高精度数值方法在DNS中的应用

利用不同格式模拟扰动波在平板边界层中的传播,考察了格式对T-S波传播过程计算结果的影响。研究了不同计算格式对自由剪切层扰动波增长的影响,结果表明:对于二维扰动波模型,采用二阶精度格式,扰动波在平板边界层中只能出现衰减的结果;在自由剪切层中,虽然能模拟出扰动波在传播过程中幅值的增长,但却在相当长的计算范围内看不见三维波的出现。但对于同样的扰动模型,如果采用高精度格式,在边界层中能出现增长的T-S波,并与线性理论非常吻合;在自由剪切层中,扰动波不仅迅速增长,并能在不很长的距离内,明显的看到三维波的出现,并激发出了三维结构。      

恒热流斜板自然对流边界层的稳定性研究

对恒热流条件下的斜板自然对流边界层的稳定性进行了分析及数值模拟.研究发现在一定的倾角和Prandtl数范围内,三维波可存在两种不稳定模态,其临界频率分别接近于重力内波和二维T-S(Tol-mien-Schlichting)波的频率.更为特殊的是,在适当条件下该三维波模态可比二维T-S波更不稳定.这一看似违反Squire定理的结果是由于控制方程中的浮力项造成的.数值模拟初步验证了三维波的临界特性.由于稳定性总是同层流至湍流的转捩过程密切相关,计算结果可为高效换热翅片的设计提供理论依据.      

Flutter control of a composite plate with piezoelectric multilayered actuators

Active flutter velocity enhancement scheme is presented for lifting surfaces, employing Linear Quadratic Gaussian based multi-input multi-output controller with multilayered piezoelectric actuators. To numerically test the developed concept, a composite plate wing, surface bonded with eight piezoelectric bender actuators and sensors has been considered. A modal flutter control model is formulated in state-space domain using coupled piezoelectric finite element procedures along with unsteady aerodynamics and optimal control theory. The bending – torsion flutter instability has been actively postponed from 44.13 to 55.5 m/s using the energy imparted by the multilayered piezoelectric actuators. As the power requirement by these actuators is comparatively very low with respect to stack actuators, they can be employed in an integrated form to develop active lifting surfaces for real time applications.     

高精度数值方法与非线性扰动研究

通过数值模拟扰动波在平板边界层中的传播,考察了格式对T-S波传播过程计算的精确性。本文还研究了波-波与涡-涡两种典型的非线性扰动模型,结果表明:在自由剪切层中,波-波模型能加快扰动的增长速度,并激发出了λ结构,但仍然经过了线性失稳阶段;在钝体头部的超声速边界层中,涡-涡模型通过涡-涡相互作用,产生“发卡”结构,进而出现湍流斑。在此过程中,没有线性失稳的迹象。     

局部扰动对平板边界层流动稳定性影响的研究

在壁面上构建局部扰动,数值研究不同特征的局部扰动对平板边界层流动稳定性影响的作用机理,进一步探讨壁面扰动的分布、类型、强度大小对三维扰动波在平板边界层流动中的非线性演化规律以及失稳机制的问题.确定什么样的局部扰动能使三维扰动波快速增长或者是什么样的局部扰动能对流动起抑制的作用,同时寻求在三维扰动波向下游发展过程中的传播方向会发生怎样的变化等.对该问题的深入研究,将使人们能深入理解认识平板边界层流动过程中的转捩发生、流动失稳及湍流形成的理论机制.     

Fourier伪谱方法在不可压缩平板边界层研究中的应用

以三维不可压缩平板边界层为研究对象,扰动形式N-S方程为控制方程,从空间模式的角度,直接数值模拟了三维不稳定T-S波传播的过程.时间离散采用三阶精度混合显隐分裂格式,空间离散则结合Fourier伪谱方法及高精度紧致有限差分逼近,法向采用非等间距网格坐标变换,出口边界条件采用嵌边函数法,程序采用MPI(Message passing interface)并行方法编写.实例验证,该方法计算结果与流动稳定性分析的结果一致.      

Closed-loop dynamic control allocation for aircraft with multiple actuators

A closed-loop control allocation method is proposed for a class of aircraft with multiple actuators. Nonlinear dynamic inversion is used to design the baseline attitude controller and derive the desired moment increment. And a feedback loop for the moment increment produced by the deflections of actuators is added to the angular rate loop, then the error between the desired and actual moment increment is the input of the dynamic control allocation. Subsequently, the stability of the closed-loop dynamic control allocation system is analyzed in detail. Especially, the closedloop system stability is also analyzed in the presence of two types of actuator failures: loss of effectiveness and lock-in-place actuator failures, where a fault detection subsystem to identify the actuator failures is absent. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a canard rotor/wing (CRW) aircraft model in fixed-wing mode, which has multiple actuators for flight control. The nonlinear simulation demonstrates that this method can guarantee the stability and tracking performance whether the actuators are healthy or fail.     

后掠平板横流不稳定性

本文研究了无限后掠平板三维边界层的横流不稳定性，证明行进波和定常波几平同时失稳，且行进波比定常波更不稳定；     

Rotational maneuver of nonlinear uncertain elastic spacecraft

The question of attitude control and elastic mode stabilization of a spacecraft (orbiter) with beam-tip-mass-type payloads is considered. A three-axis moment control law is derived to control the attitude of the spacecraft. The derivation of the control moments acting on the spacecraft does not require any information on the system dynamics. The control law includes a reference model and a dynamic compensator in the feedback path. For damping out the elastic motion excited by the slewing maneuver, an elastic mode stabilizer is designed. The stabilization is achieved by modal velocity feedback using force and torque actuators located at the payload end of the elastic beam. Collocated actuators and sensors provide robust stabilization. Simulation results are presented to show that rotational maneuvers and vibration stabilization can be accomplished in the closed-loop systems despite the presence of model uncertainty and disturbance torque in the system     

基于机敏材料的冗余度柔性机器人复模态主动控制

研究了基于机敏材料的冗余度柔性机器人的振动主动控制问题。应用复模态理论对机器人的动力学方程进行解耦 ,建立了受控系统的状态空间表达式。利用极小值原理设计了连续LQR状态反馈控制器 ,并根据对偶原理设计了具有指定稳定度的Luenberger全维状态观测器。平面 3R冗余度柔性机器人的仿真算例表明 ,该方法可以显著改善受控系统的动力学性能。     

Linear stability analysis of interactions between mixing layer and boundary layer flows

The linear instabilities of incompressible confluent mixing layer and boundary layer were analyzed.The mixing layers include wake,shear layer and their combination.The mean velocity profile of confluent flow is taken as a superposition of a hyperbolic and exponential function to model a mixing layer and the Blasius similarity solution for a flat plate boundary layer.The stability equation of confluent flow was solved by using the global numerical method.The unstable modes associated with both the mixing and boundary layers were identified.They are the boundary layer mode,mixing layer mode 1 (nearly symmetrical mode) and mode 2 (nearly anti-symmetrical mode).The interactions between the mixing layer stability and the boundary layer stability were examined.As the mixing layer approaches the boundary layer,the neutral curves of the boundary layer mode move to the upper left,the resulting critical Reynolds number decreases,and the growth rate of the most unstable mode increases.The wall tends to stabilize the mixing layer modes at low frequency.In addition,the mode switching behavior of the relative level of the spatial growth rate between the mixing layer mode 1 and mode 2 with the velocity ratio is found to occur at low frequency.     

宏观机敏机构的振动主动控制

研究了具有压电作动器与应变传感器的柔性连杆机构的振动主动控制问题。应用复模态理论对宏观机敏机构的动力学方程进行解耦,建立了包含系统噪声与观测噪声的受控系统状态空间表达式,并分别设计了离散LQG状态反馈控制器与离散Kalma。滤波器。宏观机敏机构的在线振动控制实验表明,柔性连杆的应变峰值降低了80％,机构的动力学性能得到了显著改善。     

Independent modal variable structure fuzzy active vibration control of thin plates laminated with photostrictive actuators

Photostrictive actuators can produce photodeformation strains under illumination of ultraviolet lights. They can realize non-contact micro-actuation and vibration control for elastic plate structures. Considering the switching actuation and nonlinear dynamic characteristics of photostrictive actuators, a variable structure fuzzy active control scheme is presented to control the light intensity applied to the actuators. Firstly, independent modal vibration control equations of photoelectric laminated plates are established based on modal analysis techniques. Then, the optimal light switching function is derived to increase the range of sliding modal area, and the light intensity self-adjusting fuzzy active controller is designed. Meanwhile, a continuous function is applied to replace a sign function to reduce the variable structure control (VSC) chattering. Finally, numerical simulation is carried out, and simulation results indicate that the proposed control strategy provides better performance and control effect to plate actuation and control than velocity feedback control, and suppresses vibration effectively.     

Adaptive Integral-type Sliding Mode Control for Spacecraft Attitude Maneuvering Under Actuator Stuck Failures

A fault tolerant control (FTC) design technique against actuator stuck faults is investigated using integral-type sliding mode control (ISMC) with application to spacecraft attitude maneuvering control system. The principle of the proposed FTC scheme is to design an integral-type sliding mode attitude controller using on-line parameter adaptive updating law to compensate for the effects of stuck actuators. This adaptive law also provides both the estimates of the system parameters and external disturbances such that a prior knowledge of the spacecraft inertia or boundedness of disturbances is not required. Moreover, by including the integral feedback term, the designed controller can not only tolerate actuator stuck faults, but also compensate the disturbances with constant components. For the synthesis of controller, the fault time, patterns and values are unknown in advance, as motivated from a practical spacecraft control application. Complete stability and performance analysis are presented and illustrative simulation results of application to a spacecraft show that high precise attitude control with zero steady-error is successfully achieved using various scenarios of stuck failures in actuators.     

Active flutter suppression of a multiple-actuated-wing wind tunnel model

In this study, a multi-input/multi-output（MIMO） time-delay feedback controller is designed to actively suppress the flutter instability of a multiple-actuated-wing（MAW） wind tunnel model in the low subsonic flow regime. The unsteady aerodynamic forces of the MAW model are computed based on the doublet-lattice method（DLM）. As the first attempt, the conventional linear quadratic-Gaussian（LQG） controller is designed to actively suppress the flutter of the MAW model. However, because of the time delay in the control loop, the wind tunnel tests illustrate that the LQG-controlled MAW model has no guaranteed stability margins. To compensate the time delay, hence, a time-delay filter, approximated via the first-order Pade approximation, is added to the LQG controller. Based on the time-delay feedback controller, a new digital control system is constructed by using a fixed-point and embedded digital signal processor（DSP） of high performance. Then, a number of wind tunnel tests are implemented based on the digital control system.The experimental results show that the present time-delay feedback controller can expand the flutter boundary of the MAW model and suppress the flutter instability of the open-loop aeroelastic system effectively.     

钝体头部边界层“逾越”型转捩机理研究

利用数值模拟的方法,研究了再入条件下,钝头体边界层中一种新的失稳机制.这种失稳机制无法用线性稳定性理论解释.最近的研究工作表明,流动中存在着一种与局部有限幅值扰动相关的失稳机制.它与常规的T-S波或二次失稳的过程不同.数值模拟了受空间模式的局部扰动影响的钝体头部超声速边界层的失稳过程.在模拟中,明确了不同扰动模型非线性相互作用的物理机制.      

局部抽吸对边界层流动稳定性的影响和控制研究

在边界层壁面上,设计局部抽吸结构,采用直接数值模拟的方法,获得稳定的三维基本流.在此基础上,研究稳定及最不稳定的二维扰动T-S波的时、空演化机制;进一步探讨了局部抽吸的形式、强度大小及分布结构对二维T-S波的非线性演化影响及其对增长率的贡献大小.结果表明,局部抽吸结构诱导产生的三维基本流是扰动波得以快速增长的一个关键性因素,这是由于平均流剖面的改变及展向速度的出现,增强了流体运动中的不稳定性、扩大了中性曲线的不稳定区域范围.在最不稳定的二维扰动T-S波的非线性演化过程中,由于非线性作用的不断增强,逐渐激发产生出三维扰动波及高次谐波,其三维扰动波的流向波数和频率与二维扰动波的流向波数和频率相同;同时展向速度的大小对二维扰动波的增长、流动的失稳、流向涡的形成等方面都起着激励的作用.随着时、空的不断发展和非线性作用的迅速加强,正、负相间的流向涡逐渐形成,强度逐渐增大,流向涡的影响区域也在不断扩大,涡的形状逐渐拉伸变长,并出现强的剪切层,流动开始失稳等其它机制;这些结论与文献[4、5]的结果相吻合.     

局部凸起对可压缩平板边界层稳定性的影响

在采用直接数值模拟(DNS)方法计算得到来流马赫数为4.5的带局部凸起的可压缩平板边界层基本流的基础上,基于线性稳定性理论(LST) 进行稳定性分析,通过求解扰动方程研究了不同频率的扰动波与不同高度的局部凸起的相互作用,定义了穿透系数来研究局部凸起对流动稳定性的影响.研究结果表明:当局部凸起高度小于0.2个边界层厚度时局部凸起对来流的影响是局部的;局部凸起使频率小于最不稳定波频率的扰动波更不稳定,对频率大于最不稳定波频率的扰动波有稳定作用,其中最不稳定波频率是指局部凸起中心位置处平板边界层中第2模态最不稳定波的频率;穿透系数定量刻画了局部凸起对稳定性的影响,高度为0.2个边界层厚度的局部凸起引起e-N方法中N值的修正量达到0.8,接近转捩位置处N值的10%,在转捩预测中必须考虑.      

不可压平板边界层转捩机理

基于扰动形式N-S方程,从空间模式的角度,采用Fourier伪谱及MPI(massage passing interface)并行方法,模拟了不可压平板边界层从层流到湍流的转捩过程.通过对计算统计数据的分析,比较了不同幅值入口扰动引起的转捩过程的同异.研究结果表明:当层流中扰动幅值逐渐增大后,非线性作用将修正平均流剖面,表现为不稳定区域逐渐扩大,很多高次谐波被激发.当平均流剖面被修正到一定程度时,不稳定区域变得很大,这使得更多的高次谐波被快速激发并迅速增长,即转捩过程开始.由于大量谐波快速增长导致扰动能量快速增长,同时,扰动能量的快速增长又进一步加速了平均流剖面的快速修正,即平均流剖面的不稳定特性发生了改变,这样的相互作用使得层流快速变为湍流,因此,平均流剖面不稳定特性的改变在转捩过程中起到了关键作用.      

基于超螺旋二阶滑模的双馈风力发电机控制策略

传统双馈风力发电机(DFIG)控制存在抖振现象,容易造成系统的不稳定。为了减轻控制抖振现象,提高控制的稳定性,在分析了DFIG动态特性的基础上,建立了DFIG的数学模型,设计了超螺旋二阶滑模控制器,并研究了突变风的情况下滑模控制器的控制性能。通过MATLAB/Simulink工具进行了仿真验证。仿真结果证明:滑模控制器具有良好的最优转矩跟踪能力和无功调节能力,与一般的控制方法相比鲁棒性较强,转子控制电压连续,控制产生的抖振可以大幅减轻,系统的稳定性大大提升。