Numerical optimization of transonic natural laminar flow nacelles

Natural laminar flow nacelle is a promising technology for drag reduction. In this paper,an optimization platform is established for the design of transonic axisymmetric and threedimensional natural laminar flow nacelles for large civil aircraft. The platform adopts the class/shape transformation method for geometric parameterization, a four-equation transition model for transition prediction, and the differential evolution algorithm combined with the radial basis function surrogate model as the...     

高雷诺数下跨声速自然层流短舱优化设计

为解决高雷诺数下大涵道比发动机自然层流短舱高维优化设计问题,提取短舱3个基准面实现轴对称自然层流优化设计.通过获得较大范围层流区域,从而降低短舱表面摩擦阻力.采用类别形状函数(CST)参数化、γ-Reθt转捩模型和遗传算法建立自然层流(NLF)短舱自动优化流程.表明通过优化短舱基准面建立三维NLF短舱设计方法的可行性....     

Double-decoupled inverse design of natural laminar flow nacelle under transonic conditions

The inverse design based on the pressure distribution is an essential approach to realize the improvement of Natural Laminar Flow(NLF) performance for nacelles. However, the direct definition of target pressure distribution at design point is challenging for the dilemma to consider the constraints of shock wave and laminar flow at the same time. In addition, the universality of method will be limited when the inverse design is strongly coupled with the solver. Thus, a double-decoupled methodolog...     

基于EFFD方法的自然层流短舱优化设计

采用extended free-form deformation(EFFD)方法研究了自然层流(natural laminar flow,NLF)短舱的气动外形优化设计方法.使用基于Bernstein基函数的EFFD方法完成了NLF短舱剖面的参数化,利用基于k-εSST(shear stress transport)两方程湍流模型的γ-θ转捩模型进行自然转捩预测,结合EFFD、一种混合动网格方法、Kriging代理模型和改进的粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO)建立了针对NLF短舱气动外形的优化设计框架.采用该框架分别对通气NLF短舱和带动力NLF短舱进行优化设计.单独通气NLF短舱优化结果的外表面实现48%的层流,阻力系数比初始通气NLF短舱减小了0.0003.带动力NLF短舱的优化结果外表面保持了41%的层流.这些结果表明采用相关技术建立的优化设计框架在NLF短舱设计中具有一定应用价值.     

跨声速层流翼型的混合反设计/优化设计方法

跨声速层流翼型设计须兼顾优良的超临界特性和自然层流特性,因而对设计方法提出了更高的要求。针对现有反设计方法和直接优化设计方法的不足,发展了一种适用于跨声速层流翼型的混合反设计/优化设计方法。该方法引入了基于经验的局部流场特征作为反设计目标,翼型性能指标作为直接优化设计目标,然后加权形成了混合反设计/优化设计总目标,并同时考虑了气动和几何约束。优化算法采用基于自适应并行加点技术的代理优化,流动数值模拟采用耦合基于线性稳定性理论的e^N转捩自动判定的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方程求解器。针对现代中短程民用客机需求,以NPU-LSC-72613翼型为基准,开展了层流翼型减阻的混合反设计/优化设计。分别将局部目标压力分布、总阻力作为反设计和直接优化设计目标,得到了较好的优化结果,验证了方法的有效性。经过2轮优化结果显示混合反设计/优化设计总目标显著下降。所设计翼型吸力面局部压力分布与目标压力分布基本一致,总阻力下降15.5%;吸力面和压力面层流范围均大于55%倍弦长,激波强度显著减弱,说明所设计翼型同时具有优良的超临界和层流特性。将所设计翼型配置到机翼上,通过三维数值模拟进行校验,结果显示所设计跨声速层流机翼升阻比提高了6.64%,在一定升力系数范围内,气动性能均有显著提高,验证了所设计跨声速层流翼型在机翼设计中的适用性。     

Transition prediction and sensitivity analysis for a natural laminar flow wing glove flight experiment

Natural laminar flow technology can significantly reduce aircraft aerodynamic drag and has excellent technical appeal for transport aircraft development with high aerodynamic efficiency. Accurately and efficiently predicting the laminar-to-turbulent transition and revealing the maintenance mechanism of laminar flow in a transport aircraft’s flight environment are significant for developing natural laminar flow wings. In this research, we carry out natural laminar flow flight experiments with different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack. The critical N-factor is calibrated as 9.0 using flight experimental data and linear stability theory from a statistical perspective, which makes sure that the relative error of transition location is within 5%. We then implement a simplified e^N transition prediction method with a similar accuracy compared with linear stability theory. We compute the sensitivity information for the simplified e^N method with an adjoint-based method, using the automatic differentiation technique (ADjoint). The impact of Reynolds numbers and pressure distributions on TS waves is analyzed using the sensitivity information. Through the sensitivity analysis, we find that: favorable pressure gradients not only suppress the development of TS waves but also decrease their sensitivity to Reynolds numbers; there exist three special regions which are very sensitive to the pressure distribution, and the sensitivity decreases as the local favorable pressure gradient increases. The proposed sensitivity analysis method enables robust natural laminar flow wings design.     

Adjoint-based robust optimization design of laminar flow wing under flight condition uncertainties

It is an inherent uncertainty problem that the application of laminar flow technology to the wing of large passenger aircraft is affected by flight conditions. In order to seek a more robust natural laminar flow control effect, it is necessary to develop an effective optimization design method. Meanwhile, attention must be given to the impact of crossflow(CF) instability brought on by the sweep angle. This paper constructs a robust optimization design framework based on discrete adjoint methods ...     

高马赫数层流摩阻数值计算精度

飞行器在高空高速飞行时黏性效应显著,摩阻预示精度对飞行器的关键气动性能意义重大。目前,摩阻预示主要依赖数值计算,但高马赫数层流摩擦阻力计算与试验测量结果仍存在差距。以具有高速飞行器典型部件特征的球锥、三角翼为对象,结合风洞试验摩阻测量结果,使用国家数值风洞（NNW）数值计算软件和自研CFD程序研究了数值计算中影响摩阻计算精度的格式数值耗散及壁面温度边界条件等重要因素。研究结果表明：数值耗散越小,表面摩阻的计算精度越高;在速度较低的边界层近壁区内关闭熵修正,将有助于提高表面摩阻的预示精度。此外,在高马赫数流动问题的数值模拟中,壁面温度条件对表面摩阻计算同样具有重要影响。最后,基于分析结果和工程需要提出了对高精度摩阻数值预示的研究需求。     

Application of a PCA-DBN-based surrogate model to robust aerodynamic design optimization

An efficient method employing a Principal Component Analysis(PCA)-Deep Belief Network(DBN)-based surrogate model is developed for robust aerodynamic design optimization in this study. In order to reduce the number of design variables for aerodynamic optimizations, the PCA technique is implemented to the geometric parameters obtained by parameterization method.For the purpose of predicting aerodynamic parameters, the DBN model is established with the reduced design variables as input and the aero...     

多目标进化算法和代理模型技术在气动稳健优化设计中的应用

通过与传统优化方法的优缺点对比,提出针对飞行器环境参数存在不确定性影响时的气动稳健优化设计模型,并应用多目标进化算法和代理模型技术对稳健模型进行优化设计研究。提供了翼型稳健性优化实例,通过选择合适的翼型参数化方法和CFD求解程序以及不确定性分析方法,得到了稳健设计结果的Pareto前缘图。从其中选择的设计结果可以看出,稳健设计结果表现出更稳定的特性,证明了稳健设计的优势所在。     

二维翼型混合层流控制减阻技术试验研究

选择NACA0006系列层流翼型作为物理模型,使用FLUENT商用软件计算分析翼型表面压力梯度,结合对翼型后缘做局部优化修形增大顺压梯度范围以及在翼型前缘布置吸气控制单元并配套吸气装置形成混合层流控制减阻技术。风洞试验中应用红外成像技术测量翼型表面层流区域,探索研究了混合层流控制减阻技术的实用效果。试验结果表明：对翼型实施混合层流控制减阻技术后,明显增大了翼型表面的层流面积。     

Robust optimization of control command for aerospace vehicles with aerodynamic uncertainty

To reduce the design burden of Aerospace Vehicles(ASVs) control systems, this paper proposes a multi-constrained robust trajectory optimization method, which provides a good front-end input for the control system. Differ from the conventional aircraft, some control performance of ASVs is not only related to the model parameters, but also affected by the flight status.Therefore, the robust optimization method combines this characteristic of ASVs, sets the control performance as one of the optimiz...     

Global aerodynamic design optimization based on data dimensionality reduction

In aerodynamic optimization, global optimization methods such as genetic algorithms are preferred in many cases because of their advantage on reaching global optimum. However, for complex problems in which large number of design variables are needed, the computational cost becomes prohibitive, and thus original global optimization strategies are required. To address this need, data dimensionality reduction method is combined with global optimization methods, thus forming a new global optimization system, aiming to improve the efficiency of conventional global optimization. The new optimization system involves applying Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) in dimensionality reduction of design space while maintaining the generality of original design space. Besides, an acceleration approach for samples calculation in surrogate modeling is applied to reduce the computational time while providing sufficient accuracy. The optimizations of a transonic airfoil RAE2822 and the transonic wing ONERA M6 are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed new optimization system. In both cases, we manage to reduce the number of design variables from 20 to 10 and from 42 to 20 respectively. The new design optimization system converges faster and it takes 1/3 of the total time of traditional optimization to converge to a better design, thus significantly reducing the overall optimization time and improving the efficiency of conventional global design optimization method.     

超参数自适应的MOEA/D-DE算法在翼型气动隐身优化中的应用

MOEA/D-DE 算法易于实现,被广泛应用于处理多目标优化问题,但其超参数CR 和F 对算法性能影响较大。基于MOEA/D-DE 算法框架、利用Sobol 全局灵敏性分析方法对差分进化算子中的交叉控制参数CR进行改进,使用莱维飞行策略控制比例因子F,使算法中的超参数拥有自适应能力,得到超参数自适应的MOEA/D-DE 算法——MOEA/D-DEAH 算法;对MOEA/D-DEAH 算法、不同超参数设置的MOEA/D-DE算法和NSGAII 算法进行函数测试和翼型气动隐身优化算例对比。结果表明：MOEA/D-DEAH 算法性能良好,具有较强的鲁棒性,气动隐身优化效果也比其他算法更好。     

改进油流显示法研究层流和湍流下绕椭球分离流

用改进的油流显示法研究和对比了层流和湍流状态下绕椭球流动的表面摩擦力线结构 .实验中观察到 ,椭球表面摩擦力线在层流和湍流状态下具有不同的拓扑结构。只看流动对称面一侧 ,在层流状态 ,Re=1 .4× 1 0 6,迎角为 3 0°和 2 0°时都有三条分离线 ;而湍流状态同样实验条件下只观察到两条 ,并且分离线的位置推向下游 ,二次分离线长度也大大缩短。实验还观察了物体表面颗粒状突起对表面摩擦力线的影响 .层流状态下 ,雷诺数为 1 .4× 1 0 6时 ,分离线附近的颗粒状突起会显著影响分离线的形状 ,当雷诺数减为 0 .9× 1 0 6时 ,颗粒对分离线只有微弱的影响 .实验观察到的颗粒影响局限在壁面附近。本文用涡相互作用对之作了解释     

超临界自然层流机翼设计及基于TSP技术的边界层转捩风洞试验

为了实现绿色航空节能减排的目标,层流设计技术成为飞行器设计者的研究热点。对于跨声速客机而言,超临界自然层流机翼设计技术将显著减小飞行阻力,提升气动性能,减少燃油消耗和污染物排放。首先,基于高精度边界层转捩预测技术耦合翼型优化设计系统,实现超临界自然层流翼型设计;经过合理的翼型配置,形成超临界自然层流机翼。转捩数值模拟分析结果表明,超临界自然层流机翼的层流流动特性良好。然后,以比例为1：10.4的试验模型在荷兰高速低湍流度风洞进行边界层转捩风洞试验,使用温度敏感材料涂层（TSP）技术拍照获得机翼表面在不同马赫数、雷诺数和迎角工况下的层流-湍流分布。最后,通过超临界自然层流机翼边界层转捩试验结果,探讨了该类型机翼的转捩特性随来流参数的变化规律,总结了超临界自然层流机翼设计的关键因素。此外,该模型也可用来验证边界层转捩预测技术在超临界、高雷诺数工况下的预测精度。     

喷注壁面楔状流层流边界层速度与温度相似解

建立了壁面有喷注的楔状流层流边界层冷却数学模型,求解经相似变换得到的描述无量纲流函数和无量纲温度的常微分方程,获得了楔状流层流边界层无量纲速度和温度的相似解,给出了考虑壁面喷注边界条件的形式简洁、物理意义明确的无量纲流函数拟合式;用Runge-Kutta法求解无量纲速度与温度的常微分方程,获得了壁面有喷注的楔状流层流边界层无量纲速度和温度随楔形角、吹风参数、冷却介质温度的变化规律.通过计算0°,18°和36°楔形角的楔状流层流边界冷却速度与温度分布得到以下结论:楔状流速度边界层和温度边界层厚度都随楔形角的增大而变小,随着吹风参数的增大而增大;当冷却介质温度越低、吹风参数越小、楔形角越大时,靠近壁面处楔状流层流边界层内温度梯度越大.      

考虑机翼尾流影响的运输类飞机后体气动外形优化设计（英文）

在某典型运输机翼身组合体的构型上,进行了考虑机翼尾流影响的机身后体气动外形优化设计研究。基于翼身组合体构型建立了考虑尾流影响和部分工程约束的优化设计系统,并对后体构型在巡航状态下进行了优化设计。以比较适合描述后体变形的NURBS样条基函数为空间控制体属性引入FFD自由变形技术,通过在FFD控制框架对该运输机后体进行了空间属性构建。采用无限差值动网格技术提高空间网格的更新效率并保证网格质量。利用改进Kriging代理模型、量子粒子群优化算法提高优化效率和全局寻优能力。为减小巡航阻力,对某运输机后体的上翘角、截面形状等参数进行了优化设计,优化结果显示,设计后的机身气动特性明显提高。     

Aerodynamic design optimization of nacelle/pylon position on an aircraft

The arbitrary space-shape free form deformation (FFD) method developed in this paper is based on non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) basis function and used for the integral parameterization of nacelle-pylon geometry. The multi-block structured grid deformation technique is established by Delaunay graph mapping method. The optimization objects of aerodynamic characteristics are evaluated by solving NavierStokes equations on the basis of multi-block structured grid. The advanced particle swarm optimization (PSO) is utilized as search algorithm, which com-bines the Kriging model as surrogate model during optimization. The optimization system is used for optimizing the nacelle location of DLR-F6 wing-body-pylon-nacelle. The results indicate that the aerodynamic interference between the parts is significantly reduced. The optimization design system established in this paper has extensive applications and engineering value.     

扩缩管充分发展层流的强化传热场协同分析

采用二维轴对称不可压缩层流N-S方程,利用有限体积方法和SIMPLE算法,在雷诺数100～1300范围内,对轴对称周期性扩缩管的充分发展层流流动和传热特性进行了数值模拟,重点研究了不同雷诺数、几何外形与换热强度的关系,并利用场协同理论对计算的结果进行了分析,获取了层流态下扩缩管对流换热强度随雷诺数、几何尺寸变化的规律,对进一步研究扩缩管换热问题、探讨强化传热理论和发展换热技术均有实际意义.