Instability analysis and drag coefficient prediction on a swept RAE2822 wing with constant lift coefficient

Swept wing is widely used in civil aircraft,whose airfoil is chosen,designed and optimized to increase the cruise speed and decrease the drag coefficient.The parameters of swept wing,such as sweep angle and angle of attack,are determined according to the cruise lift coefficient requirement,and the drag coefficient is expected to be predicted accurately,which involves the instability characteristics and transition position of the flow.The pressure coefficient of the RAE2822 wing with given constant lift coefficient is obtained by solving the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation numerically,and then the mean flow is calculated by solving the boundary layer(BL) equation with spectral method.The cross-flow instability characteristic of boundary layer of swept wing in the windward and leeward is analyzed by linear stability theory(LST),and the transition position is predicted by eNmethod.The drag coefficient is numerically predicted by introducing a laminar/turbulent indicator.A simple approach to calculate the lift coefficient of swept wing is proposed.It is found that there is a quantitative relationship between the angle of attack and sweep angle when the lift coefficient keeps constant;when the angle of attack is small,the flow on the leeward of the wing is stable.when the angle of attack is larger than 3°,the flow becomes unstable quickly;with the increase of sweep angle or angle of attack the disturbance on the windward becomes more unstable,leading to the moving forward of the transition position to the leading edge of the wing;the drag coefficient has two significant jumping growth due to the successive occurrence of transition in the windward and the leeward;the optimal range of sweep angle for civil aircraft is suggested.     

基于扇翼机翼升推力机理的吹气机翼研究

基于对扇翼飞行器升推力产生机理的数值计算与分析,提出了一种扇翼飞行器机翼的替代方案——吹气机翼。分析了扇翼机翼升推力的产生机理并在扇翼机翼翼型的基础上构建了吹气机翼翼型。建立了两种机翼翼型的数值计算方法,通过对比相对静压分布曲线、速度云图和压力云图,证明了吹气机翼具有与扇翼机翼一样的升推力产生方式,即涡致升推力的形成机制。通过将横流风扇加速后气流流速定义为吹气机翼吹气速度,对比了两种机翼升推力随来流速度和迎角的变化关系。结果表明:两种机翼的升推力变化趋势基本一致,仅在迎角大于20°时,吹气机翼推力值相较扇翼机翼损失了近5倍。总体而言,在常规飞行状态下,吹气机翼能够替代扇翼机翼,为相关飞行器的增升和优化设计提供了一种思路。      

鸭翼-前掠翼气动布局纵向气动特性实验研究

前掠翼布局由于其潜在的优势,在未来战斗机的研制中将占有日益重要的地位.本实验通过可变前掠翼和鸭式前翼布局的风洞测力实验,重点分析比较了平板机翼在不同掠角下的纵向气动性能以及鸭翼的影响.实验结果表明,前掠翼在大迎角时能有效提高模型的升力系数,小迎角时其升阻比也略优于后掠翼.前掠翼布局能有效推迟失速,具有良好的失速特性;前掠角较大时,升力系数曲线在失速迎角附近有一个升力系数的"平台",该布局具有"缓失速"特性.距离主机翼较远的鸭式前翼(模型M2)在主机翼前掠和后掠情况下,均可改善整体布局的失速特性,增大失速迎角,增强前掠翼布局缓失速的特点.近距耦合鸭翼(模型M3)显著提高了模型在大迎角下的升力系数.另外,主翼前掠和鸭式前翼布局飞行器具有较好的机动性.     

Effect of flexibility on unsteady aerodynamics forces of a purely plunging airfoil

Introducing flexibility into the design of a vertically flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. As less previous studies on the aerodynamics of vertically flapping flexible wings focused on the lift generated in a wide range of angle of attack·a 2D numerical simulation of a purely plunging flexible airfoil is employed using a loose fluid–structure interaction method. The aerodynamics of a fully flexible airfoil are firstly studied with the flexibility and angle of attack. To verify whether an airfoil could get aerodynamic benefit from the change in structure, partially flexible airfoil with rigid leading edge and flexible trailing edge were further considered. Results show that flexibility could always reduce airfoil drag while lift and lift efficiency both peak at moderate flexibility. When freestream velocity is constant, lift is maximized at a high angle of attack about 40° while this optimal angle of attack reduces to 15° in drag-balanced status. The airfoil drag reduction, lift augmentation as well as efficiency enhancement mainly attribute to the passive pitching other than the camber deformation. Partially deformed airfoil with the longest length of moderate flexible trailing edge can achieve the highest lift. This study may provide some guidance in the wing design of Micro Air Vehicle (MAV).     

弹性变形对前掠翼气动特性的影响分析

针对弹性变形对前掠翼气动特性的影响,基于改进的CFD/CSD松耦合静气动弹性数值计算方法,在高亚声速条件下,对前掠角χ=10°,20°,30°的前掠翼纵向气动特性和副翼操纵效率进行了计算和分析。结果表明,迎角较小时,弹性翼的升力、升阻比和俯仰力矩较刚性翼大,大迎角时恰恰相反;随着前掠角的增加,机翼的弯扭变形和气动参数变化的程度愈加剧烈;在最大升阻比、迎角α=4°、副翼偏转角δ=20°时,弹性翼的副翼操纵效率略大于刚性翼。该研究可为前掠翼布局的设计提供借鉴。     

三角翼作俯仰运动时水洞测力和流动显示实验研究

基于水洞中三角翼模型的动态测力和流动显示实验,讨论了俯仰运动的起始角、运动幅度和运动速率对三角翼俯仰运动时的气动特性和流动结构的影响。三角翼的气动力在俯仰运动中会产生“迟滞”或“过冲”现象。中等攻角以上,上仰运动推迟了三角翼的失速,大幅度增大了三角翼的升力系数。俯仰运动起始角和运动幅度的影响大小与其对应的静态三角翼流态有关,三角翼在涡破裂流态和完全分离流态之间作俯仰运动时,上仰时升力系数将始终高于下俯时的升力系数,运动中存在显著迟滞。迟滞的大小也受俯仰速率的影响。     

微型旋转翼与拍动翼气动力特性的比较

 用拟压缩性法求解三维非定常不可压N-S方程,研究了旋转翼及拍动翼的气动力和流场。当昆虫正常悬停时,如果翅膀旋转,产生的平均升力以及气动效率并不比拍动时的差,甚至还略好,因此,厘米级微型飞行器可以采用旋转翼,这比拍动模式容易实现。另外,小迎角旋转时升阻比可达3.1（在15°迎角,雷诺数4 000情况下）,气动效率较高而且升力系数不小,多个桨叶可以产生很大的升力。因此,在悬停时,多个桨叶小迎角旋转是厘米级微型飞行器的一个很好的方案。     

非对称入流对“螺旋桨/机翼”系统气动特性的影响

针对“螺旋桨/机翼”系统在复杂非对称入流情况下的非定常气动相互干扰问题，采用混合结构-非结构滑移网格方法，结合非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程，研究了偏航角及入流条件（包括攻角和来流风速）对螺旋桨/机翼相互气动干扰和滑流流场的影响，并与无滑流模型计算结果进行对比。结果显示：在三维非对称入流的影响下，偏航角从0°增加到20°时，机翼升、阻力系数分别降低了4.9%和10.64%，但是螺旋桨的拉力系数和推进效率则大幅提升了18.36%和7.26%，非对称入流机翼升力系数曲线变化幅度为对称入流的4倍。在攻角不变，改变偏航角时，螺旋桨滑流增加了机翼俯仰力矩稳定性裕量。但是随着攻角的变化，飞机纵向不稳定性逐渐增加，在桨后气流的影响下，两侧机翼上表面吸力峰均向左和向前移动，上下表面的吸力峰值均明显增大。在不同的风速下，有滑流影响的机翼升力特性相对无滑流影响的机翼增加量均在20%附近，且不断增大。     

三角翼跨声速动态失速与涡破裂特性研究

通过数值方法研究了高速气流中细长三角翼作匀速上仰机动飞行时的背风面分离流与涡破裂特性和气动力特性。结果表明,在三角翼匀速上仰非定常绕流中,涡破裂起始攻角与上仰速度关系比较复杂,在本计算速度范围内,涡破裂起始攻角变化很小;动态时涡破裂点发展速度随攻角变化规律与静态结果差别甚大;三角翼大攻角非定常绕流前缘涡涡轴附近的流动以不稳定涡和涡破裂为主要特征;在一定的上仰速度以后即使在中等攻角前非定常升力与定常升力仍有较大差别,与低速情况有所不同;上仰运动使涡破裂点发展速度被延缓,从而提高了失速攻角和最大升力,并使失速攻角与涡破裂起始攻角的间隔进一步拉大,同时不改变升阻比     

可变正弦前缘对直机翼气动性能影响的研究

通过风洞测力实验,研究了可变正弦前缘对直机翼气动性能的影响。可变正弦前缘为平板式,安装于NACA0015直机翼的前驻点处,并能自由伸展与缩回。风洞实验结果表明：加装可变正弦前缘后,直机翼呈现出缓失速特性,失速后的升力系数均有不同程度的提高,大迎角下的气动性能得到改善。可变正弦前缘伸展长度对气动性能的影响研究表明,其伸展长度是影响机翼气动性能的重要参数,只有伸展长度较小时,才能获得较好的气动性能。     

Delaying stall of morphing wing by periodic trailing-edge deflection

Morphing wings can improve aircraft performance during different flight phases. Recently research has focused on steady aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing with a flexible trailing-edge, and the unsteady aerodynamic and stall characteristics in the deflection process of the morphing wing are worthy further investigation. The effects of the angle of attack and deflection rate on aerodynamic characteristics were examined, and based on the aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing, a method was developed to delay stall by using the flexible periodic trailing-edge deflection. The numerical results show that the lift coefficients in the deflection process are smaller than those in the static situation at small angles of attack, and that the higher the deflection rate is, the smaller the lift coefficients will be. On the contrary, at large angles of attack, the lift coefficients are higher than those in the static case, and they become larger with the increase of the deflection rate. Further, the periodic deflection of the flexible trailing-edge with a small deflection amplitude and high deflection rate can increase lift coefficients at the critical stall angle.     

The thrust and lift of an ornithopter's membrane wings with simple flapping motion

Human beings flying with the help of aircrafts of various kinds have been able to fly for about one century. Although the flapping wings of animals served as an inspiration to pioneers of human flight, we don't really understand how they work. In this study, we employ the concept of four-bar linkage to design a flapping mechanism which simulates a flapping motion of a bird. Wind tunnel tests were performed to measure the lift and thrust of the mechanical membrane flapping wing under different frequency, speed, and angle of attack. It is observed that the flexibility of the wing structure will affect the thrust and lift force due to its deformation at high flapping frequency. The lift force will increase with the increase of the flapping frequency under the corresponding flying speed. For the same flapping frequency, the flying speed can be increased by decrease of the angle of attack with the trade of loosing some lift force. An angle of attack is necessary in a simple flapping motion in order to derive a lift force. The flapping motion generates the thrust to acquire the flying speed. The flying speed and angle of attack combine to generate the lift force for flying.     

Aerodynamic characteristics of co-flow jet wing with simple high-lift devices

Numerical investigations are conducted to explore the aerodynamic characteristics of three-dimensional Co-Flow Jet(CFJ) wing with simple high-lift devices during low-speed takeoff and landing. Effects of three crucial parameters of CFJ wing, i.e., angle of attack, jet momentum and swept angle, are comprehensively examined. Additionally, the aerodynamic characteristics of two CFJ configurations, i.e., using open and discrete slots for injection, are compared. The results show that applying CFJ te...     

三维机翼大迎角低速绕流及其涡控制的数值模拟

通过数值求解三维非定常可压缩雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程，研究了三维机翼大迎角低速绕流及其带表面周期性吹吸气的流动控制，并探讨了非定常质量引射作为外激发手段对机翼气动力特性的影响，计算表明，在机翼前缘附近的小区域内施加周期性吹吸气进行流动控制，这类外激发手段对三维机翼的大迎角分离流动的控制是可行的，通过选择适当的控制参数，尤其是合适的周期性激振频率，可以有效地改善气动力特性。     

扑翼升力特性的非定常涡格法计算研究

针对西北工业大学航空学院微型飞行器研究室研制的PY-1型扑翼机,建立了扑翼的运动模型,并采用非定常涡格法模拟了该扑翼的升力特性,分析了迎角、飞行速度对升力特性的影响。计算结果与实际飞行试验吻合,验证了非定常涡格法模拟扑翼非定常气动特性的正确性和有效性。研究结果可为扑翼机的气动设计提供参考。     

运动突风作用下机翼-机身-尾翼亚音速非定常气动力数值计算

 本文研究了亚音速机翼-机身-尾翼复杂平面形状在运动突风作用下非定常气动特性。采用有限基本解法,在不同入射方向和倾斜角下,对不同复杂平面形状的非定常气动力进行了计算,计算结果与实验数据也较接近。     

舰载机折叠翼气动特性分析

折叠翼技术是舰载机与航母相匹配的关键,研究折叠翼的气动特性对舰载机飞行动态及安全性具有重要意义。基于离散化的思想对折叠翼进行建模,并利用计算流体力学CAE软件Fluent对其进行数值计算,从升力系数和阻力系数变化及压力分布分析舰载机折叠翼的气动特性。结果表明:当折叠角为75°时,外翼的升力系数及侧向力系数将达到最大,阻力系数最小;一旦折叠机构失效,外翼的折叠将导致机翼整体升力系数及阻力系数大幅度下降,气动特性变差;与折叠机构失效前相比,折叠后的机翼失速迎角变小,且在失速后升力系数有缓慢上升趋势。     

一种翼身融合飞行器的失速特性研究

翼身融合（BWB）布局飞行器作为下一代商用飞机的主要构型之一，越来越受到重视。对于翼身融合飞行器的研究主要针对其巡航状态的特性，而对其失速特性的研究较少。对一种翼身融合客机构型进行风洞试验研究，采用测力试验方法对其无增升装置的构型，以及具有翼梢小翼、前缘缝翼和机身上部双吊舱的组合部件构型下的纵向特性进行研究，特别是对其失速特性的分析，并通过二维粒子图像测试技术以及油流试验对其失速过程的流动机理进行研究。结果表明，无增升装置的基本构型下，翼身融合飞行器可以保持低速飞行，而各组合构型都具有提高最大升力系数的作用。对失速过程的分析表明，随着迎角的增大，飞机表面流场分离区域从翼梢开始逐渐向翼根以及机身发展，当外翼段完全处于分离区域时，飞机并不会马上失速，因为中心体同样具有提供升力的作用，且中心体的流动分离较外翼的流动分离更晚，所以当外翼在失速迎角出现升力损失时可以通过中心体的升力进行补偿，维持其低速飞行状态，真正的失速发生在中心体出现流动分离之后。     

单自由度扑翼模型脱落涡及其升力机制的实验研究

采用色流实验与particle image velocimetry(PIV)测量相结合的方法,对单自由度扑翼模型所产生的脱落涡进行实验研究,得到以下结论:①在扑翼上扑或下扑的过程中,前后缘处产生连续的牛角形涡环,且脱落涡均存在展向运动.②翼翅表面脱落涡的交替产生,使得翼翅上下表面交替产生不对称分布的压力差.③研究对象产生升力的条件是攻角与来流速度均不为零.④扑翼上扑和下扑过程中,脱落涡环量最大值均出现在单行程的3/5处.⑤脱落涡环量与扑动速度成正比.⑥相比上扑过程,下扑过程中翼翅对流场做功更多,在一个扑动周期内,这多余的能量转换为扑翼升力.     

近耦鸭式布局干扰气动力实验研究

 使用能单独测量鸭翼部分气动力的“鸭翼天平”及全机气动力天平,对一可组拆的鸭式布局模型进行了干扰气动力的实验研究。发现在α<20°时鸭翼与主翼间的干扰是不利的,使升力下降。α>32°时干扰变得有利。α=32°时干扰升力可占到总升力的24％。若主翼为前掠翼,构成鸭式布局的气动特性更好。