基于响应面法的鸟撞风扇叶片损伤预测

有限元模拟鸟撞风扇叶片损伤成本高,为解决工程问题,采用经典叶栅鸟撞切割模型建立了鸟撞风扇叶片动载荷数学模型,结合鸟撞部件试验结果,以拟合技术明确风扇叶片损伤程度与最大关键动载荷计算值间的函数关系,形成叶片损伤预测响应面,实现对鸟撞风扇叶片损伤的快速预测,并建立基于响应面法的鸟撞风扇叶片损伤预测工作流程。结合涡扇发动机吞鸟试验技术要求、风扇结构设计特征及已开展的鸟撞部件试验结果,建立叶片损伤预测响应面,初步识别2种鸟撞方案的径向弯曲、弦向弯曲,并计算撕裂范围分别不超过0.3867和0.3941,撕裂与弦向弯曲相关性显著,呈抛物线变化趋势。结果表明：预测的损伤在可接受的安全性水平范围内,预测方法能够识别损伤范围及趋势,可为后续鸟撞有限元模拟、试验策划、安全性分析、风扇叶片抗鸟撞设计等工作提供量化的技术支持。     

航空发动机宽弦风扇叶片鸟撞损伤模型标定

为建立航空发动机风扇叶片抗鸟撞载荷能力的量化预测方法,针对特定的航空发动机宽弦风扇叶片设计,依据发动机在典型工作状态下的吸鸟速度、角度等撞击参数开展叶片鸟撞试验,采用显式动力学数值仿真方法,建立叶片鸟撞试验仿真分析模型,并通过对模型中叶片材料参数、鸟体本构模型参数、鸟与叶片耦合接触参数进行敏感度分析,对模型进行标定.结果表明,标定后的鸟撞分析模型所预测的叶片损伤模式与试验结果一致,预测的损伤位置与试验测量结果误差小于10%.      

发动机一级转子抗鸟撞试验与数值模拟研究

鸟撞发动机在鸟撞事故中最容易造成飞机损坏失事的情况,为了研究发动机一级压气机转子抗鸟撞适航性能,对发动机转子在工作状态下进行鸟撞试验,鸟体质量为1 000 g,撞击速度为195 m/s,发动机一级转子转速为8 525 r/min;基于显式碰撞动力分析软件PAM-CRASH 建立相应的叶片鸟撞数值计算模型,通过与试验结果的对比来验证本文计算模型的合理性;根据发动机适航条例分析不同工况下发动机一级转子抗鸟撞性能。结果表明：大鸟撞击相比于中鸟鸟群和小鸟鸟群,对于叶片的撞击结果更加恶劣;叶尖位置撞击会引起叶尖部位的大变形,叶根和叶中位置撞击会引起叶片根部较大的集中应力,导致叶片断裂。     

Numerical simulation of a rotary engine primary compressor impacted by bird

In order to examine the process of a rotary engine primary compressor impacted by bird, a finite element model of a bird impacted on plate is developed with the explicit code PAM-CRASH. The smooth particles hydrodynamic (SPH) method is used to simulate the bird because of the SPH method showing no signs of instability and correctly modeling the breaking-up of the bird into particles. Good agreement between the simulation results and experimental results indicates that the numerical method of bird strike used in the present paper is reasonable. Then a rotary engine primary compressor impacted by three different configurations bird named straight-ended cylinder bird, quadrangular bird, hemispherical-ended bird are investigated using the numerical simulation method. It is found that the whole process of bird strike sustained about 3.5 ms and the bird is slashed by blade during the strike. The geometry configuration of bird affected the displacement and von Mises stress of some blades severely, just because the breaking bird’s mass is affected by the bird’s configuration. In the event of bird striking on the site of"up"some blades may develop plastic deformation and it is very adverse for the safety work of the engine.     

航空发动机风扇叶片冰雹撞击仿真

为预估航空发动机风扇转子叶片受到冰雹撞击后的损伤情况,基于PAM-CRASH软件进行冰雹撞击风扇转子叶片仿真。采用SPH方法和带失效应变的弹塑性材料模型建立冰雹数值模型,模拟冰雹撞击铝合金平板过程,仿真结果与试验数据吻合较好。针对冰雹撞击旋转状态风扇转子叶片试验,建立3维风扇转子有限元模型,使用带失效模型的J-C本构模型定义叶片材料性能,采用该冰雹模型对试验过程进行仿真,获得的冰雹撞击过程和叶片损伤与试验结果基本相同,叶片凹陷深度误差小于10%。仿真与试验结果对比表明:风扇叶片冰雹撞击仿真方法能够预估叶片被冰雹撞击后的损伤情况,可用于叶片抗冰雹撞击设计与评估。     

Foreign Object Damage to Fan Rotor Blades of Aeroengine Part Ⅱ： Numerical Simulation of Bird Impact

Bird impact is one of the most dangerous threats to flight safety. The consequences of bird impact can be severe and, therefore, the aircraft components have to be certified for a proven level of bird impact resistance before being put into service. The fan rotor blades of aeroengine are the components being easily impacted by birds. It is necessary to ensure that the fan rotor blades should have adequate resistance against the bird impact, to reduce the flying accidents caused by bird impacts. Using the contacting-impacting algorithm, the numerical simulation is carded out to simulate bird impact. A three-blade computational model is set up for the fan rotor blade having shrouds. The transient response curves of the points corresponding to measured points in experiments, displacements and equivalent stresses on the blades are obtained during the simulation. From the comparison of the transient response curves obtained from numerical simulation with that obtained from experiments, it can be found that the variations in measured points and the corresponding points of simulation are basically the same. The deforming process, the maximum displacements and the maximum equivalent stresses on blades are analyzed. The numerical simulation verifies and complements the experiment results.     

航空发动机风扇转子叶片外物损伤II.鸟撞击数值仿真(英文)

鸟撞击是飞行安全最严重的威胁之一。鸟撞击的后果非常危险,因而,在进入服役之前,飞机部件必须通过抗鸟撞认证。航空发动机风扇转子叶片是容易受到飞鸟撞击的飞机部件之一,在设计时必须考虑使航空发动机风扇转子叶片具有抗鸟撞击的能力,降低由于鸟撞击叶片而引起的飞行事故。采用接触冲击算法,对航空发动机风扇转子叶片进行了模拟鸟撞击数值仿真。针对风扇叶片具有阻尼凸台的特点,分析中建立了三叶片组计算模型。得到了对应试验测试点的模拟鸟撞击叶片的瞬态响应曲线、叶片的位移和当量应力。比较了试验中和数值仿真中模拟鸟撞击叶片的瞬态响应曲线,试验中测试点与数值仿真中对应点的变化基本相同。分析了叶片的变形过程、最大位移和最大当量应力。模拟鸟撞击风扇叶片数值仿真验证并补充了模拟鸟撞击风扇叶片试验结果。     

采用流固耦合的实体元空心叶片鸟撞数值模拟

针对目前通用流固耦合算法在模拟实体元结构破坏上存在不足,以MSC.Dytran软件为平台,研究和验证了不考虑失效和考虑失效的实体元平板叶片流固耦合数值模拟方法;在此基础上,结合大涵道比航空发动机工作过程中较为常见且非常严重的鸟撞事故,建立了实体元空心叶片鸟撞瞬态动力学有限元模型并进行相应计算,结果表明:计算较好地模拟了叶片在遭受鸟体撞击后会产生巨大的瞬时冲击应力,以及叶片由此产生局部塑性变形.最后模拟了叶片遭受鸟撞发生失效的过程.      

航空发动机风扇叶片的抗鸟撞设计

根据航空发动机结构特征和鸟撞后的风扇叶片损伤特征,提出风扇第一级转子叶片是发动机抗鸟撞关键零件,叶片前缘为抗鸟撞设计关键部位。建立一种风扇叶片鸟撞理论分析方法,研究撞击工况、结构参数与鸟撞过程、损伤模式、损伤程度的关系,提出前缘角度是抗鸟撞能力关键结构参数。当撞击工况确定后,前缘角度决定了撞击形式和叶片损伤模式,影响损伤程度。采用显示动力学仿真分析方法,设计了一种带前缘特征的模型,对前缘角度的影响规律进行了验证,并开展了实际风扇叶片改进设计,改进后的叶片被鸟撞击后变形减小最少33%,抗鸟撞击能力明显提升。     

航空发动机风扇叶片硬物冲击损伤特征

通过对国内近20年民用航空发动机风扇叶片外物损伤数据调研与统计分析,筛选最具典型特征的硬物冲击损伤数据,依据发动机维修手册对风扇叶片损伤类型特征进行了分类,研究损伤类型与发动机类型的相关性和差异性、损伤发生位置特征、损伤尺寸特征等内容.分析结果表明:发动机风扇叶片硬物冲击损伤类型表现出多样化特征,其中缺口和凹坑两类损伤类型发生概率较大,而且不同损伤类型在特定发动机型号中又存在一定的差异性.通过对损伤位置与尺寸特征的分析,表明风扇叶片的损伤位置存在一定的集簇统计规律,缺口的损伤尺寸特性存在一定的统计分布规律.研究结果能够为航空发动机风扇叶片实际的维护维修工作提供相关技术参考.      

Foreign Object Damage to Fan Rotor Blades of Aeroengine Part Ⅰ: Experimental Study of Bird Impact

The conditions of experiment for bird impact to blades have been improved. The experiment of bird impact to the fan rotor blades of an aeroengine is carried out. Through analyzing the transient state response of blades impacted by bird and the change of blade profile before and after the impact, the anti-bird impact performance of blades in the first fan rotor is verified. The basis of anti-foreign object damage design for the fan rotor blades of an aeroengine is provided.     

Foreign Object Damage to Fan Rotor Blades of Aeroengine Part I： Experimental Study of Bird Impact

The conditions of experiment for bird impact to blades have been improved. The experiment of bird impact to the fan rotor blades of an aeroengine is carried out. Through analyzing the transient state response of blades impacted by bird and the change of blade profile before and after the impact, the anti-bird impact performance of blades in the first fan rotor is verified. The basis of anti-foreign object damage design for the fan rotor blades of an aeroengine is provided.     

航空发动机风扇转子叶片外物损伤I.鸟撞击试验研究(英文)

本文改进了叶片鸟撞击试验条件。对某型发动机风扇一级转子叶片进行了鸟撞击试验。通过对叶片的鸟撞击瞬态响应分析和撞击前后叶片叶型变化的分析,验证了风扇一级转子叶片的抗鸟撞击性能,为某型发动机风扇转子叶片的抗外物损伤设计提供了依据。     

Unmanned aerial vehicle strike on a flat plate: Tests and numerical simulations

The incursion of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) into airports often occurs due to the popularity of drones, which may lead to a threat to aircraft flight safety. Therefore, estimating the dynamic impact load caused by drone strikes is essential. This paper proposes a test method with high precision and low cost involving launching of a UAV to impact a flat plate specimen by using an air gun. The test results of UAVs impacting flat plates at different impact velocities, such as the UAV damage deformation captured by a high-speed camera and strain vs time dynamic response curves of plates, were obtained and analysed. At the same time, a corresponding numerical simulation was carried out by using the explicit finite element software LS-DYNA. The predicted damage to the UAV and strain on the flat plate during the strike process were compared with the test results. The overall trend of the simulation results is in good agreement with the test results, at least for the first three milliseconds of the event. This shows that the numerical simulation model established in this paper is reasonable. The UAV numerical method established in the present paper can be used to carry out numerical simulations and evaluations of the collision safety of UAVs against large aircraft and high-value ground targets. The results show that the local deformation of the impacted target is uneven due to the distribution of concentrated mass components such as motors, battery, and camera. As the impact velocity of the UAV increases, all parts of the UAV are seriously damaged and basically in a fragmented state, and the battery is greatly deformed. The interaction between the UAV and the flat plate specimen is approximately 2.7 ms, and the UAV numerical simulation model established in this paper can well simulate the real UAV impact process.     

旋转离心应力对叶片鸟撞响应的影响

为避免航空发动机叶片在高速旋转工作状态时经常会发生外物损伤造成的严重事故,基于冲击动力学理论,建立了离心预应力作用下叶片外物撞击的非线性动力学模型,利用碰撞动力分析软件PAM-CRASH及其丰富的材料本构模型数据库,建立了旋转叶片受鸟体撞击的有限元分析模型,并在其环境下通过隐式静力求解来进行旋转状态下叶片的预应力分析,对不同离心栽荷下叶片鸟撞击进行数值模拟比较。结果表明,离心应力对叶片的瞬态响应及损伤特征有较大的影响,并获得了不同离心预载作用下外物损伤的一些规律。     

发动机叶片鸟撞击瞬态响应的数值模拟

 简介了叶片鸟撞击瞬态响应的计算方法, 并采用接触冲击算法计算模拟了不同质量的鸟撞击单个、多个及整级叶片的瞬态响应过程。结果表明: 接触冲击算法能较为真实反映叶片鸟撞击过程; 不同质量的鸟撞击叶片时, 叶片变形与应力有较大的差异; 大质量的鸟撞击时, 必须考虑撞击区附近的局部塑性变形、叶尖位移以及叶根的局部塑性变形。研究结果对于进行我国叶片抗鸟撞击损伤设计具有重要参考价值。     

航空发动机第1级风扇叶片鸟撞研究

针对目前对鸟体撞击风扇部位影响分析不全的问题,计算了鸟体飞向叶片不同部位和穿过支板间隙的概率,在此基础上分析了鸟体撞击旋转状态第1级风扇叶片不同位置的概率。基于数值模拟技术,建立了鸟体撞击叶片的有限元模型,模拟鸟撞击风扇叶片叶尖、叶中、叶根部位,在分析引起叶片不同位置塑性变形的基础上,进一步确定了风扇损伤最大的位置。针对4种不同的鸟体撞击速度,对发动机第1级风扇叶片鸟体撞击部位损伤进行了分析。得到鸟体穿过叶尖部位支板间隙的概率约为50%,撞击叶尖部位概率约为16.7%,是最容易撞击的部位,受到的损伤也较大。计算结果可以为确定发动机风扇叶片鸟体撞击损伤提供参考。     

评定叶片鸟撞击损伤的参数与方法

探讨了在叶片抗岛撞击损伤研究中叶片损伤能力的评定参数与评定方法。结合发动机设计准则与设计规范的要求,提出了2个用于评定叶片损伤能力的叶片变形损伤参数和塑性应变损伤参数;经对模型叶片在不同撞击位置进行的鸟撞击损伤评定,证明方法可行     

基于打靶试验的风扇机匣包容能力评估方法

为保障飞行安全,航空发动机机匣需具有足够的抗冲击能力以包容高速旋转状态下丢失的叶片。针对某型涡扇发动机对开式风扇机匣包容性评估需求,提出了1种结合真实机匣打靶试验和有限元分析评估机匣包容能力的方法。通过使用真实机匣和真实叶片进行打靶试验获得风扇机匣的冲击损伤情况,并基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA进行了瞬态动力学有限元分析。结果表明:采用Johnson-Cook模型预测的机匣伤形状、尺寸以及叶片残余速度均与试验结果接近,验证了数值分析方法的准确性。采用验证过的数值分析方法开展旋转状态下机匣的包容性评估,发现由于撞击姿态差异和失效模式转变,风扇机匣可以包容以100%工作转速飞出的叶片,但机匣出现长裂纹,接近临界包容状态。所提出的方法可以在不具备部件包容试验条件的情况下,以较方便的形式对机匣包容能力可靠评估。     

叶片丢失后发动机整机响应模拟试验与仿真

依据大涵道比涡扇发动机结构设计了叶片丢失试验台,开展了一系列模拟叶片丢失试验,并采用显式有限元方法进行了数值仿真,研究了发动机叶片丢失后整机结构响应与载荷传递规律。结果表明:丢失叶片与机匣存在叶尖与叶身两次撞击,对应的加速度曲线存在两个响应峰值;转子转速越高,加速度响应幅值越大。叶片飞断后转子不平衡载荷传递路径为前轴承支承-中轴承支承-中介支板-机匣结构;叶片撞击机匣导致的冲击载荷则由风扇机匣向后传递,最终传给吊装结构;发动机承受的载荷是由不平衡和冲击影响耦合得到,其中冲击载荷为主要部分。该研究为掌握真实发动机叶片丢失下整机响应规律提供了试验模拟方法与数值仿真分析工具。