Design,modeling, and control of morphing aircraft: A review

A morphing aircraft can adapt its configuration to suit different types of tasks, which is also an important requirement of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAV). The successful development of an unmanned morphing aircraft involves three steps that determine its ability and intelligent: configuration design, dynamic modeling and flight control. This study conducts a comprehensive survey of morphing aircraft. First, the methods to design the configuration of a morphing aircraft are presented and analyzed...     

飞机液压管路系统振动应力测试研究

飞机液压管路系统振动不仅影响液压系统的工作性能及寿命,还将严重影响飞机的飞行安全。在首次飞行前,必须对其液压管路系统进行振动和应力测试分析。采用加速度和应力测试相结合的方法,通过仿真确定实测点,并将实测结果与仿真结果比较,获得飞机液压管路振动的合理测试方法与判据,为判断飞机液压管路振动是否在正常范围内提供便捷、可靠的数据。     

Robust decentralized control design for aircraft engines: A fractional type

A new decentralized control for aircraft engines is proposed. In the proposed control approach, aircraft engines are considered as uncertain large-scale systems composed of interconnected uncertain subsystems. For each subsystem, the time-varying uncertainty, including parameter disturbances and interconnections in/between subsystems, is depicted by a class of general nonlinear functions. A fractional robust decentralized control with two parts, the nominal one and the fractional one, is presented. The nominal control guarantees the asymptotical stability of the engine system without uncertainty. The fractional part aims at overcoming the influences of uncertainty. Compared to the previous studies, the presented control provides not only an extra flexibility for the system performance tuning by the fraction-type gain but also a facility for the control input calculation. The proposed control approach is applied to a turbofan engine with two subsystems. The computer simulation shows that, in the flight envelope, the fractional control not only guarantees the closed-loop system uniform boundedness and ultimate uniform boundedness but also shows good economy.     

飞机地面液压油泵车振动问题分析

介绍了飞机地面液压油泵车(以下简称油泵车)的结构特点,分析了油泵车振动的主要来源是机械振动和液压泵的流体振动;在此基础上给出了消除振动一些思路和建议;指出了保障设备减振的可行方法,以及今后的研究方向和可能的发展.     

Adaptive sliding mode control for limit protection of aircraft engines

In practice, some sensors of aircraft engines naturally fail to obtain an acceptable measurement for control propose, which will severely degrade the system performance and even deactivate the limit protection function. This paper proposes an adaptive strategy for the limit protection task under unreliable measurement. With the help of a nominal system, an online estimator with gradient adaption law and low-pass filter is devised to evaluate output uncertainty. Based on the estimation result, a sliding mode controller is designed by defining a sliding surface and deriving a control law. Using Lyapunov theorem, the stability of the online estimator and the closed-loop system is detailedly proven. Simulations based on a reliable turbofan model are presented, which verify the stability and effectiveness of the proposed method. Simulation results show that the online estimator can operate against the measurement noise, and the sliding controller can keep relevant outputs within their limits despite slow-response sensors.     

Optimization on conventional and electric air-cycle refrigeration systems of aircraft: A short-cut method and analysis

The air-cycle refrigeration system is widely used in commercial and military aircraft, and its efficiency greatly affects aircraft performance. Nowadays, this system requires a more efficient design and optimization method. In this paper, a short-cut optimization method with high efficiency and effectiveness is introduced for both conventional and electric air-cycle refrigeration systems.Based on the system characteristics, a four-layer parameter matching algorithm is designed which avoids compu...     

Stationary non-Gaussian random vibration control: A review

This paper presents a review of the various methods for the stationary non-Gaussian random vibration control. Random vibration tests can be divided, according to the number of exciters, in single-shaker tests and multiple-shaker tests. In the stationary non-Gaussian random vibration test, the time and frequency domain characteristics of the responses should be controlled independently and simultaneously. Skewness and kurtosis are usually selected as the non-Gaussian time control references (targets) while power spectral density is the frequency domain control procedure before it recalls the concepts of non-Gaussianity. Then, the generation of a one frame stationary non-Gaussian random signal for both the single and multiple shakers are reviewed. The commonly used methods for the single non-Gaussian random signal generation in the random vibration test are memoryless nonlinear transformation, phase modification and Filtered Poisson process. For the multiple-shaker case, the sequential phase modification and memoryless nonlinear transformation are used to generate one frame coupled multi-channel non-Gaussian random signal. In order to obtain a stationary and consecutive dynamic input, the time domain randomization procedure is introduced with high computational efficiency and its influences on the skewness and kurtosis are analyzed. Finally, two existing problems in the non-Gaussian random vibration control are addressed.     

飞机锁类机构性能退化可靠性分析方法综述

随着航空航天装备的快速发展,对飞行器装备的可靠性要求逐渐提高,飞机锁类机构的可靠性对飞机起降的安全至关重要。以飞机舱门锁机构为研究对象,首先通过文献调研了大量舱门锁机构并分析了锁机构的特点和失效模式,阐述了锁机构的工作原理。其次综述了锁机构失效机理建模、机构渐变损伤的研究现状以及目前存在的问题,分析了国内外有关锁机构可靠性的研究现状;并针对多连杆机构可靠性分析和锁机构可靠性分析进行了分类梳理。最后对锁机构的可靠性分析研究思路进行总结,并对目前复杂锁机构的可靠性分析存在的问题及其研究趋势进行了展望。     

舰载机人工进场着舰精确轨迹控制技术

进场着舰精确轨迹控制是舰载机设计的难点和关键技术之一。首先,对舰载机人工进场着舰轨迹及精确轨迹控制的应用需求进行了讨论,指出其必要性和直观的有益效果;随后,讨论了舰载机进场着舰精确轨迹控制的演变过程、发展趋势及涉及的等角下滑航迹率控制技术、进场动力补偿技术、直接力控制技术、DP（Delta flight Path）控制技术等关键技术;最后,讨论了舰载机进场着舰精确轨迹控制对减轻驾驶员操纵负担、降低触舰点分散度、减小触舰载荷等方面的收益。研究工作对舰载机的精确轨迹着舰控制系统设计具有一定的工程指导价值。     

航空发动机故障报告、分析和纠正措施系统模型的构建

针对航空发动机研制中的信息分散,不能及时纠正和管理的问题,提出构造有效的故障报告、分析和纠正措施系统平台和数据库集中管理的方法,利用该方法能够对发动机故障实施有计划、有组织、按程序地开展调查、分析和纠正的组织工作,保证故障原因分析的准确性和纠正措施的有效性,对故障实行闭环控制,彻底消除故障产生的原因,从而真正实现问题"归零",为发动机研制单位成功实现高效率、高水平、高起点、归零控制等质量目标提供保障.      

A novel integrated self-powered brake system for more electric aircraft

Traditional hydraulic brake systems require a complex system of pipelines between an aircraft engine driven pump (EDP) and brake actuators, which increases the weight of the aircraft and may even cause serious vibration and leakage problems. In order to improve the reliability and safety of more electric aircraft (MEA), this paper proposes a new integrated self-powered brake system (ISBS) for MEA. It uses a hydraulic pump geared to the main wheel to recover a small part of the kinetic energy of a landing aircraft. The recovered energy then serves as the hydraulic power supply for brake actuators. It does not require additional hydraulic source, thus removing the pipelines between an EDP and brake actuators. In addition, its self-powered characteristic makes it possible to brake as usual even in an emergency situation when the airborne power is lost. This paper introduces the working principle of the ISBS and presents a prototype. The mathematical models of a taxiing aircraft and the ISBS are established. A feedback linearization control algorithm is designed to fulfill the anti-skid control. Simulations are carried out to verify the feasibility of the ISBS, and experiments are conducted on a ground inertia brake test bench. The ISBS presents a good performance and provides a new potential solution in the field of brake systems for MEA.     

Friction compensation for low velocity control of hydraulic flight motion simulator: A simple adaptive robust approach

Low-velocity tracking capability is a key performance of flight motion simulator (FMS), which is mainly affected by the nonlinear friction force. Though many compensation schemes with ad hoc friction models have been proposed, this paper deals with low-velocity control without friction model, since it is easy to be implemented in practice. Firstly, a nonlinear model of the FMS middle frame, which is driven by a hydraulic rotary actuator, is built. Noting that in the low velocity region, the unmodeled friction force is mainly characterized by a changing-slowly part, thus a simple adaptive law can be employed to learn this changing-slowly part and compensate it. To guarantee the boundedness of adaptation process, a discontinuous projection is utilized and then a robust scheme is proposed. The controller achieves a prescribed output tracking transient performance and final tracking accuracy in general while obtaining asymptotic output tracking in the absence of modeling errors. In addition, a saturated projection adaptive scheme is proposed to improve the globally learning capability when the velocity becomes large, which might make the previous proposed projection-based adaptive law be unstable. Theoretical and extensive experimental results are obtained to verify the high-performance nature of the proposed adaptive robust control strategy.     

船舶齿轮箱振动测试分析及优化研究

齿轮箱是船舶动力传动系统的主要振源之一，为了研究船舶齿轮箱振动性能及优化措施，进而实现船舶的低噪声化，以本单位自主研发的船用齿轮箱为例，通过台架试验和振动频谱分析结合的方法分析齿轮箱振动的主要影响因素，对振动性能关键影响因素进行优化改进。本文结合振动频谱分析结果对齿轮箱从齿轮修形设计和液压供油系统改进两个方面进行了优化，并对采取优化措施后的齿轮箱进行振动试验验证和振动频谱分析。结果表明：齿轮修形和液压供油系统改进两项优化措施可以切实有效的改善齿轮箱的振动性能。在文中的齿轮箱案例中，齿轮修形后齿轮啮合频率处振动峰值下降40.2%，总振级下降1.85dB，进一步采取液压供油系统改进措施后，齿轮箱总振级下降9.99dB。齿轮修形和液压供油系统改进对船用齿轮箱振动性能提升具有工程应用价值。     

Energy-saving and accurate motion control of a hydraulic actuator with uncertain negative loads

Pump controlled hydraulic actuators are wildly used in the aerospace industry owing to the advantages of energy-saving and integrated configurations. Negative loads may occur to actuators due to external force loads or the inertial force when the actuator decelerates significantly. Uncertain negative load working conditions may cause cavitation, actuator vibration, and even instability to the motion control if the actuator is without sufficient meter-out damping. Various types of hydraulic configuration schemes have been proposed to deal with negative loads of hydraulic actuators. However, few of them can simultaneously achieve energy saving and high control accuracy. This study proposes an energy-saving and accurate motion tracking strategy for a hydraulic actuator with uncertain negative loads. The actuator’s motion is driven by a servomotor pump, which gives full play to the advantage of energy-saving. The meter-out pressure is controlled by proportional valves to provide the optimized meter-out damping. The nonlinear adaptive robust control law is designed, which guarantees the control stability and achieve high tracking accuracy. An integrated direct/indirect adaptation law obtains satisfactory parameter estimations and model compensation for asymptotic motion tracking. Comparative experiments under different working conditions were performed to validate the advantages of the proposed control strategy.     

直升机火控系统精度敏感性分析的BNSobol法

针对现有研究大都只分析了单误差源对直升机火控系统精度影响的现状,提出进行直升机火控系统精度的敏感性分析。根据传统敏感性分析法在数据量不充分或无法提供精确模型时存在的局限性,对基于贝叶斯网络和Sobol指数相结合的敏感性分析新方法（BNSobol法）进行了研究,并与传统Sobol法对比分析。结果表明BNSobol法在满足精度要求的同时还减小了对数据量的需求,它的分析不依赖于模型且可以确定出满足约束条件的具体误差源取值区间。该方法可为直升机火控系统设计研究时如何分配各模块误差大小从而提高总体效能提供参考和理论支持。     

A novel approach for predicting inlet pressure of aircraft hydraulic pumps under transient conditions

Cavitation caused by insufficient suction is a major factor that influences the life of aircraft pumps. Currently, pressurizing the tank can solve the cavitation problem under steady large-flow conditions. However, this method is not always effective under transient conditions (from zero flow to full flow in a very short time). Moreover, to apply and design other measures, such as a boost impeller, the suction dynamics during the transient period must be investigated. In this paper, a novel approach based on the pressure wave propagation theory is proposed for predicting the inlet pressure of an aircraft pump under transient conditions. First, a dynamic model of a typical aircraft pump is established in the form of differential equations. Then, the transient flow model of the inlet line is described using momentum and continuity equations, and the governing equations are discretized by the method of characteristics and the finite difference method. The simulated results are in good agreement with the results from verification tests. Further simulation analysis indicates that the wave velocity and transient time may influence the inlet and reservoir pressure as well as the size of the inlet line. Finally, solutions for upgrading the inlet pressure are discussed. These solutions provide guidelines for designing inlet installations.     

基于ANSYS Workbench的压接修理民机液压管路振动特性分析

探究振动环境中管径为1/4 in的民机液压直管的最佳压接修理尺寸。首先,建立压接修理民机液压直管与流体的有限元模型,在ANSYS Workbench中对该模型进行有限元仿真分析得到其前6阶固有频率;然后,用三综合振动试验台对压接修理民机液压直管进行扫频振动试验,得到其前6阶固有频率,将试验结果平均值与仿真结果进行对比,结果误差较小且曲线拟合良好,验证了有限元仿真分析的合理性;最后,对压接修理民机液压管路进行受力分析,并以压制区域公差和压接长度为变量分别对压接修理民机液压直管进行固有频率、最大应力以及沿Y、Z轴方向的最大位移响应进行分析。结果表明：压制区域公差为4 mm、压接长度为39 mm时,管路的固有频率较大,应力及位移响应较小,此时,最大应力及位移响应集中分布于压接接头处,且与受力分析结果一致。     

Efficiency optimized fuel supply strategy of aircraft engine based on air-fuel ratio control

Accurate fuel injection control of aircraft engine can optimize the energy efficiency of UAV power system while meeting the propeller speed requirement. Traditional injection control method such as open-loop calibration causes instability of fuel supply which brings the risk of power loss of UAV. Considering that the closed-loop control of AFR can ensure a stable fuel feeding, this paper proposes an AFR control based fuel supply strategy in order to improve the efficiency of fuel-powered UAV while obtaining the required engine speed. According to the optimum fuel injection results, we implement fuzzy-PID method to control the set AFR in different situations. Through simulation and experiment studies, the results indicate that, to begin with, the calibrated mathematical model of the aircraft engine is effective. Next, this fuel supply strategy based on AFR control can normally realize the engine speed regulation, and the applied control algorithm can eliminate the overshoot of AFR throughout all the working progress. What is more,the fuel supply strategy can averagely shorten the response time of the engine speed by about two seconds. In addition, compared with the open-loop calibration, in this work the power efficiency is improved by 9% to 33%. Last but not the least, the endurance can be improved by 30 min with a normal engine speed. This paper can be a reference for the optimization of UAV aircraft engine.     

Recent advance in nonlinear aeroelastic analysis and control of the aircraft

A review on the recent advance in nonlinear aeroelasticity of the aircraft is presented in this paper. The nonlinear aeroelastic problems are divided into three types based on different research objects, namely the two dimensional airfoil, the wing, and the full aircraft. Different non- linearities encountered in aeroelastic systems are discussed firstly, where the emphases is placed on new nonlinear model to describe tested nonlinear relationship. Research techniques, especially new theoretical methods and aeroelastic flutter control methods are investigated in detail. The route to chaos and the cause of chaotic motion of two-dimensional aeroelastic system are summarized. Var- ious structural modeling methods for the high-aspect-ratio wing with geometric nonlinearity are dis- cussed. Accordingly, aerodynamic modeling approaches have been developed for the aeroelastic modeling of nonlinear high-aspect-ratio wings. Nonlinear aeroelasticity about high-altitude long- endurance （HALE） and fight aircrafts are studied separately. Finally, conclusions and the chal- lenges of the development in nonlinear aeroelasticity are concluded. Nonlinear aeroelastic problems of morphing wing, energy harvesting, and flapping aircrafts are proposed as new directions in the future.     

凸肩叶片接触状态的非线性动力学研究

针对航空发动机凸肩叶片系统的运动特点 ,将其简化为单自由度系统进行了分析 ,推导出该系统的李雅谱诺夫指数的计算公式。虽然接触面上的正压力作谐波变化 ,系统的李雅谱诺夫指数均不大于零 ,其稳态响应只有周期或拟周期运动 ,不会出现混沌。同时数值计算也表明 ,系统的稳态响应是周期或拟周期运动 ,而且出现 (v-1 )的次谐波成分 ,由此看出对凸肩接触状态进行非线性动力学分析是必要的