微重力科学与应用研究（下）

微重力科学与应用研究（下）＊刘春辉（北京９２００信箱７２分箱·１０００７６）３航天器发动机再启动相关的微重力研究３．１问题的提出航天器在轨道惯性飞行过程是处于微重力环境条件下的飞行，依据工作需要航天器发动机（远地点发动机、姿控发动机、再入发动机等）要...     

航天器全物理仿真技术

叙述了航天器全物理仿真的特点、关键技术和模拟微重力环境的各种方法,介绍了航天器机械系统和姿态控制系统全物理仿真应用例子。最后分析了航天器微重力环境的特点,指出了更精确的动力学数学模型。     

充液柔性航天器刚-液-柔耦合动力学研究的凯恩方法

借助凯恩方法对携带太阳能帆板的充液航天器耦合系统进行动力学建模,采用六自由度描述航天器的轨道及姿态运动,由运动脉动球模型模拟贮箱内液体燃料的晃动,根据几何非线性变形的假设引入太阳能柔性帆板的动力刚化效应并建立了航天器刚-液-柔耦合系统动力学模型.最后,为了验证理论的正确性和模型的合理性进行了数值仿真,结果表明微重力环境...     

微重力条件下摩擦副摩擦学特性数值模拟研究

与一般机械设备中的摩擦副不同，航天器摩擦副往往处于微重力下的独特工作环境。现对航天器摩擦副进行微重力条件下的摩擦学理论分析，建立了一个二维模型并求解了雷诺方程，以研究微重力状态对摩擦副摩擦学特性的影响。研究结果显示，由于微重力的影响，摩擦副的油膜压力分布有较大幅度的变化，并严重影响了油膜承载能力。     

微重力充液系统大幅晃动动力学及其在航天高技术中的应用

本文首先论述了在微重力环境下充液系统大幅晃动动力学的理论基础，其次阐明了它在充液航天器动力学与控制中的应用，最后分析了液体大幅晃动自由边界的确定以及数值稳定性等问题。     

微重力条件下摩擦副摩擦学特性数值模拟研究

与一般机械设备中的摩擦副不同,航天器摩擦副往往处于微重力下的独特工作环境.现对航天器摩擦副进行微重力条件下的摩擦学理论分析,建立了一个二维模型并求解了雷诺方程,以研究微重力状态对摩擦副摩擦学特性的影响.研究结果显示,由于微重力的影响,摩擦副的油膜压力分布有较大幅度的变化,并严重影响了油膜承载能力.     

空间飞行器动力学与控制研究综述

概括介绍了近年来空间飞行器的动力学与控制研究的发展状况,综述了单星动力学建模和控制技术、多星动力学建模和控制技术,以及太阳帆航天器、绳系卫星等新型航天器动力学与控制技术等相关航天领域中的若干基础问题,总结了在这些领域中的研究方法及取得的成果。提出了相关领域中值得深入研究的问题及后续发展方向,如深空探测的轨道动力学、超大尺度柔性航天器的动力学建模与协同控制技术、敏捷卫星的机动控制技术、多星姿轨耦合动力学和控制技术、太阳帆航天器动力学与控制技术,以及空间绳系卫星系统的动力学与控制技术等重点和主要发展方向。     

微重力条件下两相流动沸腾换热地面等效模拟试验研究的必要性

介绍了航天器的热控制模式、对在微重力下的单相流与两相流的换热系统、微重力下与重力场下的两相流沸腾换热进行了比较。最后论述了在微重力条件下进行两相流沸腾换热地面等效试验研究的必要性。     

航天器动力学发展概况

分析了现代航天器动力学的复杂性，将现代航天器动力学的发展概括为以下几个方面：１）局部动力学的研究受到重视；２）部件级子系统动力学研究的深入；３）耦合动力学研究进入非线性阶段；４）整体航天器动力学模型精化与一体化仿真；５）航天器与航天器之间相对运动动力学研究方兴未艾等。文章对这几个方面分别作了简单评述或讨论。     

电推进航天器的特殊环境及其影响

文章介绍了应用离子和霍耳电推进系统在航天器周围产生的等离子体和电磁场等特殊环境,讨论了这些特殊环境对航天器各分系统或部件产生的溅射腐蚀、沉积污染、充放电、等离子体干扰、碰撞动力学扰动等影响效应,探讨了研究电推进与航天器相互作用效应的地面试验技术、空间飞行试验技术和模型分析技术,介绍了离子电推进系统与航天器相容性分析评价的技术要点。     

基于HLA的载人航天器飞行任务仿真平台研究与实现

面向载人航天器飞行任务仿真需求,根据载人航天器的特点以及高层体系结构(HLA)技术,提出了基于高层体系结构的载人航天器飞行任务仿真平台方案,设计实现了由运行管理、飞行指令、数据记录、数据可视化等功能,以及涵盖轨道、姿态、能源、动力学等多个专业仿真模型组成的仿真平台,给出了应用实例,并就仿真平台开发中的联邦开发过程、仿真模型接口软件、飞行场景三维可视化等关键部分进行了探讨。与单一的飞行任务仿真软件相比,该分布式仿真平台覆盖的专业面更全,验证内容更丰富,可扩展性更强。随着载人航天器系统飞行任务复杂程度的提高,通过对仿真平台的扩展和重用,可适应新的任务验证需求。该仿真平台可为复杂载人航天器的飞行任务设计验证提供依据,并对基于HLA的其他航天器仿真系统的联邦设计与开发具有一定的参考价值。     

Isolation,confinement, and sensory deprivation

Long-duration space flight involves sensory monotony, isolation, and confinement. Obviously, data from other such environments are relevant to our concerns; and the application of the concept of arousal both to interpersonal relations and to task performance in space can point to appropriate selection, training, and spacecraft design features. In the context of space flight, all of these leads remain conjectural--simulation as well as laboratory research and initiation of long-duration flights will be the crucial test of the hypotheses.     

Biomedical support of man in space

In its broadest sense, biomedical support of man in space must not be limited to assisting spacecraft crew during the mission; such support should also ensure that flight personnel be able to perform properly during landing and after leaving the craft. Man has developed mechanisms that allow him to cope with specific stresses in his normal habitat; there is indisputable evidence that, in some cases, the space environment, by relieving these stresses, has also allowed the adaptive mechanisms to lapse, causing serious problems after re-entry. Inflight biomedical support must therefore include means to simulate some of the normal stresses of the Earth environment. In the area of cardiovascular performance, we have come to rely heavily on complex feedback mechanisms to cope with two stresses, often combined: postural changes, which alter the body axis along which gravitational acceleration acts, and physical exercise, which increases the total load on the system. Unless the appropriate responses are reinforced continuously during flight, crew members may be incapacitated upon return. The first step in the support process must be a study of the way in which changes in g, even of short duration, affect these responses. In particular we should learn more about effects of g on the "on" and "off" dynamics, using a variety of approaches: increased acceleration on one hand at recumbency, immersion, lower body positive pressure, and other means of simulating some of the effects of low g, on the other. Once we understand this, we will have to determine the minimal exposure dose required to maintain the response mechanisms. Finally, we shall have to design stresses that simulate Earth environment and can be imposed in the space vehicle. Some of the information is already at hand; we know that several aspects of the response to exercise are affected by posture. Results from a current series of studies on the kinetics of tilt and on the dynamics of readjustment to exercise in different postures will be presented and discussed.     

Species and temperature exchange in the atmosphere of “BION-M” spacecraft

On going flights of Foton satellites allow to carry out research in the following domains: effect of space flight and outer space factors such as microgravity, artificial gravity and space radiation on physical processes and biological organisms. Experts from many Russian and foreign scientific institutions participated in the research. Over a period of time from 1973 to 1997 there were launched 11 BION satellites designed by the Central Specialized Design Bureau for carrying out fundamental and applied research in the field of space biology, medicine, radio physics and radiobiology with participation of specialists from the foreign countries.The goal of the present investigation was in developing a numerical simulator aimed at determining gas concentration and temperature fields established inside the scientific module of the spacecraft “Bion-M” and to perform optimization studies, which could meet strong requirements for air quality and temperature range allowable for operation of different biological experiments.     

NASA空间环境及效应(SEE)计划进展

文章介绍了NASA在1993年提出的空间环境及效应(下称SEE)计划,其目的是明确空间环境的定义,为设计、研制能适应严酷空间环境效应的航天器系统并使其正常运行提供技术支持.该计划包括认识空间环境、飞行试验和地面试验技术的优化、更新空间环境及其效应的预测模型、保存信息并将之纳入航天器的设计流程等方面.文章描述了SEE计划目前已取得的成就和未来的打算.     

Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) locomotion during a sounding rocket flight

The locomotor activity of young Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) was studied during a Nike-Orion sounding rocket flight, which included a short-duration microgravity exposure. An infrared monitoring system was used to determine the activity level, instantaneous velocity, and continuous velocity of 240 (120 male, 120 female) fruit flies. Individual flies were placed in chambers that limit their motion to walking. Chambers were oriented both vertically and horizontally with respect to the rocket's longitudinal axis. Significant changes in Drosophila locomotion patterns were observed throughout the sounding rocket flight, including launch, microgravity exposure, payload re-entry, and after ocean impact. During the microgravity portion of the flight (3.8 min), large increases in all locomotion measurements for both sexes were observed, with some measurements doubling compared to pad (1 G) data. Initial effects of microgravity were probably delayed due to large accelerations from the payload despining immediately before entering microgravity. The results indicate that short-duration microgravity exposure has a large effect on locomotor activity for both males and females, at least for a short period of time. The locomotion increases may explain the increased male aging observed during long-duration exposure to microgravity. Studies focusing on long-duration microgravity exposure are needed to confirm these findings, and the relationship of increased aging and locomotion.     

The future of space medicine.

In November 2000, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and its partners in the International Space Station (ISS) ushered in a new era of space flight: permanent human presence in low-Earth orbit. As the culmination of the last four decades of human space flight activities. the ISS focuses our attention on what we have learned to date. and what still must be learned before we can embark on future exploration endeavors. Space medicine has been a primary part of our past success in human space flight, and will continue to play a critical role in future ventures. To prepare for the day when crews may leave low-Earth orbit for long-duration exploratory missions, space medicine practitioners must develop a thorough understanding of the effects of microgravity on the human body, as well as ways to limit or prevent them. In order to gain a complete understanding and create the tools and technologies needed to enable successful exploration. space medicine will become even more of a highly collaborative discipline. Future missions will require the partnership of physicians, biomedical scientists, engineers, and mission planners. This paper will examine the future of space medicine as it relates to human space exploration: what is necessary to keep a crew alive in space, how we do it today, how we will accomplish this in the future, and how the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) plans to achieve future goals.     

The effects of prolonged weightlessness and reduced gravity environments on human survival

The manned exploration of the solar system and the surfaces of some of the smaller planets and larger satellites requires that we are able to keep the adverse human physiological response to long term exposure to near zero and greatly reduced gravity environments within acceptable limits consistent with metabolic function. This paper examines the physiological changes associated with microgravity conditions with particular reference to the weightless demineralizatoin of bone (WDB). It is suggested that many of these changes are the result of physical/mechanical processes and are not primarily a medical problem. There are thus two immediately obvious and workable, if relatively costly, solutions to the problem of weightlessness. The provision of a near 1 g field during prolonged space flights, and/or the development of rapid transit spacecraft capable of significant acceleration and short flight times. Although these developments could remove or greatly ameliorate the effects of weightlessness during long-distance space flights there remains a problem relating to the long term colonization of the surfaces of Mars, the Moon, and other small solar system bodies. It is not yet known whether or not there is a critical threshold value of 'g' below which viable human physiological function cannot be sustained. If such a threshold exists permanent colonization may only be possible if the threshold value of 'g' is less than that at the surface of the planet on which we wish to settle.     

Sleep in space

Manned space flights have shown it is possible to sleep in microgravity. However, some sleep disturbances have been reported which influence performance of the crew and safety of space flight. This paper reviews the main studies of in-flight sleep in animal and man. Most disturbances are related to phase lags due to operational requirements. Factors which can disturb in-flight sleep are analysed: environmental factors. Some of them are secondary to space flight ergonomics. Conversely, effects of microgravity on light-dark alternance are less known and lead to interesting problems of fundamental research, psychological factors, especially during long duration flights.     

Overview of the Neurolab Spacelab mission

Neurolab is a NASA Spacelab mission with multinational cooperative participation that is dedicated to research on the nervous system. The nervous systems of all animal species have evolved in a one-g environment and are functionally influenced by the presence of gravity. The absence of gravity presents a unique opportunity to gain new insights into basic neurologic functions as well as an enhanced understanding of physiological and behavioral responses mediated by the nervous system. The primary goal of Neurolab is to expand our understanding of how the nervous system develops, functions in, and adapts to microgravity space flight. Twenty-six peer reviewed investigations using human and nonhuman test subjects were assigned to one of eight science discipline teams. Individual and integrated experiments within these teams have been designed to collect a wide range of physiological and behavior data in flight as well as pre- and postflight. Information from these investigations will be applicable to enhancing the well being and performance of future long duration space travelers, will contribute to our understanding of normal and pathological functioning of the nervous system, and may be applied by the medical community to enhance the health of humans on Earth.