共信道干扰环境下星基ADS-B系统监视性能

星基广播式自动相关监视系统（星基ADS-B）是实现广域范围内航空器监视的主要技术手段。为揭示星基ADS-B系统共信道干扰对系统监视性能的影响，提出了星基ADS-B系统监视容量的计算方法。首先给出了星基ADS-B系统模型，随后理论分析给出消息正确接收概率、位置消息更新间隔及位置报告更新间隔的计算公式，以此为基础给出了星基ADS-B系统监视容量的计算公式，最后基于SNS软件构建了星基ADS-B仿真系统，仿真验证了理论结果的正确性。研究表明：星基ADS-B系统的监视容量由ADS-B应用子系统所要求的航空器位置报告更新间隔、航空器-卫星链路的误码率、星-地面站链路的误码率及卫星数目联合确定。     

基于IMMKF算法的ADS-B监视应用目标跟踪

目标跟踪是机载广播式自动相关监视（ADS-B）应用的基础功能,对提升航空器周边的弱机动民航飞机目标跟踪性能具有重要意义。提出一种基于交互式多模型卡尔曼滤波（IMMKF）算法的ADS-B 监视应用目标跟踪方法。首先,针对弱机动背景下的民航飞机的飞行特点,建立包含匀速模型和标准协同转弯模型的运动模型集,并对模型进行线性化近似;然后,将模型预测和ADS-B 状态矢量量测数据作为IMMKF 算法中多个并行卡尔曼滤波器的输入,进行并行滤波;最后,计算得到目标状态矢量的估计和模型近似概率,并作为下一次迭代的输入。结果表明：相比于基于匀速模型的卡尔曼滤波目标跟踪方法,IMMKF 方法的位置跟踪误差降低了59%,速度跟踪误差降低了77%,显著提升了状态估计性能,具备较高的跟踪精度、稳健性与计算效率,在ADS-B 监视应用中具有实际应用价值与借鉴意义。     

星基ADS-B接收机监视容量分析

星基广播式自动相关监视（ADS-B）系统是实现广域范围内航空器监视的重要技术手段。星基ADS-B系统内部存在严重的共信道干扰,共信道干扰限制了系统的监视性能。为了定量给出星基ADS-B接收机监视容量的计算方法,首先,给出了星基ADS-B系统的模型;随后,通过理论分析得到了星基ADS-B接收机报文冲突概率及报文正确接收概率,以此为基础理论,分析得出星基ADS-B接收机位置报文更新间隔及监视容量的计算方法;最后,构建了星基ADS-B仿真系统,仿真验证了理论计算公式的正确性。研究表明：星基ADS-B接收机的监视容量由飞机-卫星空天链路的误码率及ADS-B应用子系统所要求的位置报文更新间隔联合决定。     

Study of ADS-B Data Evaluation

In western China, the terrain and meteorological conditions are so complex that it is not suitable to construct new radar stations. Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) is a totally new surveillance method, so before practically applied and operated in China, abundant tests and evaluations are necessary to validate the performance of ADS-B and guarantee the operational security. During the flight tests, we collect the data of radar, ADS-B and high accuracy position and compare the performance of ADS-B with radar based on high accuracy position. To solve the asynchronous problem among radar data, ADS-B data and real-time kinematic (RTK) data caused by different update rates, this article proposes the technique of synchronizing multi-surveillance data by extrapolating from the data of low update rate to high update rate according to velocity and heading. Meanwhile, because radar data, ADS-B data and RTK data are expressed in different coordinates and cannot be compared each other, this article provides a method to unifying the coordinates of multi-surveillance data. By the analysis and evaluation, we can conclude that the performance of ADS-B is better than radar.     

Separation of SSR Signals by Array Processing in Multilateration Systems

Location and identification of cooperating aircraft in the airport area (and beyond) may be implemented by multilateration (MLAT) systems using the secondary surveillance radar (SSR) mode S signals. Most of these signals, spontaneously emitted from on-board mode S transponders at a fixed carrier frequency, arrive randomly at the receiving station, as well as many mode A/C replies from legacy transponders still in use. Several SSR signals are, then, overlapped in multiple aircraft situations. Therefore, the aim of this work is the separation of overlapped SSR signals, i.e., signals superimposed in time at receiving stations. We improve the MLAT receiving station by replacing the single antenna by an array of m elements and using array signal processing techniques. In the literature, several algorithms address the general source separation problem, but a very few of them are specifically designed for a mixture of overlapping SSR replies. Unfortunately, all of them have either some shortcomings, or an expensive computational cost, or no simple practical implementation. In this paper, we use the time sparsity property of the sources to propose more reliable, simpler, and more effective algorithms based on projection techniques to separate multiple SSR signals. Real recorded signals in a live environment are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.     

飞机起飞着陆性能智能计算模型及应用

提出了一种飞机起飞着陆性能智能计算思路。详细分析了影响飞机高原起飞着陆性能的主要因素,提出了高原起飞着陆性能智能计算的一般模型,然后采用支持向量机(Support Vector Machines,SVM)对某型飞机高原起飞滑跑距离实测数据进行了建模和验算,同时为说明支持向量机模型适合工程使用、精度高、推广性高的优点,还与贝叶斯正则化BP神经网络(BRBP)、RBF神经网络(RBF)、自适应神经模糊推理系统(ANFIS)做了比较。计算结果表明,支持向量机具有很好的推广性能,得到的结果优于BRBP,RBF和ANFIS等智能计算方法,推广误差能够满足工程的实际需要。该模型对于发展和丰富飞行器起飞着陆性能计算理论具有一定的参考价值。     

EBAA：An efficient broadcast authentication scheme for ADS-B communication based on IBS-MR

Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast （ADS-B） systems can broadcast satellitebased aircraft position, identification, etc., periodically, and are now on track to replace radar to become the backbone of next-generation air traffic management （ATM） systems. However, ADS-B systems suffer severe cyber-security problems due to the broadcast-type data link and the lack of designed-in security measures. Especially, since ADS-B messages are unauthenticated, it is easy to insert fake aircraft into a system via spoofing or insertion of false messages. Unfortu- nately, the authentication for ADS-B messages has not yet been well studied. In this paper, based on identity-based signature with message recovery （IBS-MR）, an efficient broadcast authentication scheme for ADS-B messages is proposed. The security analysis demonstrates that the scheme can achieve authenticity and integrity of ADS-B broadcast messages, as well as adaptive evolution of broadcasters＇ private keys. The performance evaluation shows that the scheme is computationally efficient for typical avionics devices with limited resources. Furthermore, the scheme achieves low communication overhead since broadcast messages can be recovered from signatures, and thus it is suitable for low-bandwidth ADS-B data link.     

一种基于ADS-B、WAM和雷达的组合监视方法及其架构

978MHz的广播式自动相关监视系统(ADS-B)技术在通用航空空管领域有广泛应用。中国民航飞行学院在我国首次应用ADS-B系统。从2005年至今,中国民航学院的所有5个机场建立了地面基站,150架飞机加装了机载ADS-B系统,系统运转良好,极大地提高了训练飞行的安全性和空域的利用率。为保证系统数据的精度和完整性,本文介绍了一种方法,即实现多种导航覆盖的ADS-B、广域多点相关系统(WAMLAT)和雷达监视的组合方法,以提高空中交通监视的可靠性,满足空中交通监视所需的导航精度、导航完整性和监视完整性要求。这种综合构型监视方法,将有助于推动多监视源的应用。     

面向机载综合监视系统的ADS-B技术综述

广播式自动相关监视（ADS-B）作为机载综合监视系统（ISS）的新增重要组成部分,在保证飞机飞行安全的前提下,在监视成本和效率方面展现出优势,引领了未来监视技术的发展。本文首先介绍了ADS-B系统功能与优劣势,梳理了国内外技术和产品现状;然后从保障飞行安全和高效的角度出发,分析和综述了机载ISS中ADS-B的关键技术,并详细阐述了技术内涵及难点;最后结合下一代空域运行理念,探讨和展望了技术发展趋势,提出了4个ADS-B技术的未来发展方向,为推动ADS-B技术在实际运行与理论研究方面的发展提供参考。     

Aircraft health management network: A user interface

Network management is one of the most discussed topics in the networking fraternity. The efficiency of the network management suit is measured by the number of parameters/components handled by the application while making decisions. In the case of internet-enabled aircrafts, along with network security, even aircraft safety needs to be considered as a factor while designing the Network Management suit. This requires the Network Management suit to monitor/analyze the aircraft-related data (avionics data, physical security parameters, etc.) while determining the proper functioning of the overall system. Herein, these authors present a framework for Network Management suit that, along with network health, monitors inputs from avionics, video surveillance system, weather monitoring system, and manual pilot alarms, and based on the situation, reconfigures the on-board networking devices to stream appropriate flight-critical data to the ground station. The proposed framework attempts to provide a comprehensive user interface for the flight health monitoring crew with all relevant data.     

ADS-B监视报文参数统计及其所需性能

基于广播式自动相关监视（ADS-B）报文的位置导航不确定性指标（NUC_P）的监视质量备受关注。针对位置导航不确定性参数好、监视质量却不高的问题，深入研究广播式自动相关监视报文数据项及其与基于性能的通信与监视的相关性。在充分考虑通信导航监视相关性及全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）广域增强等因素基础上，推导、构建了监视所需性能估计模型，并给予合理简化。在测试空域利用2个具有运行资质的生产商ADS-B接收站，连续采集近2亿条ADS-B报文，统计分析报文各信息项的状态参数，并应用到所需性能估计模型评估计算这两个ADS-B站的所需监视性能。此外还将参考文献报文参数代入模型评估所需性能。结果显示，当考虑报文各信息项统计状态及具备广域增强服务支撑时，ADS-B所需监视性能参数估计值未达到99.9%要求。若缺乏广域增强服务及相关性因素等，系统所需性能与国际民航组织（ICAO）监视要求的差距则更大。     

基于BiGRU-SVDD的ADS-B异常数据检测模型

广播式自动相关监视（ADS-B）作为新一代空管监视技术,由于采用明文方式广播发送数据,因而存在易遭受网络攻击的安全问题。为了准确检测ADS-B数据攻击行为,在充分考虑时间相关性的基础上,提出了针对ADS-B数据的异常数据检测模型。首先利用双向门控循环单元（BiGRU）神经网络预测ADS-B数据,得到了ADS-B数据预测值。再将预测值和实际值作差,将差值放入支持向量数据描述（SVDD）训练,得到了能检测ADS-B异常数据的超球体分类器。并且,选择了合适的滑动窗口,在保证异常检测准确率的同时,缩短BiGRU神经网络的训练时长。实验结果表明,BiGRU-SVDD模型能检测出随机位置偏移攻击、高度偏差攻击、重放攻击、拒绝服务（DOS）等攻击下的ADS-B异常数据。并且,与其他机器学习和深度学习方法相比,BiGRU-SVDD异常检测模型的准确率更佳,适应性更优。     

Data communications concept for a SATS scenario

The small aircraft transportation system (SATS) concept envisions doorstop to destination transportation in a safe and timely manner. Data communications are a key component in achieving the aviation-related operational performance improvements that are sought. However, data communication doesn't start when you get into the aircraft; it starts back at the location where the flight is planned. In fact, data communications support the pilot in all phases of the flight: flight planning, pre-flight, departure, en route, transition, approach, landing, and rollout as well as for a missed approach. The Internet is being used to perform flight planning activities, and the mobile communications available today support Internet access en route to the departure airfield. On-board the aircraft, data communications provide surveillance and air traffic control (ATC) support to the pilot. The location of other aircraft is available to the pilot and ATC system through automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) and traffic information service-broadcast (TIS-B) applications that transmit the location of other aircraft in the vicinity. Other aircraft locations are used to forecast potential conflicts and, thus, enhance flight safety. As the aircraft nears a SATS-equipped airfield, the pilot uses data link messages to request a landing sequence. The airport management module (AMM) provides a landing sequence assignment to the aircraft. As the pilot maneuvers the aircraft for a landing, he/she is using data-linked surveillance data to determine the location of other aircraft and maintain a safe separation distance between aircraft even in a low visibility environment.     

ADS-B统计数据的位置导航不确定类别质量分析

为实现广播式自动相关监视(ADS-B)航迹与雷达航迹的高质量融合,必须对ADS-B航迹和雷达航迹数据质量进行分析。在分析实际ADS-B航迹数据的基础上,提出以航路为参考基准验证ADS-B航迹数据精度及完好性的方法。根据ADS-B报文中的位置导航不确定类别(NUCp)值,统计航迹点与航路中心线的水平偏差并将其作为位置实际误差,运用分位数-分位数图法对位置实际误差进行正态分布检验,得出置信水平为99%的实际误差置信区间,即在不同NUCp值下可信赖的位置误差范围。实验结果表明,在采用加权平均法进行航迹融合时,与传统权重分配相比,对于NUCp值为5或6的ADS-B航迹数据可增大权重,而对于NUCp值为7的数据则应减小权重。     

Analysis of object positioning accuracy provided by range-finding systems of various types

The accuracy of determining the aircraft coordinates by range-finding systems of various types was analyzed. Consideration was given to cooperative processing of range-finding, aggregate and difference range measurements made by multilateral surveillance systems..     

高度修正实现刚度等效的梁结构有限元建模方法

民用飞机中对于梁结构的有限元建模,一般采用刚度等效方法将梁建成杆单元与剪切板单元的组合形式,这种有限元简化方法仅能保证截面刚度与真实截面刚度近似等效,但有限元中的截面面积与实际面积却相差较大,致使有限元分析的结果不能准确反映结构严重部位的应力情况。针对传统刚度等效有限元建模方法的不足,提出一种采用高度修正的刚度等效有限元建模方法;将该方法的计算结果与传统建模方法的计算结果、理论计算结果、试验测量结果进行对比。结果表明：本文提出的高度修正的有限元建模方法比传统杆板系建模方法更准确,与试验结果更接近。将该方法用于民用飞机结构有限元建模,能够对真实结构进行更准确地模拟,分析结果也更精确,对民用飞机结构的强度分析和安全保障具有重要的意义。     

航空器预测性维修技术研发应用态势分析

以航空器实时数据采集、传输和分析为基础的预测性维修技术已成为业界的发展趋势之一。本文从航空器维修的技术内涵和系统定位出发,以论文和专利数据为表征,提取预测性维修研究热点,系统梳理预测性维修技术的发展现状和趋势,分析人工智能、维修自动化、无人机、工业机器人、智能供应链等新一代信息技术在航空器预测性维修中的应用。在归纳预测性维修框架和关键技术的基础上,给出航空器预测性维修技术自主化策略建议。     

A reduced-order model for integrated GPS/INS

The dominant factor in determining the computation time of the Kalman filter is the dimension n of the model state vector. The number of computations per iteration is on the order of n³. Any reduction in the number of states will benefit directly in terms of increased computation time. In this paper, a high order model in integrated GPS/INS is described first, then a reduced-order model based on the high-order model, is developed. Finally, a faster tracking approach for Kalman filters is discussed. A typical aircraft trajectory is designed for a complex high-dynamic aircraft flight experiment. A Monte Carlo analysis shows that the reduced order model presented in this paper provides satisfactory accuracy for aircraft navigation     

机载ADS-B技术现状与发展趋势

随着广播式自动相关监视( ADS-B )技术的发展与广泛应用,国外涌现出许多 ADS-B 设备研制商,开发出多种应用于不同平台、具有不同功能构型的 ADS灢B 产品。从搭载平台与功能构型两个视角出发,对国内外机载 ADS-B 产品进行分类;分析航线飞机、通航飞机以及无人机载 ADS灢B 产品的功能与技术特点,并针对当前 ADS-B 系统面临航空器监视应用开发、安全性、密集干扰环境下接收增强、1090ES 链路扩容等难点问题,分析讨论技术途径并提出发展建议。     

基于模型预测静态规划的自适应轨迹跟踪算法

轨迹跟踪是飞机自主运动控制的关键问题之一。跟踪模型预测静态规划（T-MPSP）是一种新近发展的基于非线性模型的轨迹跟踪算法,但对于飞行器受损等情况下,模型参数相较于标称模型具有较大的偏差时,则可能导致轨迹跟踪效果不理想。提出了基于参数估计的自适应轨迹跟踪算法,在模型预测静态规划（MPSP）的框架下得出解析解,实现了对参数的实时估计,据此更新跟踪模型预测静态规划算法中所使用的模型后,可以有效扩大对参数偏离的适应性,并保留模型预测静态规划计算效率高的特点。通过仿真对比得出,相较于已有的跟踪模型预测静态规划,改进后的算法对模型参数偏离的容忍性明显提高,且算法迭代效率高,适于在线应用。