JF-12激波风洞在火星进入环境下的运行特性

火星探测是目前国际深空探测的热点,而火星着陆是火星探测的关键技术之一,火星着陆器发展中面临的一个严峻的挑战是其气动环境远远不同于地球大气的空气。然而,现阶段大多数地面试验设备都是以空气为试验气体来设计的,而不是火星大气的CO₂。本文利用高温热化学反应流动数值计算技术,对JF-12反向爆轰驱动激波风洞在火星进入环境下（主要气体成分是CO₂）的运行特性进行了计算模拟,通过调整激波管中驱动/被驱动气体的初始参数和高/低压段的截面积比,来模拟其中的波系产生、传播过程以及反射激波与接触面的相互作用机制。研究发现,相同情况下驱动CO₂的缝合激波马赫数要明显高于空气,通过减小驱动气体的声速和低压段的直径,可以在驱动CO₂时获得驻室压力稳定的试验气体。     

爆轰驱动激波管缝合激波马赫数计算

采用数值求解的方法得出了氢氧爆轰驱动激波管的缝合状态参数.以空气为试验气体时,缝合激波马赫数随着H2摩尔浓度的增加而增加,H2摩尔浓度达到90%左右时达到最大.当缝合马赫数较高时,需要考虑高温真实气体效应的影响,缝合激波马赫数较理想气体的高.以氢空气混合气为试验气体时,缝合激波马赫数较以空气为试验气体的小.通过调整驱动气体与被驱动气体的初始参数,可以得到即能恰好消除Taylor波又能缝合的运行状态.     

爆轰波穿越惰性气团时的透射激波参数分析

爆轰波穿越惰性气团再进入可燃混合气体时,透射激波的参数主要受到三个基本过程的影响:头激波两次穿越惰性气团与可燃气体之间接触面导致的激波强度下降、放热反应中止、爆轰波后稀疏波对激波的衰减作用。放热反应中止是透射激波衰减的主要原因,不同种类的惰性气体对透射激波参数影响不大。     

Influence of shock wave impinging region on supersonic film cooling

Shock waves can significantly affect the film cooling for supersonic flow and shock waves may have different influence when impinging in different regions. The present study numerically compared the results of shock wave impinging in three different regions and analyzed the effect of impinging region. The shock wave generators were located at x/s = 5, 25, 45 with 4°, 7° and 10° shock wave incidence. The mainstream Mach number was 3.2 and the coolant Mach number was 1.2 or 1.5. The numerical results illustrated that the shock wave impinged in the further upstream region led to a larger high-pressure region and a larger vortex in the boundary layer. Moreover, placing the shock wave generator upstream resulted in the lower mass fraction of coolant in the downstream region. The velocity in the upstream part of the cooling layer was lower than the midstream and downstream part, which resulted in the less ability to resist the shock wave impingement. Therefore, the upstream impingement deteriorated the cooling performance to a greater extent. The study also manifested that the stronger shock wave had a larger effect on supersonic film cooling. Increasing the coolant inlet Mach number can increase the blowing ratio and reduce the mixing, which was of benefit to improve cooling effect.     

跨声速叶栅抽吸流、激波以及分离流相干效应

以某高负荷、跨声速压气机叶栅为研究对象,应用数值模拟手段探讨通过抽吸控制激波从而控制附面层发展的可行方法。研究结果表明：随着抽吸量的增加吸力面马赫数峰值提高,激波损失增加,同时使得吸力面马赫数峰值点位置后移,附面层分离减弱,分离的减弱所导致的总压恢复系数增加量要远大于激波强度增加所导致的总压恢复系数减小量;抽吸对叶栅性能改善存在一个最佳抽吸量1.2%;在保证叶栅静压压升不变的前提下,相对于未抽吸条件1.2%抽吸使得叶栅总压恢复系数提高10%,扩散因子降低18%,落后角减小5°;通道激波后实施附面层小流量抽吸不能有效改善附面层内部流动参数,当实现前缘入射斜激波投射点位于通道激波上游时,叶表附面层流动得到较大改善。     

基于弯曲激波压缩系统的高超声速进气道反设计研究进展

总结了近十年来弯曲激波压缩研究的主要成果。提出了弯曲激波压缩系统的新概念,即利用特殊设计的楔形弯曲压缩面或空间弯曲压缩面,产生一系列与前缘弱激波相互交汇或叠加的压缩波系,从而使前缘激波弯曲,形成特殊的弯曲激波,它与波后的等熵压缩波来共同完成对气流的压缩。在此基础上,实现了由给定出口气动参数的超声速内流道反设计,实现了由给定压缩面压力分布和给定压缩面马赫数分布要求的型面反设计,实现了由给定激波波面的压缩型面反设计。研究证明,弯曲压缩面-弯曲激波压缩系统具有良好的综合气动性能,为高性能高超声速进气系统的气动设计提供了一种全新的设计方法。     

Reflection of a moving shock wave over an oblique shock wave

The reflection of a moving shock wave over a wedge immersed in a still gas and the reflection of a wedge induced steady shock wave over symmetrical and asymmetrical reflecting surfaces have received intensive considerations since more than 70 years ago. Here we consider a different shock reflection problem—reflection of a moving shock wave over an initially steady oblique shock wave induced by a wedge immersed in supersonic flow. For the flow condition we considered, five moving triple points, with each connecting an incident shock wave, a reflected shock wave and a Mach stem, are identified. By using the reference frame co-moving with each triple point, the type of each shock wave of this triple point is clarified. The present study is significant in that it treats a new shock reflection problem leading to a new shock reflection configuration and showing potential applications in supersonic flow with unsteady shock interaction.     

动态间断装配法模拟斜激波壁面反射

基于非结构动网格技术和边界装配思想提出了动态间断装配法,该方法能够应用于求解含有间断的流动问题。无论入射激波还是反射激波都是作为边界进行处理,激波运动速度由兰金-许贡纽(Rankine-Hugoniot)关系确定。激波作为动网格的一部分,其运动由动网格技术实现。采用该方法模拟了超声速二维流场中激波与壁面相交问题,并且与捕捉法进行比较,二者的流场结构符合良好,但是在细节上还是存在明显差异。通过对流动结构的分析,得出采用装配方法得到的流场要优于捕捉方法的结论。激波壁面反射的问题模拟,也说明了边界激波装配方法对于复杂的激波相交问题是具有处理能力的。     

激波结构内流动问题的气体运动论描述

从介观Boltzmann速度分布函数理论出发,发展计及分子粘性碰撞截面与扩散碰撞截面,可描述各流域一维气体流动问题的Boltzmann简化速度分布函数方程及其气体运动论数值计算方法。通过对不同Knudsen数下非定常激波管流动及不同马赫数定常正激波结构问题数值模拟,研究分析不同流区的激波突跃变化过程以及近连续流、稀薄过渡流特有的分子输运现象,揭示不同马赫数、不同分子模型的激波内流动与传热变化规律,证实基于Bo-ltzmann模型方程的气体运动论数值计算方法用于激波结构内流动研究的准确可靠性。     

高超声速数值激波失稳的网格依赖性

高超声速强激波的稳定捕捉仍极具挑战性。目前工程计算中普遍应用的数值格式在模拟多维强激波时通常会遭遇明显的激波不稳定现象,且数值格式的激波稳定性对计算网格表现出严重的依赖性。基于矩阵稳定性分析法,对比了具有不同耗散性质的数值格式稳定捕捉激波的能力,分析了空间二阶精度格式的激波稳定性及限制器对激波稳定性的影响。在此基础上,重点探究了计算网格对激波稳定性的影响规律,研究了网格长宽比和畸变角度对激波稳定性的影响。结果显示,在激波附近通过增大网格长宽比或改变网格畸变角度可有效改善激波捕捉的稳定性;相比于增大网格长宽比,改变网格畸变角度提升激波捕捉稳定性的效果更加明显。在此基础上,结合数值耗散分析对高马赫数下数值激波失稳现象的网格依赖性机制进行了探讨。     

超声速流中三波结构的参数优化研究

对三波结构的参数进行了探讨，给出了在反射激波和主激波后一些气动力变量的比值存在极值，文中称这种结构为优化结构，当给定气流的马赫数时，理论上就可确定优化三波结构的入射激波强度和存在区域，这可为一些超声速气动装置的设计提供参考依据。     

Strong interactions of incident shock wave with boundary layer along compression corner

The coherent structure and instability of the interaction of incident shock wave with boundary layer developing on a compression corner are experimentally studied. The experiments are carried out in a supersonic wind tunnel of Mach number 2. Particular attention is paid to shock patterns and unsteady shock motions induced by the separation bubble. The high-speed schlieren is used to visualize the flowfield evolution and to characterize the instability. The snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition of schlieren sequences is applied to investigate the primary coherent structure in the flowfield. Fast Fourier transform and continuous wavelet transformation are applied to characterize the instability. The results show that there are large-scale low-frequency oscillations of the shock waves and small-scale high-frequency pulsations in the separation region. The peak frequency of shock oscillation is mainly concentrated in the range of 100–1000 Hz. The pulsation of the small flow structure in the separation bubble is mainly concentrated above 12.5 kHz. Based on the results of experimental analysis, the preliminary mechanism of the large-scale instability of such interaction is obtained.     

电磁波在等离子体高温气体中传输特性实验研究

针对高超声速飞行器头身部形成的等离子体鞘套对通信的影响,在中国空气动力研究与发展中心的粉末激波管上开展了电磁波在等离子体高温气体中传输特性的实验研究。实验中获得了等离子体气体中的电磁波透射率、电子密度和碰撞频率。实验结果表明：X波段和Ka波段电磁波在高激波马赫数Mas=16.1、1区气体压力P1=1200Pa的激波管实验状态下产生的厚度80mm等离子体高温气体中能量衰减大于30dB,难以传输;X和Ka波段电磁波在激波马赫数Mas=15.9、1区气体压力P1=80Pa的激波管实验状态下产生的厚度80mm等离子体高温气体中能量衰减大于30dB,难以传输;X波段和Ka波段电磁波在激波马赫数Mas=10.1、1区气体压力P1=80Pa的激波管实验状态下产生的高温等离子气体中平均传输损耗较小,可以进行有效传输;Ka波段电磁波在激波马赫数Mas=8.9、1区气体压力P1=1200Pa的激波管实验状态下产生的厚度80mm等离子体气体中平均传输损耗小于1dB,可以进行有效传输。实验得到的等离子体高温气体中的电磁波透射率、电子密度和碰撞频率与理论计算值基本一致。     

激波冲击下Air/SF6斜界面不稳定性实验研究

激波在不同密度介质上的交互作用在可压缩湍流上具有重要的基础价值。激波在界面上的作用会引起Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性。激波不正规折射时,流场存在更多复杂的涡。研究马赫数为1.23、1.41的激波在初始倾角β=60°的Air/SF6界面上非正规折射的情况。入射激波的切向冲击和法向冲击的相互作用,在界面处产生涡,折射波在壁面发生马赫反射。利用阴影显示技术,给出了界面演化和混合的过程。     

A self-similar solution of a curved shock wave and its time-dependent force variation for a starting flat plate airfoil in supersonic flow

The problem of aeroelasticity and maneuvering of command surface and gust wing interaction involves a starting flow period which can be seen as the flow of an airfoil attaining suddenly an angle of attack. In the linear or nonlinear case, compressive Mach or shock waves are generated on the windward side and expansive Mach or rarefaction waves are generated on the leeward side. On each side, these waves are composed of an oblique steady state wave, a vertically-moving one-dimensional unsteady wave, and a secondary wave resulting from the interaction between the steady and unsteady ones. An analytical solution in the secondary wave has been obtained by Heaslet and Lomax in the linear case, and this linear solution has been borrowed to give an approximate solution by Bai and Wu for the nonlinear case. The structure of the secondary shock wave and the appearance of various force stages are two issues not yet considered in previous studies and has been studied in the present paper. A self-similar solution is obtained for the secondary shock wave, and the reason to have an initial force plateau as observed numerically is identified. Moreover, six theoretical characteristic time scales for pressure load variation are determined which explain the slope changes of the time-dependent force curve.     

变截面管道中激波诱导的两相流动

本文研究扩张型与收缩型变截面管道中激波诱导的非定常两相流动。对于稀相气固悬浮体采用了双连续介质模型,对于两相流动按照准一维近似处理。控制方程则是利用算子分裂技术和二阶GRP方法数值求解。文中给出了波后气固两相的流动结构,并讨论了粒子对两相流场的影响。     

Interaction of single-pulse laser energy with bow shock in hypersonic flow

Pressure sensing and schlieren imaging with high resolution and sensitivity are applied to the study of the interaction of single-pulse laser energy with bow shock at Mach 5. An Nd:YAG laser operated at 1.06 lm, 100 mJ pulse energy is used to break down the hypersonic flow in a shock tunnel. Three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are solved with an upwind scheme to simulate the interaction. The pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body is measured and calculated to examine the pressure variation during the interaction. Schlieren imaging is used in conjunction with the calculated density gradients to examine the process of the interaction. The results show that the experimental pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body and schlieren imaging fit well with the simulation. The pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body will increase when the transmission shock approaches the blunt body and decrease with the formation of the rarefied wave. Bow shock is deformed during the interaction. Quasi-stationary waves are formed by high rate laser energy deposition to control the bow shock. The pressure and temperature at the stagnation point on the blunt body and the wave drag are reduced to 50%, 75% and 81% respectively according to the simulation. Schlieren imaging has provided important information for the investigation of the mechanism of the interaction.     

双弯曲入射激波的可控中心体内收缩基准流场设计

采用有旋特征线法设计了一种双弯曲入射激波的可控中心体内收缩基准流场,两道入射激波交于中心体起始点,入射激波和反射激波通过给定激波径向总压恢复系数分布进行反设计,壁面通过给定轴向马赫数分布规律进行反设计.该基准流场分为“三波四区”且压缩效率较高.基于该基准流场设计了圆形进口内收缩进气道并进行了黏性修正,数值计算结果表明:内收缩进气道设计点核心区的流场特征和激波形状与基准流场基本一致;在来流马赫数为4.0~7.0时进气道具有较高的压缩效率和良好的流量捕获能力,设计点喉道截面增压比和总压恢复系数分别为17.7和0.729;来流马赫数为5.0~7.0时内部总阻力系数变化平缓,从0.23下降为0.22.      

高超声速内收缩进气道轴对称基准流场改进

针对轴对称基准流场中前缘曲激波靠近中心体的部分激波强度过大现象,基于马赫数分布可控反设计方法,将这道前缘曲激波分解为一道较弱弯曲激波和部分等熵压缩波,改进的基准流场存在“四波四区”结构且压缩效率明显提高.基于该改进的基准流场和常规“两波三区”基准流场分别设计了圆形进口的内收缩进气道并对其流场特点和性能进行数值研究.结果表明:改进的进气道的流场能较好保持基准流场的特点;在来流马赫数为4.0~7.0范围内具有较高的压缩效率和良好的流量捕获能力,设计点的出口压比和总压恢复系数分别为17.56和0.540;改进的进气道采用来流马赫数从高到低前缘弯曲激波和汇集的等熵压缩波依次封口的设计概念,在提高流量捕获能力的同时减小了总压损失,总体性能优于常规进气道,来流马赫数为7.0时总压恢复系数相对提高了23.6%,来流马赫数为4.0时流量系数相对提高了5.7%.      

准定常强激波马赫反射波形的数值研究

应用DCD频散控制激波捕捉格式,求解二维、多组分、带有化学反应的Euler方程组,数值模拟了准定常强激波的马赫反射问题.研究结果表明:与经典马赫反射理论相比,在强激波条件下,激波诱导的气体分子振动激发和化学反应使马赫反射的三波点轨迹角变小、马赫杆高度变低、楔顶附体激波倾角变小;马赫杆的相对突出量随入射激波马赫数和楔角的增大而增大,而气体分子的振动、离解等真实气体效应能进一步加剧马赫杆的向前突出.