Vision-based bio-inspired guidance law for small aerial vehicle

During predation, a flying insect can form a stealth flight path. This behavior is called motion camouflage. Based on the study results of this behavior, the perception and neurology of flying insects, a novel bio-inspired guidance law is proposed for the terminal guidance for small aerial vehicle with charge-coupled device imaging seekers. The kinematics relationship between a small aerial vehicle and target is analyzed, and a two-dimensional guidance law model is established by using artificial neural networks. To compare with the proportional guidance law, the numerical simulations are carried out in the vertical plane and in the horizontal plane respectively. The simulation results show that the ballistic of the small aerial vehicle is straighter and the normal acceleration is smaller by using the bio-inspired guidance law than by using the proportional guidance law. That is to say, the bio-inspired guidance law just uses the information of the target from the imaging seeker,but the performance of it can be better than that of the proportional guidance law.     

形态仿生飞行器研制进展及关键技术

从大自然中生物的形态汲取灵感,对优秀的气动外形加以模仿和借鉴,从而获得更好的飞行性能,是形态仿生飞行器设计的基本思路。本文介绍了形态仿生飞行器的研制背景,分析了形态仿生“自上而下”和“自下而上”两种研究过程;按照仿鸟飞行器、仿鱼飞行器和其他仿生飞行器的类别分别介绍了形态仿生飞行器当前发展现状;探究了外形特征的提取方法,参照生物优良特性解决飞行器设计过程中的问题,仿生飞行器气动参数的辨识等关键技术,并对形态仿生飞行器的未来发展趋势进行了归纳总结。本文研究的内容对于形态仿生飞行器的设计具有一定的参考意义。     

In-Flight Simulators

The Flight Dynamics Laboratory (FDL) has sponsored and managed the development and use of several generations of in-flight simulators during the last thirty years. These vehicles were designed and fabricated, and are operated by the Flight Research Department of Calspan Corporation, Buffalo, New York. These unique aircraft have been used to develop control laws and control systems, to evaluate new aircraft before first flight, to provide specialized training for test pilots, to perform essential flight research in flying and handling qualities, and to develop and validate the military specifications for handling qualitites of piloted airplanes. As aircraft and control systems have become more complex and capable, systems integration issues have required more and more effort and resources.     

Recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity

Micro air vehicles (MAVs) have the potential to revolutionize our sensing and information gathering capabilities in areas such as environmental monitoring and homeland security. Flapping wings with suitable wing kinematics, wing shapes, and flexible structures can enhance lift as well as thrust by exploiting large-scale vortical flow structures under various conditions. However, the scaling invariance of both fluid dynamics and structural dynamics as the size changes is fundamentally difficult. The focus of this review is to assess the recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity. It is realized that a variation of the Reynolds number (wing sizing, flapping frequency, etc.) leads to a change in the leading edge vortex (LEV) and spanwise flow structures, which impacts the aerodynamic force generation. While in classical stationary wing theory, the tip vortices (TiVs) are seen as wasted energy, in flapping flight, they can interact with the LEV to enhance lift without increasing the power requirements. Surrogate modeling techniques can assess the aerodynamic outcomes between two- and three-dimensional wing. The combined effect of the TiVs, the LEV, and jet can improve the aerodynamics of a flapping wing. Regarding aeroelasticity, chordwise flexibility in the forward flight can substantially adjust the projected area normal to the flight trajectory via shape deformation, hence redistributing thrust and lift. Spanwise flexibility in the forward flight creates shape deformation from the wing root to the wing tip resulting in varied phase shift and effective angle of attack distribution along the wing span. Numerous open issues in flapping wing aerodynamics are highlighted.     

变体飞行器发展现状与应用前景

变体飞行器具有良好的气动特性和经济性。变体飞行器可按照变形尺度分为大、中、小3种类型。文中分析了仿生型变体飞行器、变后掠翼飞行器、机翼前缘变弯度飞行器、机翼变后缘飞行器、折叠机翼飞行器和柔性机翼飞行器等各种变体飞行器的特点和国内外研究现状。从结构材料、变体机构、气动和变形控制4个方面对变体飞行器的关键技术进行总结,对未来变体飞行器的应用方式和发展方向进行了展望。     

基于PD控制的仿昆虫扑翼样机研制

仿昆虫微型扑翼飞行器（FW-MAN）可以模仿昆虫悬停、垂直起飞以及侧飞等飞行姿态,从而适应复杂多障碍环境,具有广阔的应用前景。成功设计研制了一款重23.8 g,翼展18 cm,扑动幅值180°,扑动频率可达22 Hz的可垂直起飞的仿昆虫微型扑翼飞行器。采用曲柄摇杆与滑轮的组合机构作为样机扑动机构以解决原有样机扑动方案存在高摩擦及结构复杂等问题,样机翅翼设计为具有扭转角度的柔性翅翼从而使样机具有更高的气动效率。考虑到现有的姿态调节机制存在增加机构复杂度问题,基于翅翼扭转的姿态调节机制,设计了相应的控制调节机构,并搭建了样机气动力测量平台和姿态调节平台。气动升力与姿态力矩测量结果表明,样机翅翼可提供足够升力,姿态调节机制具有可行性。在此基础上,选取PD （Proportional Differential）控制律作为样机控制方式,为解决参数调定耗时及直接试飞样机不易观察控制效果问题,基于姿态调节平台获取了初始控制参数,然后对样机进行了多次试飞实验,并多次调定参数,最终实现了样机稳定垂直起飞。     

弹性飞行器飞行载荷与动态特性分析

在综合考虑了刚体运动自由度和弹性自由度的弹性飞行器运动方程的基础上 ,采用了线性气动力的影响系数形式 ,提出了一套飞行载荷与动态特性分析的方程和方法 ,用于解决飞行力学和气动弹性力学中的静气动弹性发散、配平与结构变形、气动载荷分布、颤振与飞行动态特性等问题。算例表明 ,该方法有效可行 ,且对于大柔性飞行器 ,刚体运动模态与弹性模态之间的耦合是显著的 ,应予以重视。     

小型无人机发展现状及其相关问题分析

就小型无人机(UAV)的发展现状及其相关问题进行了初步讨论。介绍了几种典型的小型无人机、微型飞机及一些机载设备。指出了小型无人机在空气动力、飞行力学方面存在的问题。对小型无人机的研究起到了借鉴作用。     

导弹地效区飞行空气动力和飞行力学特性研究

采用CFD和风洞试验技术,研究了导弹地效区飞行的空气动力和飞行力学相关特性。研究结果表明,导弹地效区飞行,由于受到地面效应的作用,其空气动力和飞行力学特性同常规自由空间飞行相比,发生了较大变化,常规导弹气动布局很难实现地效区飞行。由于地效区飞行运动响应十分复杂,加之飞行高度很低,这使现有飞行控制技术难以适应。这要求在气动布局设计中,必须将气动力、飞行力学和控制响应一体化考虑,气动布局技术是协调解决运动响应和动力学耦合的核心。     

Z型翼变体飞机的纵向多体动力学特性

机翼变形时,变体飞机的翼面积、惯性特性、全机焦点和重心位置等均会发生较大的变化,从而引起飞机的动态特性也随之改变。为此对机翼变形过程中的Z型翼变体飞机进行了纵向多体动力学建模仿真;推导了变形过程中变体飞机的六自由度非线性动力学方程,并通过简化得到了解耦后的纵向动力学方程。机翼折叠动态过程的气动特性数值模拟结果表明,不同折叠角速度下飞机的气动力相差不大。在机翼折叠角速度较小且忽略非定常气动效应的情况下,采用气动力准定常假设对变形过程中不同机翼折叠角速度下变体飞机的纵向响应进行了数值仿真,并研究了重心位置移动和气动特性变化对飞机变形过程动态特性的影响规律。结果表明,折叠过程中气动特性的变化是影响飞机动态特性的主要因素,机翼折叠后飞机的速度和迎角增加,且飞行高度下降较大。     

过失速机动飞机的鲁棒非线性控制律设计

 采用非线性动态逆和结构奇异值综合方法设计了过失速飞行条件下飞控系统控制律,解决了飞控设计中面临的非线性和鲁棒性问题。应用非线性动态逆的目的就是对过失速机动飞行条件下高度非线性的飞机动力学进行线化;从而围绕线性的快逆回路应用结构奇异值综合方法设计相应的鲁棒控制器,以提供对驾驶员指令的鲁棒跟踪。所设计的飞控系统将达到期望的飞行品质,确保系统对过失速机动飞行过程中因非定常气动力效应引起的系统参数摄动鲁棒性良好。高逼真度、非线性的仿真验证了这一点。     

飞行力学和飞行控制试飞技术

为了适应高增益,全权限数字电传操纵系统飞行试验的需要,利用已研制成功的多台地面飞行模拟器和ＢＷ－１纵向,ＩＦＳＴＡ三自由度空中飞行模拟试验机,模型自由飞研究以及具有现代先进水平的机载数据采集记录和地面实时监控系统等设备和技术手段,进行了电传飞机的飞行品质和飞控稳定性等问题的研究,包括试飞输入设计,电传飞机飞行品质,电传飞控系统稳定裕度等。最后,提出了对下一代飞机飞行力学和飞行控制方面需要研究的试飞     

第四代战斗机飞行品质及其试飞技术研究

在介绍第四代战斗机将采用的新技术的基础上，讨论了并提出了一些评定飞机飞行品质的新标准和相应的试飞方法及飞驾驶技术，以满足飞机过失速机动飞行和机敏性飞行试验的需要。这些标准和试飞驾驶技术概念清楚，操作简便，而且易于测量，适用于新一代战斗机的飞行试验。     

面向先进战斗机研制的风洞模型飞行试验技术

高机动性先进战斗机气动布局与飞控系统设计面临愈加严峻的流动/运动/控制耦合问题,大迎角飞行以及推力矢量等高新技术应用也使其在研制过程中面临更高的技术风险,风洞模型飞行试验是实现飞行器气动/飞行/控制一体化研究、降低研制技术风险的重要手段。介绍了低速风洞模型飞行试验技术原理及国内外发展现状,对试验技术主要特点及其在支撑先进战斗机研制中的作用、应用范围、应用阶段以及面临的主要挑战进行了分析,为试验技术发展和应用提供参考。发展和应用低速风洞模型飞行试验技术,有利于充分挖掘战斗机的气动性能与控制性能,降低试飞风险,是新一代战斗机研制、新技术工程化应用的重要支撑技术。     

Suggestion for aircraft flying qualities requirements of a short-range air combat mission

Owing to the lack of a direct link with the operations in short-range air combat,conventional aircraft flying qualities criteria are inappropriate to guide the design of a task-tailored flight control law.By applying the mission-oriented flying qualities evaluation approach,various aircraft with different control law parameters are evaluated on a ground-based simulator.This paper compares the evaluation results with several conventional flying qualities criteria,and discusses the appropriate parameter combination to reflect the flying qualities requirements of short-range air combat,The comparison and analysis show that a short-range air combat mission requires a higher minimum short period mode natural frequency and a smaller maximum roll mode time constant,and allows a lower minimum pitch attitude bandwidth and a higher maximum short period mode damp ratio than those of conventional flying qualities criteria.Furthermore,a combination of the pitch attitude bandwidth,the pitch attitude magnitude at the bandwidth frequency,and the pitch attitude transfer function gain can define the flying qualities requirements of short-range air com bat.The new metric can successfully predict the flying quality levels of aircraft in a short-range air combat mission.     

飞翼布局无人机的稳定与操纵特性分析研究

从气动和控制综合设计角度,提出了解决飞翼布局无人机稳定能力问题的多轴静不稳定增稳控制规律,通过对多操纵面操纵特性和操纵需求分析给出了操纵面的配置策略.仿真分析表明,所提出的设计方法较好地解决了飞翼布局无人机特殊的稳定与操纵问题.     

螺旋桨式微型飞行器飞行特性分析

以南航研制成功的某型号微型飞行器为背景,以该型机的风洞实验数据为基础,针对该机的独特气动布局形式,对该机进行了六自由度飞行力学模型的建立。在建模过程中,考虑了螺旋桨滑流对飞机的气动干扰及不同飞行状态下螺旋桨拉力及扭矩的变化。通过应用四阶龙格-库塔方法对该运动方程进行数值求解,对该型微型飞行器的飞行动力学问题进行了非线性分析。     

The flying object: a flight data management concept

The drive for greater cost-effectiveness and improved safety/security in an environment of increasing air movements calls for improved availability of accurate and consistent flight data to stakeholder systems. Studies conducted by EUROCONTROL in 2001-2003 indicate significant levels of inconsistency between flight data available to aircraft operators, air traffic control (ATC), air traffic flow management (ATFM), airports and military systems, causing unnecessary workload, inefficient use of resources, and unnecessary delays. Eurocontrol's new flight data interoperability concept is intended to resolve this problem. Having passed through the initial feasibility phase, this concept is now entering the development phase, in which it will become the basis for the development of a draft interoperability standard to be used in Europe for the specifications of new flight data processing systems deployed from 2007 onwards, and potentially to be proposed to the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) for global standardisation.     

伸缩机翼变形技术研究

变体飞机可以根据需要改变气动外形,以便在不同的飞行状态都能获得最佳的气动性能,提高飞机的任务适应能力。伸缩机翼变形技术在国外已经过几十年的研究和探索,是变体飞机技术的主要发展方向之一。本文综述了伸缩机翼技术的发展历史及国内外研究情况,阐述了伸缩机翼变形原理及其优缺点,提炼了设计伸缩机翼所涉及的关键技术,展望了伸缩机翼技术在飞机、导弹、地效翼飞行器以及飞行汽车等方面的应用前景。     

舵面特性对飞翼构型作战飞机短周期品质的影响

 飞翼构型作战飞机采用无尾翼身融合布局,由于取消了平尾,使其稳定性及阻尼特性下降,需要操纵面具有良好的舵面特性才能保证其获得满意的飞行品质。采用3种不同的短周期飞行品质评定方法,评定小展弦比飞翼构型飞机在不同舵面特性组合情况下的飞行品质,并总结了舵面特性与短周期飞行品质等级间的关系,给出了依据操纵导数和舵面偏转速率大小所划分的品质优劣边界。结果表明,舵面特性变差将导致飞翼构型飞机的短周期飞行品质恶化。研究方法及结果可用于指导此类新布局飞机的初步设计和飞行品质的评定。