零泊松比十字形混合蜂窝设计分析及其在柔性蒙皮中的应用

柔性机翼变弯度/展/弦长方案需要蒙皮在面内具有一维大变形能力,并且在垂直平面方向能够提供足够的抗压和抗弯刚度。设计了一种零泊松比十字形混合蜂窝,支撑弹性胶膜构成柔性蒙皮结构。研究了十字形混合蜂窝的面内变形机理、蜂窝力学特性与单元形状参数的关系,针对蜂窝的面内单向变形能力进行了参数优化;将蜂窝结构等效为正交各向异性材料,研究了十字形混合蜂窝的面外抗弯能力及其影响因素;根据后缘变弯度机翼柔性蒙皮设计要求,研究了十字形混合蜂窝结构参数的适用性。结果表明这种蜂窝能够满足柔性蒙皮的使用要求,且质量轻、易驱动。     

一种前后缘连续变弯度翼型气动特性分析

提出了一种基于厚度不变的翼型前后缘连续偏转变形规律,并以NACA0015翼型为例,实现了翼型变弯度的参数化。以柔性伸缩蒙皮支撑结构和机械结构实现了可连续光滑偏转后缘的变弯度翼型,验证了变形规律。以前后缘偏转角度为参数,计算并分析了各个变形状态下翼型扰流流场和气动特性,讨论了变形参数对气动特性的影响,研究了气动特性的产生机理。研究结果表明:在大迎角下,前缘偏转角对翼型失速有一定的抑制作用;在中小迎角范围内,翼型升阻比随着后缘偏转角的增大而增大,且不论迎角如何变化,总可以通过前后缘偏转来获得较高的升阻比。     

A compliant polymorphing wing for small UAVs

This paper presents the development of a novel compliant polymorphing wing capable of chord and camber morphing for small UAVs. The morphing wing can achieve up to 10% chord extension and ±20° camber changes. The design, modeling, sizing, manufacturing and mechanical testing of the wing are detailed. The polymorphing wing consists of one continuous front spar fixed to the fuselage and a rear spar on each side of the wing. Each rear spar can translate in the chordwise direction (chord morphing) and rotate around itself (camber morphing). A flexible elastomeric latex sheet is used as the skin to cover the wing and maintain its aerodynamic shape whilst allowing morphing. The loads from the skin are transferred to the spars using the compliant cellular ribs that support the flexible skin and facilitate morphing. Pre-tensioning is applied to the skin to minimize wrinkling when subject to aerodynamic and actuation loads. A rack and pinion actuation system, powered by stepper motors, is used for morphing. Aero-structural design, analysis and sizing are conducted. Performance comparison between the polymorphing wing and the baseline wing (non-morphing) shows that chord morphing improves aerodynamic efficiency at low angles of attack while camber morphing improves efficiency at high angles of attack.     

Effects of fiber orientation on tool wear evolution and wear mechanism when cutting carbon fiber reinforced plastics

The aim of the present paper is to reveal the influence of different fiber orientations on the tool wear evolution and wear mechanism. Side-milling experiments with large-diameter milling tools are conducted. A finite element (FE) cutting model of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) is established to get insight into the cutting stress status at different wear stages. The results show that different fiber orientations bring about distinct differences in the extent, profile and mechanism of tool wear. Severer wear occurs when cutting 45° and 90° plies, followed by 0°, correspondingly, the least wear is obtained when θ = 135° (θ represents the orientation of fibers). Moreover, the worn profiles of cutting tools when θ = 0° and 45° are waterfall edge, while round edge occurs when θ = 135° and a combined shape of waterfall and round edge is obtained when θ = 90°. The wear mechanisms under different fiber orientations are strongly dependent on the cutting stress distributions. The evolution of tool wear profile is basically consistent with the stress distribution on the tool surface at different wear stages, and the extent of tool wear is determined by the magnitude of stress on the tool surface. Besides, the worn edges produce an actual negative clearance angle, which decreases the actual cutting thickness and leads to compressing and bending failure of fibers beneath the cutting region as well as low surface qualities.     

折叠机翼变体飞机非对称变形控制效率分析

折叠机翼变体飞机变形量大,变形引起的气动参数变化显著,提出一种将非对称变形作为操纵输入的控制方案,研究非对称变形的控制效率和有效区间。首先建立能够完整描述变形过程的非线性动力学方程和气动力模型;然后基于非对称变形控制方法建立一种非对称变形操纵模型;最后通过与常规操纵面效率对比和仿真的动态响应总结出非对称变形操纵的最大变形操纵有效区间。结果表明:在较低飞行速度下非对称变形操纵效率高,非对称变形操纵能够在基准折叠角度90°附近提供最高的滚转操纵效率。     

涡轮导叶前缘多排孔冷气掺混数值模拟

针对某三维扭转冷却涡轮导叶在前缘开设3排冷却孔,冷却孔流向夹角均为90°,径向射流角分别为30°,60°和90°,分别采用点源项与真实孔射流两种方法对前缘冷却孔气动性能和冷却特性进行了对比研究,分析了点源项与真实孔冷气掺混机制以及不同径向射流角对叶栅通道流场和冷却特性的影响.结果表明:真实冷却孔射流对前缘附近约10%轴向弦长范围内的流动影响较大,冷却效果涵盖了整个导叶;点源项方法所得压力与非冷却涡轮很接近;冷气径向喷射角减小,真实孔模型导叶表面温度下降了8%~16%,而点源项模型导叶表面温度降低了21%~23%.在工程实际中不能将点源项法计算结果用作定量评估依据.      

复合材料层合板挖补修复工艺研究

针对不同挖补斜度的复合材料层合板使用韧性胶黏剂Araldite~@2015,对修补后的试件使用弯曲和拉伸性能进行评价。结果表明:铺层方式为[±45°]_(4s)层合板在弯曲载荷作用下修补后修补效率最高能达到119.6%,拉伸载荷作用下修补效率最高能达到71.4%;铺层方式为[0°/90°]_(4s)层合板在弯曲载荷作用下修补后修补效率最高能达到82.1%。结果可为实际修补提供依据和指导。     

基于零厚度内聚力单元单向碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料微观切削机理研究

为探究碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)微观切削机理,通过有限元法,采用零厚度内聚力单元模拟界面相,碳纤维建模呈圆柱状并随机分布于基体中,以此来真实反应CFRP的微观结构。通过对各组成相设置不同的材料本构、材料失效和演化准则,对4种典型角度(0°、45°、90°、135°)进行直角切削仿真,探究不同纤维角度下单向碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(UD-CFRP)在切削过程中的微观切削机理。结果表明:不同纤维角度下CFRP的微观破坏形式不同,切削0°CFRP时破坏主要以界面开裂和纤维折断为主,切削45°和90°CFRP时主要是刀具的侵入破坏,切削135°CFRP时则发生纤维的断裂和沿纤维方向的裂纹,纤维断裂点在刀刃下方。最后,通过实验验证了微观模型的准确性。     

Effect of flexibility on unsteady aerodynamics forces of a purely plunging airfoil

Introducing flexibility into the design of a vertically flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. As less previous studies on the aerodynamics of vertically flapping flexible wings focused on the lift generated in a wide range of angle of attack·a 2D numerical simulation of a purely plunging flexible airfoil is employed using a loose fluid–structure interaction method. The aerodynamics of a fully flexible airfoil are firstly studied with the flexibility and angle of attack. To verify whether an airfoil could get aerodynamic benefit from the change in structure, partially flexible airfoil with rigid leading edge and flexible trailing edge were further considered. Results show that flexibility could always reduce airfoil drag while lift and lift efficiency both peak at moderate flexibility. When freestream velocity is constant, lift is maximized at a high angle of attack about 40° while this optimal angle of attack reduces to 15° in drag-balanced status. The airfoil drag reduction, lift augmentation as well as efficiency enhancement mainly attribute to the passive pitching other than the camber deformation. Partially deformed airfoil with the longest length of moderate flexible trailing edge can achieve the highest lift. This study may provide some guidance in the wing design of Micro Air Vehicle (MAV).     

孔排布局对叶片前缘气膜冷却的影响

采用放大的半圆柱状表面模拟涡轮叶片前缘的形状,对叶片前缘单排及两排圆柱形孔的气膜冷却效率进行了测量。试件表面交错地开有 6排孔,以驻点为起点,位置分别在± 1 5°,± 4 0°及± 60°处,各排孔的孔间距均为 3个孔径,孔轴线与表面在展向及流向的夹角分别为 30°及 90°,孔长与孔径比为 4。主要对比研究了 3种单排气膜孔不同孔排位、3种两排气膜孔不同孔排位及 1种三排气膜孔的布局对孔排下游冷却效率的影响。结果表明 :在同样二次流流量条件下,冷却效果好的单排孔位置依次为 60°,4 0°,1 5°,冷却效果最好的两排孔位置组合为 ( 40°,60°)。结果还表明 :在较大的二次流流量条件下,采用单排孔、两排孔或三排孔冷却方案对孔排下游的冷却效果影响不大;但在较小的二次流流量条件下,从冷却效果看,较好的孔排冷却方案依次为 :三排孔、两排孔及单排孔。实验参数范围是 :主流雷诺数 Re=4 2 0 0 0～ 1 2 70 0 0,平均吹风比 M =0.5～ 2.0     

T型长桁边缘倒角对蒙皮纤维屈曲的影响研究

文 摘 通常在复合材料加筋壁板结构先固化长桁,再将未固化的蒙皮与固化长桁进行共胶接过程中,由于辅助材料的架桥造成长桁边缘处蒙皮局部纤维屈曲。针对此类问题,研究了长桁边缘倒角角度、蒙皮厚度和蒙皮铺层角度3个因素对长桁边缘处蒙皮局部纤维屈曲程度的影响,并对纤维屈曲的原因和机理进行了分析。结果表明：减小倒角角度有利于减小蒙皮局部纤维屈曲的程度,同时纤维屈曲程度与蒙皮厚度呈正相关,与蒙皮铺层中90°铺层比例呈负相关。工程应用中,对长桁边缘适当倒角,在不使用工艺软模的条件下有利于提高复合材料加筋壁板的成型质量。     

机翼后缘柔性支撑结构的拓扑优化

针对机翼后缘柔性支撑结构的多目标拓扑优化问题,分析了柔性支撑结构的优化目标及目标函数,并采用位矩阵表示机翼后缘柔性支撑结构,利用非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)对该优化问题进行了求解。在优化过程中,引入连通性分析和相似个体过滤,借助ANSYS对可行个体进行有限元分析(FEA),获得了结构质量、变形性能和承载能力等目标值。通过MATLAB对违约个体进行惩罚,实现了位矩阵表示的NSGA-Ⅱ,得到了一组互不支配的机翼后缘柔性支撑优化结构,可根据实际需求选择这些相应的拓扑结构。结果表明,本方法可为机翼后缘柔性支撑结构的拓扑优化提供可行、有效的解。     

编织复合材料预制体铺覆成型的数值模拟

针对平面编织复合材料预制体在曲面铺覆过程中的局部变形,建立了三维有限元模型,利用商业有限元软件Abaqus模拟了预制体在铺覆成型过程中的纤维束变形规律。研究了0°和45°碳纤维织物在球面铺覆过程的变形过程和局部剪切变形。结果表明,纤维束之间的滑动和纤维束起皱是该预制体在球面铺覆过程中的典型变形模式。在0°织物的球形铺覆变形中,0°和90°纤维束的剪切变形角最小,45°方向纤维束的剪切变形角最大;在45°织物的铺覆变形中,0°和90°纤维束的剪切变形角最大,45°方向纤维束的剪切变形角最小。     

机翼动态气动特性实验研究

介绍了动态特性风洞实验的技术方案、测试系统和测试软件。对前缘后掠６０°的三角翼在迎角０°～９０°范围内快速上仰时的升力进行了测量。结果表明：机翼快速上仰时,随上仰速率增大最大升力系数增高,即动态升力效应更明显;失速迎角也增大。此外,给出了简缩频率、平均迎角、振荡振幅以及俯仰轴位置等对振荡机翼产生的非定常瞬时力的影响     

叶片前缘形状对涡轮气动性能的影响

采用Bezier曲线控制涡轮叶片前缘形状由圆弧形改为非圆弧形,用数值计算方法研究涡轮叶片前缘形状对其气动性能影响.首先以基元叶型为研究基础,数值模拟分析、比较不同基元叶型前缘形状在不同攻角下对涡轮叶栅性能影响.对于正常运行的攻角范围(-15°~+10°),由于非圆弧形前缘表面曲率半径增大较缓,减小了前缘表面流动的法向压力梯度,抑制过度膨胀,减小由摩擦力引起的能量耗散,损失减小,且非圆弧形曲率半径越大,提高性能效果相对越好.而在非设计工况的大攻角条件下,前缘曲率半径缓慢增大将导致叶型分离更严重,损失相对增加.其次以某5级低压涡轮作为验证实例,数值研究分析认为,非圆弧形前缘形状可改善叶片前缘流动特性,提高涡轮效率,但对于远离设计点的非设计工况,由于气流攻角的大幅度改变,会带来涡轮气动性能的负面影响.      

基于柔性翼肋的变形机翼几何参数设计

为了实现柔性翼肋在机翼结构中的应用,试验分析了柔性翼肋结构的变形效能.推断分析了机翼几何参数(翼面积、展弦比、尖稍比、后掠角)对机翼升阻特性的影响,结合柔性翼肋在机翼中的应用,优化了机翼参数和相应的后缘柔性变形量.实验证明柔性机翼结构的可行性,性能评估证明柔性机翼具有一定的优势.     

Integrated design of topology and material for composite morphing trailing edge based compliant mechanism

The morphing trailing edge based compliant mechanism is a developing technology which can increase lift-drag ratio for variable flight modes by bending down the trailing edge. Composite material design is integrated into topology optimization for the morphing trailing edge based compliant mechanism in the paper. A two-step optimization strategy is established to solve the integrated design problem. Initially, lamination parameters are introduced and viewed as a bridge between structure stiffness and fiber angles for composite material. Design variables include the lamination parameters and element density. The least-squares between actual and desired displacements at output points along trailing edge is adopted to evaluate the deformed capability of the trailing edge. An integrated optimization model for the composite morphing trailing edge is established with the volume constraints. The optimal topologic shape and lamination parameters are initially obtained. Subsequently, a least-squares optimization between fiber angles and the optimal lamination parameters is implemented to obtain optimal fiber angles. Finally, morphing capability of composites trailing edge based compliant mechanism is investigated by simulation and experiments. The results indicate the composites trailing edge based compliant mechanism can approximately bend down 8 degrees and satisfies the design requirement.     

角度和孔间距对双向扩张型孔流量系数影响的实验

为了研究非常规扩张孔的流动特性,测量了一排7个双向扩张孔的平均流量系数.气膜孔的前倾角为20°,45°和90°,径向角为0°,30°和65°,孔间距与孔径比为2,3和4.动量比变化范围为1到8.结果表明,径向角为0°的流量系数随前倾角的增加显著增加.前倾角为20°的流量系数随径向角的增加略有减小.前倾角为90°的流量系数随孔间距的增加而增加.      

Aerodynamic characteristics of morphing wing with flexible leading-edge

The morphing wing can improve the flight performance during different phases. However, research has been subject to limitations in aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing with a flexible leading-edge. The computational fluid dynamic method and dynamic mesh were used to simulate the continuous morphing of the flexible leading-edge. After comparing the steady aerodynamic characteristics of morphing and conventional wings, this study examined the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of morphing wings with upward and downward deflections of the leading-edge at different frequencies. The numerical results show that for the steady aerodynamic, the leading-edge deflection mainly affects the stall characteristic. The downward deflection of the leading-edge increases the stall angle of attack and nose-down pitching moment. The results are opposite for the upward deflection. For the unsteady aerodynamic, at a small angle of attack, the transient lift coefficient of the upward deflection, growing with the increase of deflection frequency, is larger than that of the static case. The transient lift coefficient of the downward deflection, decreasing with the increase of deflection frequency, is smaller than that of the static case. However, at a large angle of attack, an opposite effect of deflection frequency on the transient lift coefficient was demonstrated. The transient lift coefficient is larger than that of the static case when the leading edge is in the nose-up stage, and lower than that of the static one in the nose-down stage.     

基于CFD的变后掠翼单速度最优后掠角预测模型

为延长飞行器续航时间,探索变后掠翼飞行器控制规律,根据新型变后掠翼飞行器模型,探究了通过飞行器速度及迎角来控制弹翼后掠角度,以达到最优气动性能,从而使该飞行器获得更长续航力.选取飞行马赫数为0.4～0.8、前缘后掠角度为15°～45°内的39个关键点,在迎角为0°～14°范围内进行CFD仿真,将仿真结果在不同数学模型下...