电等离子体气动激励特性,等离子体气动激励抑制流动分离、控制附面层、控制激波与激波/附面层干扰、控制压气机与涡轮内部流动、控制管道流动和飞行控制等方面,综合评述了国际上等离子体流动控制的研究进展情况;从创新等离子体气动激励方式,揭示等离子体气动激励与复杂流动的非定常耦合机制,突破等离子体流动控制系统关键技术等方面,对未来的发展进行展望。