Precision motion control for electro-hydraulic axis systems under unknown time-variant parameters and disturbances

This article focuses on asymptotic precision motion control for electro-hydraulic axis systems under unknown time-variant parameters, mismatched and matched disturbances. Different from the traditional adaptive results that are applied to dispose of unknown constant parameters only, the unique feature is that an adaptive-gain nonlinear term is introduced into the control design to handle unknown time-variant parameters. Concurrently both mismatched and matched disturbances existing in electro-hy...     

Observer-based control for the platform of a tethered space robot

This paper addresses the attitude control problem of a space tethered robot platform in the presence of unknown external disturbance caused by a connecting elastic tether. The tether-generated unknown disturbance leads to tremendous challenges for attitude control of the platform. In this work, the perturbed attitude dynamics of the platform are derived with a consideration of the libration of the elastic tether, and then with the purpose of compensating the unknown disturbance, major attention is dedicated to develop a nonlinear disturbance observer based on gyros measurements, after which, an adaptive attitude scheme is proposed by combining the disturbance observer with a sliding mode controller. Finally, benefits from the observer based on an adaptive controller are validated by series of numerical simulations.     

Energy-saving and accurate motion control of a hydraulic actuator with uncertain negative loads

Pump controlled hydraulic actuators are wildly used in the aerospace industry owing to the advantages of energy-saving and integrated configurations. Negative loads may occur to actuators due to external force loads or the inertial force when the actuator decelerates significantly. Uncertain negative load working conditions may cause cavitation, actuator vibration, and even instability to the motion control if the actuator is without sufficient meter-out damping. Various types of hydraulic configuration schemes have been proposed to deal with negative loads of hydraulic actuators. However, few of them can simultaneously achieve energy saving and high control accuracy. This study proposes an energy-saving and accurate motion tracking strategy for a hydraulic actuator with uncertain negative loads. The actuator’s motion is driven by a servomotor pump, which gives full play to the advantage of energy-saving. The meter-out pressure is controlled by proportional valves to provide the optimized meter-out damping. The nonlinear adaptive robust control law is designed, which guarantees the control stability and achieve high tracking accuracy. An integrated direct/indirect adaptation law obtains satisfactory parameter estimations and model compensation for asymptotic motion tracking. Comparative experiments under different working conditions were performed to validate the advantages of the proposed control strategy.     

反推力装置液压作动系统AMESim建模与仿真

根据飞机反推力装置液压作动系统的结构特点及工作原理,建立了其蜗轮蜗杆部件、丝杠螺母部件和作动筒的数学模型及系统的AMESim模型。针对某型反推作动系统进行了仿真,分析了其位移、同步性、受力变化规律;通过设置批参数运行的方式,初步分析了丝杠导程角、蜗轮蜗杆减速比和供油压力不足对作动系统性能的影响。仿真结果表明:所建模型能模拟作动系统的伸出和收回时的工作状态,为反推作动系统设计参数选择、受力分析和故障诊断提供了平台。      

Friction compensation for low velocity control of hydraulic flight motion simulator: A simple adaptive robust approach

Low-velocity tracking capability is a key performance of flight motion simulator (FMS), which is mainly affected by the nonlinear friction force. Though many compensation schemes with ad hoc friction models have been proposed, this paper deals with low-velocity control without friction model, since it is easy to be implemented in practice. Firstly, a nonlinear model of the FMS middle frame, which is driven by a hydraulic rotary actuator, is built. Noting that in the low velocity region, the unmodeled friction force is mainly characterized by a changing-slowly part, thus a simple adaptive law can be employed to learn this changing-slowly part and compensate it. To guarantee the boundedness of adaptation process, a discontinuous projection is utilized and then a robust scheme is proposed. The controller achieves a prescribed output tracking transient performance and final tracking accuracy in general while obtaining asymptotic output tracking in the absence of modeling errors. In addition, a saturated projection adaptive scheme is proposed to improve the globally learning capability when the velocity becomes large, which might make the previous proposed projection-based adaptive law be unstable. Theoretical and extensive experimental results are obtained to verify the high-performance nature of the proposed adaptive robust control strategy.     

多舵面飞机电力作动系统协调控制策略研究

随着大型飞机舵面结构布局的变化,传统的集中式结构飞控系统难以满足舵面协调过程中准确性的要求。为此引入多智能体的概念,将单个舵面等效为一个智能体,构建分布式电力作动系统的多智能体系统结构。采用联盟式体系结构,分别对联盟内部分体式舵面智能体的同步联动控制、不同联盟间舵面协调偏转控制进行控制策略的设计,并建立仿真模型。仿真结果表明,舵面能够准确地收敛到给定的舵面协调偏转状态,并且该策略能有效抑制舵面负载干扰引起的协调偏转率波动,解决了传统集中式飞控系统多舵面协调控制准确性不好的问题。     

Best practices for model-based and simulation-aided engineering of power transmission and motion control systems

This paper deals with the modelling and simulation of aircraft systems, in particular for power transmission and control. It is intended to review, propose and disseminate best practices for making model-based/simulation-aided engineering more efficient at any phase of the system life cycle. The proposals are aimed at creating value, not only by increasing the performance of the product under study but also by shortening the time to market, capitalizing knowledge, mitigating risks and facilitating concurrent engineering. The needs associated with the engineering activities are firstly identified to define a set of requirements for the models. Then, these requirements are used to drive the considerations leading to model development, focusing in particular on the process, modelled physical effects, modelling level, model architecting and concurrent engineering. The third part deals with the model implementation, giving special consideration to the different types of models, causalities, parameterization, implementation and verification. Each part is illustrated by examples related to safety critical actuators.     

A homogenization-planning-tracking method to solve cooperative autonomous motion control for heterogeneous carrier dispatch systems

Taxiing aircraft and towed aircraft with drawbar are two typical dispatch modes on the flight deck of aircraft carriers. In this paper, a novel hierarchical solution strategy, named as the Homogenization-Planning-Tracking (HPT) method, to solve cooperative autonomous motion control for heterogeneous carrier dispatch systems is developed. In the homogenization layer, any towed aircraft system involved in the sortie task is abstracted into a virtual taxiing aircraft. This layer transforms the heterogeneous systems into a homogeneous configuration. Then in the planning layer, a centralized optimal control problem is formulated for the homogeneous system. Compared with conducting the path planning directly with the original heterogeneous system, the homogenization layer contributes to reduce the dimension and nonlinearity of the formulated optimal control problem in the planning layer and consequently improves the robustness and efficiency of the solution process. Finally, in the tracking layer, a receding horizon controller is developed to track the reference trajectory obtained in the planning layer. To improve the tracking performance, multi-objective optimization techniques are implemented offline in advance to determine optimal weight parameters used in the tracking layer. Simulations demonstrate that smooth and collision-free cooperative trajectory can be generated efficiently in the planning phase. And robust trajectory tracking can be realized in the presence of external disturbances in the tracking phase. The developed HPT method provides a promising solution to the autonomous deck dispatch for unmanned carrier aircraft in the future.     

Concepts for position and load control for hybrid actuation in primary flight controls

Moving towards the More Electric Aircraft, a hybrid actuator configuration, in which an electromechanical actuator (EMA) and an electrohydraulic servoactuator (EHSA) operate on the same control surface, provides an opportunity to introduce electromechanical actuators into primary flight controls. Besides the operation in active/passive or active/active mode, an “active/no-load” mode is promising. In this mode the EMA is controlled such that it actively follows the movement of the control surface without carrying external air loads, thereby reducing power dissipation compared to active/active mode and failure transients compared to active/passive mode. However, force fighting will occur if both actuators are actively controlled. In this paper, control concepts for a hybrid configuration, extending the original actuator control loops, are presented, enabling active/active as well as active/no-load operation. Nonlinear as well as linear models for an EMA, an EHSA, and a control surface structure are derived from technical data for an airworthy EHSA and combined to a model of the hybrid configuration. These models are used for matching of actuator dynamics and simulation of the developed control laws. For active/active mode, maximum force fighting between the actuators is reduced from about 500% to 7% of the stall load. For active/no-load mode, a force control loop is added to the EMA control, causing the EMA to follow movements of the control surface such that the external loads on the EMA are zero in steady-state. Force fighting is reduced to 30% of the stall load.     

Fault mode probability factor based fault-tolerant control for dissimilar redundant actuation system

This paper presents a Fault Mode Probability Factor (FMPF) based Fault-Tolerant Control (FTC) strategy for multiple faults of Dissimilar Redundant Actuation System (DRAS) composed of Hydraulic Actuator (HA) and Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator (EHA). The long-term service and severe working conditions can result in multiple gradual faults which can ultimately degrade the system performance, resulting in the system model drift into the fault state characterized with parameter uncertainty. The paper proposes to address this problem by using the historical statistics of the multiple gradual faults and the proposed FMPF to amend the system model with parameter uncertainty. To balance the system model precision and computation time, a Moving Window (MW) method is used to determine the applied historical statistics. The FMPF based FTC strategy is developed for the amended system model where the system estimation and Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) are updated at the end of system sampling period. The simulations of DRAS system subjected to multiple faults have been performed and the results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Reconfigurable fault-tolerant control for supersonic missiles with actuator failures under actuation redundancy

Aircraft undergoing actuator failures into under-actuation have been seldom studied in literature. Aiming at addressing actuator failures of Total Loss of Effectiveness (TLOE) as well as Partial Loss of Effectiveness (PLOE) resulting in different system actuations, reconfigurable Fault-Tolerant Control (FTC) is proposed for supersonic wingless missiles under actuation redundancy. The under-actuated system of TLOE failure patterns is solved by transformation to cascade systems through a ‘shape variable’. Meanwhile, actuator TLOE faults of different unknown failure patterns from proper actuation to under-actuation are accommodated by a reconfigurable adaptive law on a multiple-model basis. The backstepping technique with the Extended State Observer (ESO) method adopted as a basic strategy is applied to an established symmetric coupled missile system with actuator PLOE faults, modeling errors, and external disturbances. Additionally, the nonlinear saturation characteristics of actuators are settled by an auxiliary system with the Nussbaum function technique. The stability of the control system is analyzed and proven through Lyapunov theory. Numerical simulations are implemented in the presences of aerodynamic uncertainties, gust disturbance, and actuator failures. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method with satisfactory tracking performance and actuator fault tolerance capacity.     

Design and performance analysis of position-based impedance control for an electrohydrostatic actuation system

Electrohydrostatic actuator (EHA) is a type of power-by-wire actuator that is widely implemented in the aerospace industry for flight control, landing gears, thrust reversers, thrust vector control, and space robots. This paper presents the development and evaluation of position-based impedance control (PBIC) for an EHA. Impedance control provides the actuator with compliance and facilitates the interaction with the environment. Most impedance control applications utilize electrical or valve-controlled hydraulic actuators, whereas this work realizes impedance control via a compact and efficient EHA. The structures of the EHA and PBIC are firstly introduced. A mathematical model of the actuation system is established, and values of its coefficients are identified by particle swarm optimization. This model facilitates the development of a position controller and the selection of target impedance parameters. A nonlinear proportional-integral position controller is developed for the EHA to achieve the accurate positioning requirement of PBIC. The controller compensates for the adverse effect of stiction, and a position accuracy of 0.08 mm is attained. Various experimental results are presented to verify the applicability of PBIC to the EHA. The compliance of the actuator is demonstrated in an impact test.     

等离子体激励抑制喷管分离流动数值模拟

为研究等离子体激励器对喷管分离流动的抑制作用,运用了模拟等离子体激励作用效果的唯象学模型,数值模拟研究了交流介质阻挡放电等离子体和电弧放电等离子体对喷管分离流动的抑制效果,并探究了电弧放电等离子体不同放电热功率密度、不同放电位置对抑制效果的影响。结果表明：电弧放电等离子体在抑制喷管分离流动方面有更好的效果。当电弧放电等离子体激励器作用于激波与边界层相互作用区的上游时,对分离流动的抑制效果最好;当电弧放电热功率密度较小时,其产生的诱导射流速度很小且不易对分离区的流线产生影响;当电弧放电热功率密度为8×10¹⁰ W/m³时,喷管的分离回流区完全消失。     

变负载流量调节阀电液伺服作动系统研究

针对高空台上流量调节阀在全包线飞行环境模拟过程中,因气动负载变化大而存在难以快速调节以伺服跟踪位置指令这一问题,提出一种考虑负载变化作用下电液作动机构的建模方法。对使用该方法建立的模型从两个方面进行仿真验证:首先将建立的变负载电液作动机构AMESim开环模型仿真结果与真实试验数据对比,两者相对误差不大于1.78%,验证了模型的准确性;其次在阀前、阀后气动压力干扰变化情况下进行闭环仿真,斜坡响应相对误差不大于1.26%,正弦响应相对误差不大于1.40%,验证了系统的伺服跟踪性能和抗干扰性能。     

低雷诺数下层流分离的等离子体控制

为有效控制层流分离特性,消除或减弱低雷诺数时小迎角下的升力非线性现象,改善翼型升力特性,并通过翼型的上表面转捩带与油流显示测量对等离子体激励控制机理进行阐述,对厚度为16%椭圆翼型低雷诺数下的气动特性进行了风洞试验研究。在此基础上,在上表面前缘10%弦长处布置激励器,通过压力分布测量观察等离子体激励对层流分离的影响。试验结果表明：当翼型上表面仅发生层流分离时,等离子体激励和转捩带的作用类似,可以有效延迟或者消除后缘层流分离,从而增加升力;当翼型上表面出现层流分离气泡并发生再附现象时,等离子体可以有效减小或者消除层流分离泡的范围,从而减小升力;通过控制层流分离,占空循环等离子体激励可以实现对低雷诺数小迎角下的升力的线性控制。     

Active fault tolerant control for vertical tail damaged aircraft with dissimilar redundant actuation system

This paper proposes an active fault-tolerant control strategy for an aircraft with dissim-ilar redundant actuation system (DRAS) that has suffered from vertical tail damage. A damage degree coefficient based on the effective vertical tail area is introduced to parameterize the damaged flight dynamic model. The nonlinear relationship between the damage degree coefficient and the corresponding stability derivatives is considered. Furthermore, the performance degradation of new input channel with electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) is also taken into account in the dam-aged flight dynamic model. Based on the accurate damaged flight dynamic model, a composite method of linear quadratic regulator (LQR) integrating model reference adaptive control (MRAC) is proposed to reconfigure the fault-tolerant control law. The numerical simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed fault-tolerant control strategy with accurate flight dynamic model. The results also indicate that aircraft with DRAS has better fault-tolerant control ability than the traditional ones when the vertical tail suffers from serious damage.     

等离子体气动激励改善增升装置气动性能的试验

针对流动分离导致飞机增升装置气动性能下降的问题,进行了脉冲等离子体气动激励抑制增升装置流动分离的试验。研究了等离子体气动激励的频率、占空比及激励位置等参数对流动控制效果的影响。研究结果表明：等离子体气动激励通过加速近壁面附面层,增强附面层内的能量掺混,可有效抑制主翼和襟翼表面的流动分离,改善增升装置气动性能。在主翼前缘施加激励,可有效控制主翼表面大迎角下的失速分离,最大升力系数增大18.1%、临界失速攻角提高4°;在襟翼前缘施加激励,可有效抑制襟翼表面的流动分离,显著减小阻力,在4°迎角下,将试验模型阻力系数减小了28.7%,升力系数提高了7.1%。占空比对控制效果有较大影响,当占空比为10%～30%时,激励的非定常性更强,控制效果最好;占空比为50%的控制效果次之,占空比为100%时的控制效果最差。来流速度越高,逆压梯度越大,流动分离更难被抑制,控制效果也变差。该研究为在增升装置上应用等离子体流动控制技术提供了理论和方法的基础。     

High dynamic output feedback robust control of hydraulic flight motion simulator using a novel cascaded extended state observer

High dynamic tracking performance is a key technical index of hydraulic flight motion simulator(HFMS). However, the strong nonlinearities, various model uncertainties and measurement noise in hydraulic actuation systems limit the high dynamic performance improvement. In this paper, the outer axis frame of a HFMS is taken as a case study and its nonlinear dynamic model with consideration of strong nonlinearities, matched and mismatched uncertainties is established.A novel cascaded extended state ...     

Radial two-stage microturbine for pneumatic actuation

An innovative kinematic scheme of pneumatic turbine drive was proposed and the use of two-row centrifugal-centripetal turbine stage was justified. We proved the feasibility of the proposed kinematic scheme of the turbine drive in a variety of aircraft components by an example of the manual pneumatic grinding machine.     

等离子体对翼型流动分离控制历程的PIV试验研究

采用粒子图像测速（Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV）技术,研究了介质阻挡放电等离子体激励对NA—CA0015翼型表面流动分离的控制特性及控制效果随时间历程的变化规律。结果表明,激励电压存在一个阈值,当电压小于阈值时,控制无效或效果不明显;当电压接近阈值时,控制表现出不稳定性并最终趋于稳定;当电压大于阈值时,控制效果稳定且显著,气流能够很好地重附在翼型表面。