Cognitive performance aboard the life and microgravity spacelab

The impact of microgravity and other stressors on cognitive performance need to be quantified before long duration space flights are planned or attempted since countermeasures may be required. Four astronauts completed 38 sessions of a 20-minute battery of six cognitive performance tests on a laptop computer. Twenty-four sessions were preflight, 9 sessions were in-orbit, and 5 sessions were postflight. Mathematical models of learning were fit to each subject's preflight data for each of 14 dependent variables. Assuming continued improvement, expected values were generated from the models for in-orbit comparison. Using single subject designs, two subjects showed statistically significant in-orbit effects. One subject was degraded in two tests, the other was degraded in one test and exceeded performance expectations in another. Other subjects showed no statistically significant effects on the tests. The factors causing the deterioration in the two subjects can not be determined without appropriate ground-based control groups.     

Public school teachers in the U.S. evaluate the educational impact of student space experiments launched by expendable vehicles, aboard Skylab, and aboard Space Shuttle

Space education is a discipline that has evolved at an unprecedented rate over the past 25 years. Although program proceedings, research literature, and historical documentation have captured fragmented pieces of information about student space experiments, the field lacks a valid comprehensive study that measures the educational impact of sounding rockets, Skylab, Ariane, AMSAT, and Space Shuttle. The lack of this information is a problem for space educators worldwide which led to a national study with classroom teachers. Student flown experiments continue to offer a unique experiential approach to teach students thinking and reasoning skills that are imperative in the current international competitive environment in which they live and will work. Understanding the history as well as the current status and educational spin-offs of these experimental programs strengthens the teaching capacity of educators throughout the world to develop problem solving skills and various higher mental processes in the schools. These skills and processes enable students to use their knowledge more effectively and efficiently long after they leave the classroom. This paper focuses on student space experiments as a means of motivating students to meet this educational goal successfully.     

Investigation of Thermal Convection and Low-Frequency Microgravity by the DACON Sensor aboard the MirOrbital Complex

The DACON instrument for studying the convection caused by low frequency microaccelerations aboard spacecraft is described. The convection sensor serves as a measuring element of this instrument. This is a cylindrical cavity filled with air, where two crossed differential thermocouples are located. The thermocouple junctions lay on two mutually perpendicular lines parallel to the bases of the cylinder and crossing at its axis. The distances from the junctions to this axis are equal. The lateral surface of the cylinder is thermally insulated, the difference of temperatures on its bases being kept constant. One of the tasks for the sensor is to prepare the data for checking the adequacy of mathematical models of fluid convection under weightlessness conditions and for obtaining quantitative characteristics of the microgravitational medium. The results of ground-based tests of the DACON instrument and the results of experiments with it aboard the Mirstation are presented.     

Cosmic dosimetry using TLD aboard spacecrafts of the "Cosmos" series

Thermoluminescent (TL) detectors were used for dosimetric investigations on the outer surface as well as inside Soviet spacecrafts of the "Cosmos" series. At the outer surface, ultrathin TL detectors, based on CaF2-PTFE and LiF, were arranged in special stacks and exposed to unshielded cosmic radiation. The strong decrease of dose within a few mg/cm2 demonstrates that weakly penetrating radiation is dominating in the radiation field under investigation. On the basis of glow curve analysis of LiF thermoluminescent detectors it could be shown, that the high doses are caused by electrons.     

Meteor wake in high frame-rate images--implications for the chemistry of ablated organic compounds

Extraterrestrial organic matter may have been chemically altered into forms more ameanable for prebiotic chemistry in the wake of a meteor after ablation. We measured the rate of cooling of the plasma in the meteor wake from the intensity decay just behind a meteoroid by freezing its motion in high frame-rate 1000 frames/s video images, with an intensified camera that has a short phosphor decay time. Though the resulting cooling rate was found to be lower than theoretically predicted, our calculations indicated that there would have been insufficient collisions to break apart large organic compounds before most reactive radicals and electrons were lost from the air plasma. Organic molecules delivered from space to the early Earth via meteors might therefore have survived in a chemically altered form. In addition, we discovered that relatively small meteoroids generated far-ultraviolet emission that is absorbed in the immediate environment of the meteoroid, which may chemically alter the atmosphere over a much larger region than previously recognized.     

Stationary Motions of a Homogeneous Meteor Ring in the Gravitational Field of a Center

The problem of studying a ring in the gravitational field of a center arose after the discovery of Saturn's rings by Galileo and subsequent discovery of the rings of other planets of the Solar System. Modern theoretical investigations of the existence and stability of planetary rings are mostly related to studies of plane differentially rotating discs [1]. As opposed to this line of research, this paper follows the approach established in classical works [2–4].     

国内外钝感弹药评估标准的发展与分析

阐述钝感弹药的概念及其评估标准的重要性,介绍国内外钝感弹药评估标准的发展过程及现状,对我国钝感弹药标准发展的现状进行分析并提出建议.     

Ions with a Mass Number of Two in Mass-Spectrometric Experiments aboard Rockets and Satellites

Deuterium ions D⁺and doubly-charged helium ions He⁺⁺have the same mass-to- charge ratio (M/Z= 2) and are not distinguished by the mass-spectrometer. On the basis of analysis of published data, Interkosmos-24satellite data, and theoretical estimations, it is shown that in the ionosphere and plasmasphere the ion with a mass number of two is He⁺⁺and not D⁺, at least at altitudes of higher than 600–800 km. Arguments in favor of the validity of this assumption at lower altitudes are presented. Regularities of the dependence of the N(He⁺⁺)/N(He⁺) ratio on altitude, time of day, season, and solar activity are derived. It is found that in the daytime the N(He⁺⁺)/N(He⁺) ratio decreases with increasing solar activity. The seasonal dependence is most pronounced at nighttime in the altitude interval 1000–2000 km, where this ratio decreases in passing from winter to summer. Peculiarities of the latitude distribution of the absolute and relative values of the He⁺⁺concentration are found in the Interkosmos-24satellite data. On the basis of the same data, a strong longitude effect in the N(He⁺⁺) concentration occurring under certain heliogeophysical conditions is discovered, an effect amplitude attaining one order of magnitude on adjacent orbits. An interpretation of this effect is given.     

“环境-1号”A星高光谱成像仪飞行定标

文章针对高光谱成像仪（HSI）,详细介绍了HSI的飞行绝对辐射定标方法,分析了影响HSI飞行定标精度的各种因素。并利用2008年12月6日HSI过河北白洋淀时的同步观测数据验证了定标精度,结果表明绝对定标系数合理可靠。     

Respective role of microgravity and cosmic rays on Paramecium tetraurelia cultured aboard Salyut 6.

Paramecium tetraurelia cultured aboard Salyut 6 have shown in increase in cell growth rate, cell volume, water content and changes in electrolyte content. Additional experiments, carried out in balloon flight and on earth, showed that the stimulating effect observed on cell proliferation is related to exposure to cosmic rays. Other changes seem to be due to a direct effect of microgravity on cell. Mechanism of gravity action on cell is discussed.     

CBERS-02热红外波段绝对辐射定标及其不确定性分析

文章介绍了2004年CBERS-02星热红外波段绝对定标工作,结合野外试验情况和数据处理过程深入进行了不确定性因素分析(包括误差分析),并从亮温反演的角度分析定标精度,进而针对如何提高在轨卫星热红外波段绝对辐射定标的精度,进行了探讨。     

CBERS-O2热红外波段绝对辐射定标及其不确定性分析

文章介绍了2004年CBERS-O2星热红外波段绝对定标工作，结合野外试验情况和数据处理过程深入进行了不确定性因素分析（包括误差分析），并从亮温反演的角度分析定标精度，进而针对如何提高在轨卫星热红外波段绝对辐射定标的精度，进行了探讨。     

25th anniversary of the CIDA-E

On 5 August 2000 the Uruguayan Centro de Investigación y Difusión Aeronautico-Espacial (CIDA-E) celebrated 25 years of existence by organising a series of activities in the fields of air and space. This brief report summarises the main events.     

Estimation of the determination accuracy of orbit parameters of the apophis asteroid from measurement results

An analysis of the existing astrometric and radar observations of the Apophis asteroid is performed. On the basis of this analysis, characteristics of future measurements of the asteroid orbit and limitation on their conduction are accepted. A proposed launching of a spacecraft to the asteroid in order to obtain high-accuracy measurements of its distance and radial velocity is also considered. Trajectories of the flight to the asteroid in 2012–2022 are studied. Estimates of the accuracy of the Apophis position determination at various sets of both available and planned measurements at various numbers of determined parameters are obtained. The method of estimating accuracy is similar to that used in [1] for the Vega project.     

绝对值检波狄克辐射计的指标测量与成像实验

对所研制的 8mm非平衡绝对值检波狄克辐射计的主要技术参数进行了实验测量 ,并利用改进后的成像系统进行了目标辐射特性成像实验。结果表明 ,该辐射计工作状况稳定可靠 ,成像系统的图像质量得到了明显的改善     

CBERS-1卫星CCD相机绝对辐射校正试验

文章在阐述中国CBERS_1卫星对绝对辐射校正需求的基础上 ,论述了CBERS_1卫星的辐射校正方法和技术流程 ,着重阐述星地同步观测前的技术准备、星地同步观测中测量参数的数据采集方法和数据处理分析。最后计算出CBERS_1卫星CCD相机的绝对辐射校正系数和误差分析 ,对CBERS_1卫星和类似的其他遥感卫星有示范作用     

低温传感器测量数据基于MATLAB的 处理与分析

文章介绍基于MATLAB的低温温度传感器测量数据的处理及分析方法,通过线性最小二乘法和无约束非线性优化法中的拟合模型工具对数据进行拟合,其中包括多项式、双曲线、幂函数、Steinhart-Hart经验公式等拟合模型工具,以低温温度传感器电阻与温度数据的曲线拟合为例,开展了各种模型的曲线拟合比较分析。最后通过剩余标准差和相关系数两项指标评价不同模型的拟合效果。     

宇宙真空测量的理论与技术

在行星上和在航天器上测量行星表面同一时刻、同一位置的大气密度,会得到不同的测量数据,必须经过坐标系转换把航天器上的测量数据转换成行星坐标系的数据才可和地面观测数据比较。文章系统地归纳了宇宙真空测量的理论与技术,改正了相应的坐标转换公式,对之进行了合理性讨论,推导出分子流密度和大气压强的转换公式并建立了地面校准宇航速度定向分子流压强及压强的模拟理论,形成了比较完整的宇宙真空测量理论体系。从该理论体系出发,提出了宇宙真空测量技术方案的建议。     

Alenia SIR-M二次雷达28V电压调整模块电路分析及维修

深圳雷达站安装的Alenia SIR-M二次雷达服役将近20年,在经过了很长时间的稳定运行期后,现在设备元器件开始老化,故障率上升,特别是电源部分,一旦出现故障将导致整个通道无法工作。论文对Alenia SIR-M二次雷达28V电压调整模块电路进行了详细的分析,并针对一次28V模块故障维修进行了阐述和总结。