基于常规多普勒滤波器组结构的合成宽带距离像性能分析

为了消除散布效应对宽带信号的不利影响,可以利用多个窄带信号合成宽带信号;同时,通过在子带内处理相干脉冲串,可进行杂波抑制、目标速度估计和区分不同速度的目标。然而,在子带内分别使用常规多普勒滤波器组,会引进多普勒散布效应所造成的输出失配误差,从而造成合成距离像的失真。分析了多普勒散布效应与子带常规多普勒滤波器组输出失配之间的关系,推导了运动目标通过滤波器组后所成高分辨距离像的距离走动公式,给出了适合子带常规多普勒滤波器组的目标速度临界值。仿真实验验证了以上结论。     

Chirp脉冲的分数阶傅里叶域测距

为了扩展利用Chirp脉冲测距的灵活性和适用性,基于分数阶傅里叶变换特点,提出了一种运算量更小且更具扩展性的Chirp脉冲测距新方法,并导出了其离散距离估计子的解析表达式。分析了该距离估计子的离散精度和多目标分辨力,考察了多普勒频移所引起的测距误差,并对比了本文方法与脉冲压缩方法的主要性能参数。研究结果表明:本文方法在大时宽带宽积条件下具有与脉冲压缩方法相比拟的性能,且运算量约减少一半。最后,仿真验证了理论推导的正确性。     

问与答

白杨-M问:1、什么是脉冲多普勒雷达?答:脉冲多普勒雷达就是工作在脉冲波形下的一种多普勒雷达,其工作原理是对脉冲列信号进行频谱分析,并对其单根谱线进行滤波,以测得目标的径向速度和距离。与一般时域检测的脉冲体制雷达不同之处是,脉冲多普勒雷达是频域检测,对回波脉冲列进行频谱分析,利用运动目标的回波信号具有多普勒频移的特点,将     

一种FMCW SAR地面运动目标谱图域参数估计方法

对调频连续波(FMCW)合成孔径雷达(SAR)地面运动目标的参数估计方法进行了研究,采用相位中心偏置天线(DPCA)技术对地杂波进行抑制,分析了载机及地面运动目标连续运动对回波信号的影响,推导了采用DPCA技术引入的回波慢时间包络(STE)项与地面运动目标参数之间的关系。在此基础上,提出了一种地面运动目标谱图域参数估计方法,该方法首先利用Radon变换在谱图域估计导致回波信号距离走动的目标等效径向速度,并对距离走动进行校正;其次,在谱图域中提取运动目标回波幅度,根据STE项引起的回波幅度变化与目标方位向速度之间的关系,估计目标的方位向速度,并进一步求解相应的目标径向速度。所提方法能够在谱图域完成地面运动目标二维速度估计,最后的仿真实验验证了所提方法的有效性和可行性。     

基于脉组间频率步进的合成超宽带距离像及速度分析

 对脉组间频率步进信号进行信号处理可直接获得合成超宽带(UWB)距离像及目标速度信息,但由于多普勒色散引入的快速傅里叶变换(FFT)输出失配误差和距离多普勒耦合,导致距离像的失真。介绍消除多普勒色散的影响的方法,分析且补偿距离多普勒耦合对距离像的影响,进一步讨论由测速误差产生的补偿量化误差对距离像的影响,并推导由此导致的距离走动公式。提出的迭代二分逼近法使速度分辨提高 N 倍( N 为脉组个数),从而得到目标真实高分辨距离像。仿真实验结果表明多普勒色散得到消除且 N 的选取更加灵活。     

高信噪比、高分辨宽测绘带成像

针对传统高分辨和宽测绘带以及高信噪比和宽测绘带之间的矛盾,提出一种基于脉内扫描面阵合成孔径雷达(SAR)系统的二维空域联合处理算法实现高信噪比、高分辨宽测绘带成像。文中首先建立脉内扫描面阵SAR系统模型,该系统采用低脉冲重复频率(PRF)获得宽测绘带信息,同时利用脉内扫描方式获得高信噪比的回波信号。对于低PRF采样宽多普勒谱(对应方位高分辨)引起的多普勒模糊以及脉内扫描引起的距离模糊,提出一种二维空域联合处理算法解距离和多普勒模糊,并且详细地分析了地形高度变化对解模糊算法的影响。最后,通过仿真实验验证了本文算法的有效性。     

贝叶斯推理运动轨迹相干累积的动目标检测方法

雷达理论和实践都表明相干累积是机动目标探测行之有效的方法,但其性能会因脉冲回波处理间隔内未知距离和/或多普勒的徒动而降低。为解决这个问题,提出了一种贝叶斯推理运动轨迹相干累积的动目标检测方法。首先,通过对脉冲压缩回波信号的距离频率进行翻转,就可从未翻转与翻转后的回波信号相乘的傅里叶逆变换中,提取出慢时间维描述待探测多目标运动轨迹的时频信号。视该时频信号中各目标运动轨迹为状态变量,获得的时频信号为观测,建立起多目标运动轨迹的状态空间模型。这样,据贝叶斯滤波推理出的目标运动轨迹,构建出快-慢时间维联合的二维匹配滤波器,就能补偿目标高速/机动带来的未知距离和/或多普勒徒动。理论分析和仿真实验均证明：所提算法适用具有复杂且未知运动状态的目标,且呈现出了优于文献报道方法的性能。     

常用脉冲重复间隔估计算法

雷达信号分选是电子战系统(EW)与反辐射导弹(ARM)的关键技术,脉冲重复间隔(PRI)是信号分选与识别的一个重要参数,它决定了雷达的最大无模糊距离和最大无模糊径向速度。目前以脉冲序列的自相关函数为基础,利用脉冲到达时间(TOA)提出了多种脉冲重复间隔估计算法。本文介绍了几种常用算法的原理,讨论了各算法的缺陷,并给出了PRI变换应用于抖动PRI序列时的计算机仿真结果。最后分析了各种算法的性能与适用范围。     

相控阵主动雷达导引头波形策略

针对高脉冲重复频率脉冲多普勒(HPRF-PD)体制的相控阵主动雷达导引头中存在的距离遮挡问题,设计了一种新的波形选择策略。首先,利用提出的脉冲重复频率(PRF)波形选择策略,离线计算得到距离对应PRF的波形查找表。然后,通过叉积自动频率控制环路滤波(CPAFCLF)算法预估下个相参处理间隔(CPI)导引头与目标间的径向相对速度,并联合提出的基于Sage-Husa带有速度预测的自适应"当前"统计模型(SH-ACSMVP)算法得到的距离跟踪值,获得下个CPI的距离预测值。在跟踪机动目标场景中,相比于"当前"统计(CS)模型跟踪算法及基于"当前"统计模型的自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波(CAUKF)算法,本文算法得到的距离预测误差更小,误差收敛速度更快。根据此距离预测值从波形查找表中选择波形发射,作为下个CPI的发射波形,实现后续跟踪阶段的抗距离遮挡,提高目标跟踪性能。仿真结果表明了本文所设计波形选择策略的正确性及有效性。     

距离扩展目标检测中的 强散射点自适应估计方法

高分辨雷达通过积累多个距离单元上的目标回波,达到提高距离扩展目标检测性能的目的。由于目标散射中心的稀疏分布,常规的能量积累检测方法存在陷落损失,而基于目标强散射点的积累检测方法可有效克服因陷落损失造成的检测性能下降问题。利用最大类间方差法对目标强散射点进行自适应估计,并通过仿真验证了该方法改善检测性能的有效性。     

Velocity estimation of fast moving targets using a single SAR sensor

A new methodology is presented to retrieve slant-range velocity estimates of moving targets inducing Doppler-shifts beyond the Nyquist limit determined by the pulse repetition frequency (PRF). The proposed approach exploits the linear dependence (not subject to PRF limitations) of the Doppler-shift with respect to the slant-range velocity, at each wavelength. Basically, we propose an algorithm to compute the skew of the two-dimensional spectral signature of a moving target. Distinctive features of this algorithm are its ability to cope with strong range migration and its efficiency from the computational point of view. By combining the developed scheme to retrieve the slant-range velocity with a methodology proposed earlier to estimate the velocity vector magnitude, the full velocity vector is unambiguously retrieved without increasing the mission PRF. The method gives effective results even when the returned echoes of the moving targets and the static ground overlap completely, provided that the moving targets signatures are digitally spotlighted and the signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) is, roughly, greater than 14 dB. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated with simulated and real data. As an example, slant-range velocities of moving objects with velocities between 6 and 12 times the Nyquist velocity are estimated with accuracy better than 3%.     

Detecting moving targets in SAR imagery by focusing

A new method for detecting moving targets in a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image is presented. It involves segmenting a complex-valued SAR image into patches, focusing each patch separately, and measuring the sharpness increase in the focused patch. The algorithm is sensitive to azimuth velocities and is exquisitely sensitive to radial accelerations of the target, allowing it to detect motion in any direction. It is complementary to conventional Doppler-sensing moving target indicators, which can sense only the radial velocity of rapidly moving targets.     

HRR Detector for Slow-Moving Targets in Sea Clutter

The radar detection of targets in the presence of sea clutter has historically relied upon the radial velocity of targets with respect to the radar platform either by exploiting the relative target Dopplers (for targets with sufficient radial velocity) or by discerning the paths targets traverse from scan to scan. For targets with little to no radial velocity component, though, it can become quite difficult to differentiate targets from the surrounding sea clutter. This paper addresses the detection of slow-moving targets in sea clutter using a high resolution radar (HRR) such that the target has perceptible extent in range. Under the assumption of completely random sea clutter spikes based on an epsiv-contaminated mixture model with the signal and clutter powers known, optimal detection performance results from using the likelihood ratio test (LRT). However, for realistic sea clutter, the clutter spikes tend to be a localized phenomenon. Based upon observations from real radar data measurements, a heuristic approach exploiting a salient aspect of the idealized LRT is developed which is shown to perform well when applied to real measured sea clutter.     

FrFT-CSWSF:Estimating cross-range velocities of ground moving targets using multistatic synthetic aperture radar

Estimating cross-range velocity is a challenging task for space-borne synthetic aperture radar（SAR）, which is important for ground moving target indication（GMTI）. Because the velocity of a target is very small compared with that of the satellite, it is difficult to correctly estimate it using a conventional monostatic platform algorithm. To overcome this problem, a novel method employing multistatic SAR is presented in this letter. The proposed hybrid method, which is based on an extended space-time model（ESTIM） of the azimuth signal, has two steps： first, a set of finite impulse response（FIR） filter banks based on a fractional Fourier transform（FrFT） is used to separate multiple targets within a range gate; second, a cross-correlation spectrum weighted subspace fitting（CSWSF） algorithm is applied to each of the separated signals in order to estimate their respective parameters. As verified through computer simulation with the constellations of Cartwheel, Pendulum and Helix, this proposed time-frequency-subspace method effectively improves the estimation precision of the cross-range velocities of multiple targets.     

Moving Targets Processing in SAR Spatial Domain

This paper presents a novel technique to estimate the initial coordinates and velocity vector of moving targets, including those with velocities above the Nyquist limit, using a single synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor without increasing the pulse repetition frequency (PRF). The basic reasoning is that, although the returned echoes may be undersampled in the azimuth direction, their phase and amplitude are informative with respect to the moving target trajectory parameters. Therefore, the so-called blind angle ambiguity, inherent to systems using a single SAR sensor, is overcome. The proposed method samples the data in the spatial domain, along the signature curve which depends on the moving target trajectory parameters. The resulting algorithm is a highly efficient (from the computational point of view) ID matched filter. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is illustrated using simulated SAR data and real data from the MSTAR public release data set, corresponding to a static SAR scene and a static BTR-60 with simulated motion.     

Multiple moving target detection and trajectory estimation using a single SAR sensor

A novel methodology is presented for determining the velocity and location of multiple moving targets using a single strip-map synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor. The so-called azimuth position uncertainty problem is therefore solved. The method exploits the structure of the amplitude and phase modulations of the returned echo from a moving target in the Fourier domain. A crucial step in the whole processing scheme is a matched filtering, depending on the moving target parameters, that simultaneously accounts for range migration and compresses two-dimensional signatures into one-dimensional ones without losing moving target information. A generalized likelihood ratio test approach is adopted to detect moving targets and derive their trajectory parameters. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated with synthetic and real data covering a wide range of targets velocities and signal-to-clutter ratios (SCRs). Even in the case of parallel to platform moving target motion, the most unfavorable scenario, the proposed method yields good results for, roughly, SCR > 10 dB.     

A Velocity Estimation Algorithm of Moving Targets using Single Antenna SAR

A new algorithm is proposed for velocity estimation of moving targets in single antenna synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Based on the fact that different velocity vectors cause different geometrical figures of the two-dimensional (2-D) signature in the range-Doppler (RD) domain, this algorithm estimates the azimuth and range velocities by a 2-D search such that the range cell migration correction (RCMC) and the second range compression (SRC) are correctly performed. It is shown that, using the proposed algorithm, the Doppler ambiguity problem can be avoided and satisfactory accurate velocity estimation can be obtained in high signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) scenarios.     

Pseudorandom Frequency Modulation in Range-Doppler Radar

In many radar systems, efficient use of transmitter power requires the transmission of a constant-amplitude signal for a substantial fraction of time; for a monotonic transmission, however, the range resolution is restricted by the length of the transmitted pulse. Linear frequency modulation removes this constraint for targets with negligible, or known, radial velocities; it is not suitable, however, for simultaneous observations of range and radial velocity (Doppler shift). This paper describes a class of waveforms suitable for simultaneous measurement of range and Doppler shift. These waveforms are characterized by a uniform distribution in frequency and by pseudorandom frequency changes. Uniform frequency distribution is attained by a uniform spacing of frequencies with each frequency present for an identical length of time. Frequency changes are effected by sequencing the frequencies with a pseudorandom number generator. Ambiguity functions are computed for pseudorandom frequencymodulated waveforms designed for ionospheric backscatter studies. By suitable choice of parameters, the ambiguity function becomes a narrow central peak surrounded by a plateau whose height varies randomly between zero and approximately twice its average. Waveform generation by means of a digital frequency synthesizer and data reconstruction considerations are described.     

Spaceborne along-track SAR interferometry: performance analysis andmission scenarios

A system study of a spaceborne along-track synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometer is presented. This sensor has been successfully experienced for detecting moving targets by using only airborne installations. Several key issues must be addressed when spaceborne configurations are envisaged. To this end, a quantitative evaluation of system performance and measurement accuracy has been conducted. First, the identification of possible space configurations has been accomplished. In particular, the two antennas can operate on a single satellite or they can be carried along appropriate trajectories by two spacecrafts. Then, an error budget of radial velocity measurement accuracy has been performed. Finally, two possible mission scenarios are dealt in details, and numerical results are reported     

Multistatic adaptive pulse compression

A new technique denoted as multistatic adaptive pulse compression (MAPC) is introduced which exploits recent work on adaptive pulse compression (APC) in order to jointly separate and pulse compress the concurrently received return signals from K proximate multistatic radars operating (i.e., transmitting) within the same spectrum. For the return signal from a single pulse of a monostatic radar, APC estimates the particular receive filter for a given range cell in a Bayesian sense reiteratively by employing the matched filter estimates of the surrounding range cell values as a priori knowledge in order to place temporal (i.e., range) nulls at the relative ranges occupied by large targets and thereby suppress range sidelobes to the level of the noise. The MAPC approach generalizes the APC concept by jointly estimating the particular receive filter for each range cell associated with each of several concurrently-received radar return signals occupying the same spectrum. As such, MAPC is found to enable shared-spectrum multistatic operation and is shown to yield substantial performance improvement in the presence of multiple spectrum-sharing radars as compared with both standard matched filters and standard least-squares mismatched filters