基于全局线性稳定性分析的翼尖双涡不稳定特征演化机理

相比于机翼产生的孤立翼尖涡,加装小翼之后的翼尖涡表现出双涡甚至多涡结构,并且呈现出更加复杂的不稳定特征。为揭示翼尖双涡结构不稳定特征及其演化机理,采用体视粒子图像测速（SPIV）技术和全局线性稳定性分析（LAS）方法对不同雷诺数和攻角下带双叉弯刀小翼的M6机翼产生的翼尖涡结构在尾迹区的不稳定特征进行研究。试验结果表明,对称布置的双叉弯刀小翼产生的翼尖涡包含上/下小翼产生的主涡（上/下主涡）结构,两者构成近似等强度的同转涡对,在相互靠近的同时以20 rad/s的角速度相互缠绕。对上/下主涡瞬时涡核位置的统计分析表明,翼尖涡摇摆幅值随流向位置逐渐增大,随雷诺数的增加而增大,随攻角的增加先增大后减小。对16倍弦长的尾迹截面处的翼尖双涡结构进行全局时间稳定性分析,不同工况下,上/下主涡最不稳定模态（模态P/模态S）的稳定性曲线变化规律与摇摆幅值的变化规律相一致,表明翼尖涡的摇摆源自于其内在的不稳定性特征。增加流向扰动波数,发现模态P切向波数逐渐增加;而模态S则是径向波数逐渐增加。不同工况下,模态P的切向波数为5~6,扰动波数分布在[2.75,5]的区间内,所对应的不稳定放大率均大于模态S,而不稳定放大率最大的模态扰动范围作用在上主涡的整个涡核区域,表明这种大切向波数的扰动模态在翼尖涡流控中的潜在价值,也意味着加装小翼会增加涡结构的个数,增强不稳定性的发展,有助于翼尖涡的快速失稳衰减。     

基于线性稳定性分析的翼尖涡摇摆机制

在涡不稳定性特征的影响下，翼尖涡会在尾迹中发生摇摆运动。为了揭示翼尖涡摇摆的本质原因以及发展机理，采用体视粒子图像测速（SPIV）技术和线性稳定性分析方法对不同雷诺数和迎角下NACA0015等直翼产生的翼尖涡在尾迹区的不稳定性特征及发展进行研究。结果表明：在1~6倍弦长的尾迹区内，翼尖涡存在摇摆现象，摇摆幅值随流向放大，且摇摆运动沿流向逐渐呈现出各向异性特征；在大迎角条件下，翼尖涡摇摆幅值随流向增长更快。采用线性稳定性分析方法，定量化分析翼尖涡的稳定性、空间/时间不稳定性放大率和扰动频率随流向的发展过程。结果显示，在雷诺数2.1×10⁵~3.5×10⁵范围内，翼尖涡均处于临界稳定状态，扰动频率为3~5 Hz。基于线性稳定性分析结果，发现在大迎角条件下翼尖涡时间/空间不稳定性放大率更大，解释了当迎角增大时翼尖涡摇摆幅值随流向增长更快的现象。另外，由线性稳定性分析得到的最不稳定模态显示翼尖涡的横向速度扰动具有明显的方向性，从而诱导翼尖涡产生摇摆运动；速度扰动方向的周期性变化则使翼尖涡摇摆区别于一维的随机振荡，而是表现为在各方向均含有分量且具有主频的摇摆运动。这种由不稳定性导致的速度扰动是翼尖涡摇摆的内在机制，其不稳定性放大率控制着摇摆幅值的增长速率，而其横向速度扰动的方向性与周期性则决定了翼尖涡的摇摆特征。     

Assessment and improvement of k-ω-γ model for separation-induced transition prediction

The purpose of this work is to improve the k-ω-γ transition model for separationinduced transition prediction. The fundamental cause of the excessively small separation bubble predicted by k-ω-γ model is scrutinized from the perspective of model construction. On the basis,three rectifications are conducted to improve the k-ω-γ model for separation-induced transition.Firstly, a damping function is established via comparing the molecular diffusion timescale with the rapid pressure-strain timescale...     

气膜内冷通道高度对气膜孔流量系数的影响

以一种基于旋流增益的强化换热技术为研究对象,对狭小受限的气膜孔内冷通道中气膜孔的流量系数开展了试验研究.试验中通过改变气膜孔雷诺数Re(4800～26000)、吹风比M(0.36～2.74)、无量纲冷却通道高度h/d(0.33～2.0)等参数,研究了狭小空间的几何结构、流动参数等对单排气膜孔平均流量系数Cd的影响,并得...     

翼梢涡的结构与控制方法探索

本文的研究目的是弄清机翼翼梢涡的结构及安装翼梢扰流片对翼梢涡的影响,研究方法是设计制作了几种不同的扰流片,分别把它们安装到一个基本翼的翼梢上,利用氢气泡显示法在槽中观察了无附加扰流自发安装不同扰流片时翼梢涡的结构和衰减过程,利用激光测速仪在水洞中测量了有无扰流片时翼梢涡的周向速度分布,给出了翼梢涡影响标度的衰减曲线。实验结果表明：扰流片对翼梢涡的初期结构有影响,但对翼梢涡的中、后期发展影响不大。     

分枝模态综合法的逆问题

 本文基于李兹分析论述了分枝模态综合法的逆问题,即结构的一个分枝系统的模态特性如何利用结构和其它分枝系统的模态特性而识别出来。其分析方法可应用于结构动态设计和结构模型修改问题。     

Microphysics of Cosmic Plasmas: Hierarchies of Plasma Instabilities from MHD to Kinetic

In this article, we discuss the idea of a hierarchy of instabilities that can rapidly couple the disparate scales of a turbulent plasma system. First, at the largest scale of the system, L, current carrying flux ropes can undergo a kink instability. Second, a kink instability in adjacent flux ropes can rapidly bring together bundles of magnetic flux and drive reconnection, introducing a new scale of the current sheet width, ?, perhaps several ion inertial lengths (δ _i ) across. Finally, intense current sheets driven by reconnection electric fields can destabilize kinetic waves such as ion cyclotron waves as long as the drift speed of the electrons is large compared to the ion thermal speed, v _D ?v _i . Instabilities such as these can couple MHD scales to kinetic scales, as small as the proton Larmor radius, ρ _i .     

Experimental investigation and correlation development of jet impingement heat transfer with two rows of aligned jet holes on an internal surface of a wing leading edge

Extensive experimental studies on the heat transfer characteristics of two rows of aligned jet holes impinging on a concave surface in a wing leading edge were conducted, where50000 Rej 90000, 1.74 H/d 27.5, 66° a 90°, and 13.2 r/d 42.03. The finding was that the heat transfer performance at the jet-impingement stagnation point with two rows of aligned jet holes was the same as that with a single row of jet holes or the middle row of three-row configurations when the circumferential angle of the two jet holes was larger than 30°. The attenuation coefficient distribution of the jet impingement heat transfer in the chordwise direction was so complicated that two zones were divided for a better analysis. It indicated that: the attenuation coefficient curve in the jet impingement zone exhibited an approximate upside-down bell shape with double peaks and a single valley; the attenuation coefficient curve in the non-jet impingement zone was like a half-bell shape, which was similar to that with three rows of aligned jet holes; the factors,including Rej, H/d and r/d, affected the attenuation coefficient value at the valley significantly.When r/d was increased from 30.75 to 42.03, the attenuation rates of attenuation coefficient increased only by 1.8%. Consequently, experimental data-based correlation equations of the Nusselt number for the heat transfer at the jet-impingement stagnation point and the distributionof the attenuation coefficient in the chordwise direction were acquired, which play an important role in designing the wing leading edge anti-icing system with two rows of aligned jet holes.     

组合小翼和翼梢喷流对翼尖涡的影响实验研究

对翼梢组合小翼构型和翼梢喷流控制翼尖涡进行了实验研究,在此基础上,提出组合小翼与翼梢喷流联合控制翼尖涡的方法,并对翼尖涡的控制效果进行了实验研究。实验在一低速直流式风洞中进行,基本模型为NACA0015二元截尖翼型,基于弦长和自由来流速度定义的雷诺数Re=5.3×10^4,喷流系数（喷流与自由来流的动量比）Cμ=0.017。研究结果表明：组合小翼构型能有效破碎主涡,改善翼尖部位的局部流动,并使最大升力系数提高12.3%;喷流可加剧涡核摆动,控制涡核位置,对翼尖涡的初始生成有一定的抑制作用;2种组合构型均达到了较好的翼尖涡控制效果,其中,喷流加强了组合小翼产生的同向涡之间的相互作用。在X/C=3时,瞬态涡量峰值的平均值相比单独用＂＋0-＂构型控制时减小37%,比没有任何控制时减小79%。组合构型的控制效果取决于喷流控制能否促使翼尖涡主涡与小涡涡系尽早、尽快地相互作用以及主涡涡核的偏移方向。     

Who is who in Algol-land ?- Part I -

We computed the evolution through case A mass transfer for 8 systems with mass of the primary equal to 3 and 5 M₀, mass ratios 0.7 and 0.9, and different periods. To this we added similar results from Packet (1988) for M_i = 9 M₀, q_i = 0.6, P_i = 1.62 d.During the mass transfer two competing mechanisms in the gainer decide on the evolution of the system: the rejuvenation of this star as the increasing convective core mixes fresh hydrogen into the inner regions, and the acceleration of nuclear burning, responding to the increasing mass.In all the cases the net result is a faster decrease of the central hydrogen content compared to the mass losing star. The secondary fills its own critical Roche lobe and reversed mass transfer starts.From our results and those of Nakamura and Nakamura (1984), we find that reversed mass transfer occurs after core hydrogen burning of the secondary (case A₁B₂) approximately for periods larger than 1 d (M_1i = 3 M₀) to 2 d (M_1i = 13.4 M₀). For smaller periods this happens before the gainer ends its core hydrogen burning (case A₁A₂).     

合成射流大攻角非对称涡控制的试验研究

利用合成射流对细长旋成体大攻角非对称涡控制进行了研究,基于合成射流激励器设计了一频率高达1kHz的非定常小扰动控制机构,并将其成功应用于大攻角非对称涡主动流动控制。应用天平测力和七孔探针流场测试技术,研究了合成射流非定常小扰动电压和频率对非对称涡的控制特性和规律。结果表明,采用合成射流能够完全消除背涡的非对称性,扰动频率是影响非对称涡控制的一个关键参数,高频扰动下模型背风区非对称涡结构趋于无控制流态。且文中结果发现,当攻角α=57.5°、非定常小扰动频率fs=150Hz时,即可将非对称涡完全控制成为对称涡。     

Assessment of gas temperature fluctuations in the GTE combustion chamber exit section at generalizing experimental data on fuel combustion efficiency

It is suggested that gas composition at every point of the combustion chamber exit section be characterized by the temperature values T _i (“ideal” temperature) corresponding to the local values of the air-to-fuel coefficient α _i under complete fuel combustion (ν _comb ≈ 1). It is assumed that the values of T _i are distributed over the exit section area (gas mass) linearly and the values of T _imax and T _imin can be determined by the experimental data on the gas temperature fields in the combustion chambers. The distribution of temperatures T _i is used when it is necessary to generalize the experimental data on fuel combustion efficiency in GTE combustion chambers.     

Plasma transport during substorm growth phase and relation to breakup

For <_bi,_be, the electron and ion bounce frequencies, the response of a plasma to an externally applied electromagnetic perturbation is nonlocal. This implies, via the quasi-neutrality equation, the development of an electrostatic potential which is constant for a given magnetic field line. In the near equatorial region the corresponding potential electric field is shown to oppose the effect of the induced electric field associated with the externally applied perturbation. Thus the effect of the induced electric field is partially shielded; the total azimuthal electric field (i.e. induced plus potential) tends to be small, which explains why the radial flow velocity is slow during quasi-steady conditions prevailing during the growth phase and after the active phase. The nonlocal response of the plasma also leads to the development of a parallel current that may generate current driven Alfvén (CDA) waves, which mode convert into shear Alfvén (SA) waves. CDA/SA waves are systematically observed at early breakup; they grow very fast and produce a parallel diffusion of electrons. As soon as the diffusion time is shorter than the bounce time (_d<_b), the nonlocal response vanishes. Thus the shielding disappears, and an enhanced transport is restored at the rate fixed by the induced electric field alone. We show that fast flows effectively occur when CDA waves have enough power to diffuse electrons (over _d<_b). Electron parallel diffusion also leads to an interruption of the parallel current and therefore to a disruption of the perpendicular current.     

新概念机翼尾流特性实验

大型飞机常采用开启襟翼以增大机翼升力系数,实现较大迎角的起飞和降落,而机翼在大迎角状态下,翼尖会产生能量集中且自由消散时间长的飞机尾涡,严重影响后续起降飞机的安全。基于Rayleigh-Ludwieg不稳定性,提出一种新概念飞机襟翼布局,通过水槽实验发现:新概念布局的襟翼对翼尖涡的消散具有明显的促进作用,不同参数组合下襟翼涡对翼尖涡的运动特性和能量变化的影响均有不同。实验结果也为飞机尾流控制的研究提供了参考,在满足飞行力学设计的基础上,合理运用增升装置构建四涡系统可以有效促进飞机尾流的消散,提高机场飞机起降效率。     

试验研究旋流数对燃烧室气动性能的影响

为了深入了解双级轴向旋流器的旋流数变化对模型环形燃烧室内气流结构与气动性能的影响,采用粒子图像速度仪(PIV)对燃烧室内冷态和液雾燃烧流场进行测量,试验研究在冷、热态情况下不同旋流数对模型燃烧室内回流区的尺寸、平均速度(u,v)、脉动速度(U<,rms>,V<,rms>)以及雷诺剪切应力u'v'分布的影响.研究结果表明...     

翼尖涡流场特性及其控制

大型运输飞机的尾涡系是诱发后继小型飞机空难的重要原因,需要有效的涡控制装置来削弱其强度.通过风洞实验,研究了翼型为NACA23016的矩形半机翼模型翼尖尾涡流动结构和控制方法.应用七孔探针空间流场定量测试技术研究了翼尖涡的流动结构,给出了翼尖尾涡在下游两倍弦长距离内的速度和压力场分布随迎角变化的规律.在机翼翼梢布置不同组合方式的翼梢涡扩散器,来控制翼尖涡.研究结果表明,正负90°和60°安装角的双翼梢涡扩散器可将翼尖涡涡核的静压增加60%以上.其旋涡强度削弱机理为:翼梢涡扩散器将集中的翼尖涡破碎分成两个或多个强度更弱的旋涡.在流体粘性的作用下,旋涡能量耗散更快,可有效地削弱翼尖尾涡的强度.     

临界雷诺数下旋成体头部/后体和非对称涡流动响应间的确定性

 在尖拱形细长旋成体的大迎角（α=40°）流动中通过低速风洞测压实验研究了在临界雷诺数下模型头部扰动、后体粗糙度与非对称涡流动响应的确定性问题。实验雷诺数范围在1.0×10⁵～9.0×10⁵。实验结果分析表明，临界雷诺数下模型头部在不设置人工扰动情况下与非对称涡流动响应具有不确定性；而借鉴亚临界头部扰动与流动响应确定性问题的研究方法在模型头部设置人工扰动，结果显示响应存在确定性。关于后体粗糙度对响应的影响，实验结果表明临界雷诺数下该响应存在确定性。