钛/铝异质金属搅拌摩擦焊技术研究进展

钛合金和铝合金均具有质轻、比强度高和抗腐蚀性能好等优点,已广泛应用于航空航天、军事工业和公共交通等领域,钛/铝异种金属复合结构的连接逐渐成为研究热点。然而,由于物理和化学性能差异明显,钛/铝焊接难度大,存在成形困难、接头性能较差等问题。搅拌摩擦焊作为一种固相焊接方法,对克服异种材料性能差异带来的焊接困难具有极大的优势。本文综述了钛/铝异质金属搅拌摩擦焊的研究现状,主要涉及焊缝成形、焊接参数、力学特征、冶金结合和连接机制等,以及衍生的搅拌摩擦焊新技术,为钛/铝异质金属结构的轻量化设计提供新思路,并对其未来发展进行了展望。     

激光点焊工艺参数对止推箔片轴承接头组织与性能的影响

止推箔片轴承是航空陀螺仪中的重要支撑元件,为了提高支承面的耐磨性及耐腐蚀性,通常会在支承面涂覆特氟龙涂层,该涂层的添加给后续的制造工艺带来不确定性。研究激光点焊工艺参数对止推箔片轴承接头组织与性能的影响,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子精密拉伸仪、超声检测等分析方法,对焊缝表面成形、接头显微组织及力学性能进行分析。结果表明:焊点表面直径随脉冲功率的增加而增大,而抗拉剪力随热输入量的增加先增大后减小;激光点焊制造的优化工艺参数为脉冲功率百分比22%、脉冲宽度5.0ms,抗拉剪力达最大值63.0N;超声波浸液检测能够精确测定搭接界面的尺寸,但抗拉剪力与界面尺寸不完全成正比关系,接头的抗拉剪力主要与接头的断裂机制有关。     

Influence of welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of electron beam welded Ti60 to GH3128 joint with a Cu interlayer

Effects of welding parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti/Cu/Ni joint welded by electron beam were investigated. High welding heat input increased the melting quantity of Ti60 titanium alloy and promoted the formation of Ti–Cu intermetallic compounds (IMC) such as Ti₂Cu and Ti₃Cu₄, increasing the brittleness of the joints. Low welding heat input was not conducive to the complete melting of the copper interlayer, and the unmelted copper reduced the performance of the joints. Under the optimal welding parameters, Ti–Ni IMCs in the weld would be replaced by (Cu, Ni) solid solutions ((Cu, Ni)_ss). However, Ti–Cu IMC layers cannot be eliminated entirely by changing the welding parameters. The maximum tensile strength of the joints was 201 MPa. The fracture of the joints occurred at the Ti–Cu IMC layer, which was a typical brittle fracture.     

Microstructural formation and mechanical performance of friction stir double-riveting welded Al-Cu joints

A novel friction stir double-riveting welding (FSDRW) technology was proposed in order to realize the high-quality joining of upper aluminum (Al) and lower copper (Cu) plates, and this technology employed a Cu column as a rivet and a specially designed welding tool with a large concave-angle shoulder. The formations, interfacial characteristics, mechanical properties and fracture features of Al/Cu FSDRW joints under different rotational velocities and dwell times were investigated. The results showed that the well-formed FSDRW joint was successfully obtained. The cylindrical Cu column was transformed into a double riveting heads structure with a Cu anchor at the top and an Al anchor at the bottom, thereby providing an excellent mechanical interlocking. The defect-free Cu/Cu interface was formed at the lap interface due to the sufficient metallurgical bonding between the Cu column and the Cu plate, thereby effectively inhibiting the propagation of crack from the intermetallic compound layer at the lap interface between the Al and Cu plates. The tensile shear load of joint was increased first and then decreased when the rotational velocity and dwell time of welding tool increased, and the maximum value was 5.52 kN. The FSDRW joint presented a mixed mode of ductile and brittle fractures.     

铝/铜异种金属搭接无倾角微搅拌摩擦焊接工艺特性

以0.5mm厚6061铝合金和2mm厚T2紫铜搭接接头为研究对象,开展了无倾角微搅拌摩擦焊接试验,通过对搅拌工具材料选择、焊缝成形、接头性能分析,研究了其焊接工艺特性。试验结果表明,相比热作模具钢,采用高速工具钢制成的搅拌工具有更长的使用寿命。对于铝/铜搭接接头,无倾角微搅拌摩擦焊接能获得成形良好的焊缝,并且其工艺窗口宽泛,接头的力学性能良好,其承载能力能够达到铝合金母材的95%以上,但是当焊接速度为200mm/min时,主轴转速一旦超过25000r/min,焊缝表面将会出现沟槽缺陷。     

铝合金ZL114A的激光焊接工艺

主要研究了铝合金ZL114A的激光焊接工艺特性.首先对其可焊性进行了摸索,然后探讨了激光焊接工艺参数对焊缝熔深、焊缝宽度以及接头组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,选择适当的激光焊接工艺参数,如：激光功率、焊接速度、离焦量、保护气体流量等,可以获得高质量的焊缝.组织观察发现,焊缝组织致密、晶粒细小,接头强度可以满足使用要求.     

A356-T6/6061-T6异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊的工艺研究

通过对6 mm厚的A356-T6/6061-T6异种铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊工艺试验研究,采用OM、SEM、万能拉伸试验机、显微硬度仪等分析了母材位置、焊接速度对接头组织和性能的影响。研究结果表明:当旋转速度为1 000 r/min、焊接速度为100~400 mm/min时,均可获得内部无明显缺陷、外观良好的异种铝合金接头;A356-T6铝合金置于前进侧时有利于材料的迁移,焊缝区组织由典型的焊核区、热机械影响区和热影响区特征组织组成,焊核区域晶粒由表层向底层逐渐细化;接头拉伸性能随焊接速度的增加而增大;焊接速度较低时,A356合金位于前进侧有利于获得强度更高的接头,而焊接速度较高时,6061位于前进侧有利于获得高性能接头,且接头的屈服强度和延伸率均较A356位于前进侧时高;无论A356还是6061置于前进侧,接头的断裂位置均位于A356侧热影响区,与母材放置位置无关,这与焊缝硬度最小值区位置相吻合。     

BT20钛合金激光焊技术研究

针对2.5 mm厚BT20钛合金进行了CO2激光焊和YAG激光焊研究,结果表明由于激光特性不同,形成的焊缝几何特征不同,当焊接工艺适当,可保证焊接过程的稳定性和焊接接头的质量.在激光自熔焊时主要的焊缝缺陷是咬边,这是由于钛合金物理性能和激光高能束流焊特性所致.这种咬边缺陷不利于焊接接头性能,尤其是接头的疲劳性能和断裂韧性.采用活性剂和填丝焊,以及激光旋扫焊可以改善焊缝咬边缺陷,提高钛合金激光焊接头的力学性能.     

Effect of adding Nb foil on joint properties of laser fusion welding for TC4 titanium and 7075 aluminum alloy

It is difficult to gain effective Ti-Al fusion welding joints due to their differences in thermal properties and the appearance of brittle Ti-Al Intermetallic Compounds (IMCs). The experiments of laser fusion welding for TC4 titanium and 7075 aluminum alloy were carried out, temperature field and ductility/brittleness, as well as chemical potential of elements, were calculated, and the effect of adding Nb foil on mechanical properties of the weld was also investigated. The results suggested that Nb atoms tend to diffuse toward Al side, which is conducive to the participation of Nb in the metallurgical reaction and contributes to forming the Ti-Nb-Al IMC layer at the interface. As the thickness of Nb foil increases, the tensile-shear force of joint climbs first but then declines, and reaches the highest value of 1663 N with 0.10 mm-thickness Nb foil, representing 58.38% enhancement compared with the non-added one. Adding Nb foil slows down the heat transfer as a blocker, and thus both the melting amount of Al and the mixing area of Ti and Al decrease. In addition, Nb alloying reduces the brittleness of the Ti-Al compound. Hence, the joint properties of titanium/aluminum are improved with the addition of Nb foil.     

2219铝合金变截面结构搅拌摩擦焊接工艺及组织特性

针对变截面结构产品,提出了一种变截面搭接结构搅拌摩擦焊接方法,通过加装辅助板将整条焊缝焊接方向上补偿为等厚度。焊接采用一次定位焊接+二次定位焊接+正式焊接的工艺方式,一次定位焊为预定位,二次定位焊保证辅助板与试片主体结构之间形成有效连接,正式焊保证形成完整的焊缝。焊缝表面成形良好,超声相控阵检测无超标缺陷。通过对力学性能的分析,变截面搭接结构处焊缝与非搭接处焊缝和常规对接焊缝的力学性能基本相同,平均抗拉强度均达到母材的70%以上,平均延伸率均在5.8%以上。变截面搭接焊缝焊核处晶粒形态为细小的等轴晶,靠近轴肩影响区部分的晶粒尺寸大于靠近焊缝根部的晶粒尺寸,受再结晶影响,焊缝两侧热机影响区处辅助板搭接界面消失。     

铜/镍箔中间层对铝/钢激光焊接接头组织与力学性能的影响

研究以Ni、Ni/Cu箔片为中间层的铝/钢异种金属激光焊接行为,系统考察Cu/Ni箔片复合中间层的添加对铝/钢异种激光焊接接头组织与性能的影响。利用扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪对焊缝横截面的组织形貌和各区域的元素分布进行观察分析,利用X射线衍射仪对焊接接头的主要物相进行分析,并利用电子万能试验机对焊接接头进行拉伸实验以表征其力学性能,结果表明:Cu/Ni箔片做复合中间层加入时,其中加入0.02 mm厚Cu箔片时焊接接头的最大剪切力提高至1754.72 N;加入0.05 mm厚Cu箔片时的最大剪切力为734.97 N,相比只添加Ni箔片时焊接接头的最大剪切力反而下降。Cu箔片的添加使得铝/钢界面的物相组成、元素分布和微观组织形态发生改变,同时增加了熔池的流动性。在靠近不锈钢侧的Fe-Al脆性相中的部分Fe原子被Cu原子取代生成新的二元韧性相,从而抑制Fe-Al二元脆性金属间化合物的生成,有效改善铝/钢的焊接性。因此,Cu/Ni箔片复合中间层的加入,可以有效地改善铝/钢异种激光焊接过程中的冶金反应,进而提高焊接接头的力学性能。     

2219薄板铝合金浮动式双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接及组织性能分析

以运载火箭助推器贮箱广泛应用的4 mm厚2219薄板铝合金为焊接对象,研制了浮动式双轴肩搅拌头,分析了内部塑性金属流动模式及特点,并推测出需匹配较低焊接热输入才能获得优质焊缝。工艺探索及优化试验结果直接验证了焊缝内部塑性金属流动模式及推测。接头宏观组织形貌分析结果显示:不同焊接速度下的焊缝横截面宏观形貌都可以观察洋葱环特征,且随着焊接速度提高,洋葱环特征越发增多,并从靠近前进侧的焊核区逐渐向后退侧孕育发展,这也有效验证了薄板铝合金双轴肩搅拌头的设计思路。薄板铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头横截面显微硬度分布均呈"U"型,接头显微硬度最低点位于焊核区与后退侧热机影响区的交界处。接头力学性能测试结果显示:随着焊接速度逐渐升高,接头抗拉强度逐渐升高,且当焊接速度达到350 mm/min时,接头抗拉强度达到最高值。铝合金浮动式双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头延伸率整体较高,焊接速度对其影响不大。铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头正、背弯均可以达到180°无裂纹。基于立式纵缝搅拌摩擦焊系统成功实现了2 m长试片的浮动式双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊,累计焊接长度达到60 m,且双轴肩搅拌头完整,未发现裂纹、扭曲或其他损伤。     

Fabrication of Ti/Al/Mg laminated composites by hot roll bonding and their microstructures and mechanical properties

Ti/Al/Mg laminated composites were successfully fabricated by hot roll bonding. The effects of the rolling reduction on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the composites were explored. The results show that Ti/Al/Mg laminated sheets exhibit good interfacial bonding. The rolling reduction has a significant effect on the deformation inhomogeneity through the thickness of the Al layer. The initial grains of the Al layer near the Ti/Al interface are fragmented into fine equiaxed grains, and the grains at the center and near the Al/Mg interface are elongated. The R-cube shear texture of the Al layer forms near the Ti/Al interface and permeates into the center layer in the samples with greater rolling reductions. The β-fiber rolling texture of the Al layer is observed near the Al/Mg interface and increases with the increase of rolling reduction. The stress–strain curves indicate that the fracture appears first in the Mg layer. With the increasing rolling reduction, the ultimate tensile and yield strength values increase, and the elongation up to the Mg layer fracture decreases.     

异种铝合金环形构件的搅拌摩擦焊接工艺

为实现异种铝合金环形构件的高精度装配与连接,文中设计一种卧式串联型轴向移动转径向伸缩的搅拌摩擦焊接工装。结果表明,采用此工装成功实现铝铜系/铝镁系异种铝合金环形构件的高精度装配与高质量焊接,接头内部质量达到了I级接头要求,接头的抗拉强度高于245 MPa,延伸率高于16%,且所有接头均断裂在铝镁系铝合金母材一侧,说明该接头的整体性能要优于铝镁系铝合金母材性能,解决了铝铜系/铝镁系异种铝合金熔焊易出现焊接裂纹的工程难题。     

超声冲击对TA15 钛合金焊接接头的影响

研究了TA15钛合金氩弧焊焊接接头超声冲击前后的组织及力学性能,并对接头拉伸断口进行了观察。结果表明,焊接后焊缝区和热影响区的组织与母材的组织差别很大,表现为魏氏组织特征;超声冲击前后母材和接头的组织均变化不大。冲击处理使焊缝区和母材区的强度和伸长率均有所增加。冲击前后的焊缝及母材的室温拉伸断口均属于韧窝型断口。冲击后接头的表面和断面显微硬度均得到了提高。     

7050铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织特征研究

针对7050铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头,给出各组织特征区的定义,并对各特征区的组织状态、晶粒大小、沉淀强化相分布等进行深入的分析。为同材质的铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的综合性能评估提供更好的依据。     

AA2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头特性研究

对6 mm厚AA2024-T4铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头特性进行了研究。通过拉伸试验,得到了应力-应变曲线。用光学显微镜、显微硬度仪以及扫描电镜对焊接接头进行了金相分析、硬度测试以及断口分析。结果表明：试件断裂属于韧性断裂;断裂发生在前进侧热机影响区/热影响区的过渡区;当搅拌头转速为800 r/min,焊接速度为100 mm...     

板宽对胶焊接头应力分布影响的数值分析

采用三维弹塑性有限元方法,研究了酚醛树脂和丙烯酸树脂两种胶粘剂的胶焊接头中,板宽对应力分布的影响。结果表明,酚醛树脂胶粘剂胶焊接头中,搭接区边缘应力值高于焊点边缘应力值,导致接头从搭接区边缘起裂,板宽增大时,焊点边缘处和搭接区边缘的峰应力都减小,对于提高胶焊接头的强度有利,但不会改变接头的断裂形式;丙烯酸树脂胶粘剂的胶焊接头,焊点边缘应力远高于搭接区边缘应力,因此接头从焊点边缘起裂,板宽增大时,焊点边缘应力基本不变。因此增加板宽对提高接头强度无明显作用,接头断裂形式也不发生改变。     

TA15钛合金超高频氩弧焊工艺试验研究

针对TA15钛合金材料进行了超高频脉冲钨极氩弧焊接工艺试验。采用金相试验方法和力学性能试验对超高频焊接和常规焊接工艺下的显微组织和性能进行对比。结果表明,采用超高频氩弧焊的焊缝宽度明显比常规氩弧焊窄,晶粒尺寸减小30%以上;α相片层厚度要厚于常规焊,且分布更规律、更有序。超高频脉冲焊接接头抗拉强度与常规氩弧焊基本相当,塑性优于常规氩弧焊,其疲劳性能也高于常规焊。     

2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊缝Al2Cu相聚集行为特征分析

对2219C10S状态铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊接试验,发现焊缝中存在聚集物的异常聚集现象,聚集相在X光检测中显示为亮白色聚集物,主要形态分为团块状、线状和指状三种,聚集相处焊缝的力学性能与无聚集相焊缝的力学性能基本相同。各形态聚集相的分布位置受搅拌头焊接影响区域的不同而不同,团块状聚集相主要存在于焊核中心或偏焊缝上表面位置处,线状和指状聚集相主要存在于焊核中心或偏焊缝根部位置处。对异常聚集相进行能谱分析知,聚集相主要组成元素为Al和Cu,原子百分比近似为2∶1,确定聚集相主要成分为Al2Cu。对聚集相的成因进行分析认为,聚集相的产生主要受搅拌摩擦焊接热输入及搅拌头机械搅拌作用的影响,在焊接过程中,塑态软化金属中的Al2Cu在填补搅拌针后方空腔的过程中出现了聚集行为,随着塑态金属的凝固,聚集行为开始变得缓慢并结束。