Influences of the turbulence model and the slot width on the transverse slot injection flow field in supersonic flows

Transverse slot injection scheme is very important for the mixing process between the air and the fuel in supersonic flows. The effect of the turbulence model and slot width on the transverse slot injection flow field has been investigated numerically based on the grid independency analysis, and the predicted results have been compared with the experimental data available in the open literature. The obtained results show that the grid scale makes only a slight difference to the wall pressure profiles for all jet-to-crossflow pressure ratios employed in this study, and the wall pressure profile with low jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio is predicted accurately by the RNG k–ε turbulence model, the SST k–ω turbulence model for the flow field with high jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio. High jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio can increase the jet penetration depth in supersonic flows, and the gradient of the length of the upstream separation region is larger than that of the height of the Mach surface. At the same time, when the jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio is maintained constant, the jet penetration depth increases with the increase of the slot width.     

Numerical investigation of the nonreacting and reacting flow fields in a transverse gaseous injection channel with different species

The mixing and combustion process has an important impact on the engineering realization of the scramjet engine. The nonreacting and reacting flow fields in a transverse injection channel have been investigated numerically, and the predicted results have been compared with the available experimental data in the open literature, the wall pressure distributions, the separation length, as well as the penetration height. Further, the influences of the molecular weight of the fuel and the jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio on the wall pressure distribution have been studied. The obtained results show that the predicted results show reasonable agreement with the experimental data, and the variable trends of the penetration height and the separation distance are almost the same as those obtained in the experiment. The vapor pressure model is suitable to fit the relationship between the penetration height, the separation distance and the jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio. The combustion process mainly occurs upstream of the injection port, and it makes a great difference to the wall pressure distribution upstream of the injection port, especially when the jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio is large enough, namely 17.72 and 25.15 in the range considered in the current study. For hydrogen, the combustion downstream of the injection port occurs more intensively, and this may be induced by its smaller molecular weight.     

壁面孔型对超声速气流中喷注特性的影响

超声速气流中,燃料与来流空气的高效混合是燃烧室实现点火、稳焰及高效燃烧组织的前提。国内外研究者已对比研究了不同壁面孔型对超声速气流中喷注、混合特性的影响,相比于最常见的圆形喷孔,菱形、楔形-半圆、箭形及针形等喷孔用于超声速气流燃料喷注时,不仅有利于降低喷孔前缘边界层的分离,而且也有利于提升射流穿透深度;相比于单孔喷注,组合型喷孔能进一步增强燃料与来流空气在射流远场的混合效果。通过综述各型喷孔的喷注特性,分析提出了适用于超声速燃烧组织的壁面喷注孔型及其工程应用条件。     

Performance evaluation and parametric analysis on cantilevered ramp injector in supersonic flows

The cantilevered ramp injector is one of the most promising candidates for the mixing enhancement between the fuel and the supersonic air, and its parametric analysis has drawn an increasing attention of researchers. The flow field characteristics and the drag force of the cantilevered ramp injector in the supersonic flow with the freestream Mach number 2.0 have been investigated numerically, and the predicted injectant mole fraction and static pressure profiles have been compared with the available experimental data in the open literature. At the same time, the grid independency analysis has been performed by using the coarse, the moderate and the refined grid scales, and the influence of the turbulence model on the flow field of the cantilevered ramp injector has been carried on as well. Further, the effects of the swept angle, the ramp angle and the length of the step on the performance of the cantilevered ramp injector have been discussed subsequently. The obtained results show that the grid scale has only a slight impact on the flow field of the cantilevered ramp injector except in the region near the fuel injector, and the predicted results show reasonable agreement with the experimental data. Additionally, the turbulence model makes a slight difference to the numerical results, and the results obtained by the RNG k−ε and SST k−ω turbulence models are almost the same. The swept angle and the ramp angle have the same impact on the performance of the cantilevered ramp injector, and the kidney-shaped plume is formed with shorter distance with the increase of the swept and ramp angles. At the same time, the shape of the injectant mole fraction contour at X/H=6 goes through a transition from a peach-shaped plume to a kidney-shaped plume, and the cantilevered ramp injector with larger swept and ramp angles has the higher mixing efficiency and the larger drag force. The length of the step has only a slight impact on the drag force performance of the cantilevered ramp injector. However, it makes a difference to the flow field in the vicinity of the fuel injector, and the subsonic region becomes narrower with the increase of the length of the step.     

三维横向流喷与超声速主流干扰流场的数值模拟

本文对三维隅角机翼声速喷流与超声速主流的干扰流扬进行了数值模拟。三维欧拉方程的求解采用非结构网络有限体积伽辽金法（Finite Volume Galerkin Method）。引入了总体结点积分域的概念,简化了从单元矩阵到总体矩阵的汇总过程。通量的分裂采用Osher格式,通过外差使其由一阶精度上升为二阶精度。发展了一种基于线化流量的逆风非结构网格隐式有限元格式以提高求解精度及效率。最后给出了三维隅角机翼流场的算例。     

超声速内流场横向喷流的流动与混合特性实验研究

为研究超声速内流场中横向喷流的流动与混合特性,将丙酮蒸汽加入喷流介质,用平面激光诱导荧光(PLIF)技术对流场中流向中心截面和横截面上的丙酮进行成像,研究了喷流的运动轨迹、流场结构、混合方式,以及参数对喷流流动与混合的影响。结果表明:喷流柱的波动失稳及喷流剪切层中生成的大尺度结构有助于增强喷流与主流在近场的混合;提高出口马赫数会导致剪切层失稳以及出现大尺度结构的位置移向下游,不利于改善近场的混合;增大喷口直径能增加喷流在展向的扩展,升高喷流总压能增加喷流在展向和横向的扩展,并使出现大尺度结构的位置靠近上游;在喷注流量相同条件下,采用小喷注面积高总压喷注更利于增强混合。     

喷嘴入射方式对气体-液滴群掺混的影响

通过数值模拟的方法从冷态方面研究了金属/水反应冲压发动机二次掺混室内横流气体和通过压力旋流喷嘴雾化的液滴群的掺混情况.提出了掺混度、不均匀浓度因子和等浓度线这3种特征量作为评价指标,分析了不同喷嘴入射角度情况下,液滴群对横向交叉气流的影响以及气流对液滴群掺混的作用.结果表明,液滴群的加入使气流中产生了尺度不同的涡,促进了湍流;喷嘴附近的掺混初始阶段,大涡作用使液滴分布很不均匀,喷嘴下游,涡的尺度减小,对液滴的扩散影响减弱,但初始的喷雾形态和液滴趋向高应变和低涡量区域造成了壁面处液滴浓度仍然高于其他区域;喷嘴垂直无偏入射的掺混优于轴向或切向入射;轴向向上游偏转入射优于向下游偏转入射;切向偏转角度越大,越不利于掺混.     

SMC模式下RBCC发动机4Ma工况性能仿真

为研究SMC模式下火箭混合比对RBCC发动机性能的影响规律,完成了氢/氧火箭推力室中心布局、二元定几何结构模型发动机飞行马赫数Ma0=4、高度H=17 km弹道点流场仿真,获得了不同火箭混合比(MR=2、3、4、5、6、8)及燃烧室长度的推力、比冲性能.研究表明:在火箭燃气富燃条件下(MR<8),产生了正的火箭推力增益...     

基于HIFIRE-5外形的高超声速飞行器

采用数值仿真方法,开展了高超声速飞行器（HIFIRE-5）的流场特性计算研究,精确捕捉高超声速流场中的波系、背流面横向流动及表面流动现象,并对激波及横向流动其机理进行了详细分析。结果表明,所用数值计算方法有效,横向流动和横流失稳是产生流场三维涡系结构的主要原因,该认识可为类似外形高超声速飞行器的气动外形设计、优化及气动特性分析提供参考。     

带不同长度凹腔超声速燃烧数值研究

对带不同长深比凹腔的燃烧室三维燃烧流场进行数值模拟,研究了燃烧室流场结构。结果表明：液体碳氢燃料穿透深度较小;凹腔长深比对燃烧效率、总压损失影响较小,对燃烧室阻力影响显著。     

超燃冲压发动机燃烧室流动问题的数值验证

基于三维可压缩RANS方程,结合有限速率化学反应模型,发展了一套模拟多组元化 学 反应与湍流流动的计算程序。通过对超燃冲压发动机燃烧室内的几种典型流动问题,如横 向喷流问题、后向台阶流动问题和氢／空气化学反应问题进行数值模拟,验证计算程序的可 靠性,将数值模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比,结果吻合较好。     

Recent Advances in the Theoretical and Applied Study on Compressible Turbulent Flow over Aerospace Vehicles

This paper focused on the fundamental and applied research of turbulent flows encountered in the hypersonic flight of aerospace vehicles,which take place in the boundary layer and mixing layer.As to the plate boundary layer,LES approach has been used to simulate the flows over compression corners and incident shock waves,revealing that turbulent flows would significantly inhibit the boundary layer separation caused by shock wave-boundary layer interaction(SWBLI).The boundary layer transition over a circular cone has been analyzed through stability analysis and wind-tunnel test,by which the angle-of-attack effect in case of small angle of attack has been studied.Non-linear evolution process and secondary instability structure in the supersonic mixing layer(Mc=0.5) were initially figured out through the study of mixing layer,and knowledge of the flow control mechanism of the boundary layer and mixing enhancement mechanism of the mixing layer has been obtained through this research.Artificial boundary-layer transition technique based on subharmonic resonance has been proposed and applied to the flow control in a scramjet inlet,inhibiting the flow separation of the boundary layer while improving the inlet performance.To guarantee the mixing of kerosene and supersonic airflow in the scramjet combustor,the mixing enhancement method based on subharmonic resonance has been adopted and a concept of combustor with smooth wall and low internal drag has been proposed for ignition and stable combustion.Finally,future turbulence research and technological development of aerospace vehicles is predicted.     

超音速复速级涡轮的气动设计改进

采用数值模拟方法对某液体火箭发动机超音速复速级涡轮进行了流场分析。根据分析结果对两列动叶的叶型进行了改进设计：第一列动叶栅的改进采用自由旋流法,通过等通道的叶栅流道设计,减弱了激波对附面层的干扰,有效抑制了流道内的流动分离;第二列动叶栅的改进采用参数化叶片造型法,型线用具有局部修改能力和保凸性较好的Bezier曲线表示,通过减小入口攻角降低了分离损失。数值模拟结果表明,改进后的复速级涡轮内部流动特性改善显著,分离损失明显减小,效率提高了5％以上。     

火星进入器壁面脉动压力环境数值模拟

为研究跨超声速阶段来流马赫数、来流攻角及配平翼展开角的变化对进入器壁面脉动压力环境的影响规律,本文采用脱体涡方法对火星进入器模型开展非定常数值模拟,获取壁面不同位置处的脉动压力信息。研究表明：在跨超声速阶段,进入器壁面脉动压力环境随马赫数的增加而趋于减缓。配平翼迎风面分离区受脱体激波影响明显,当来流马赫数较小时,可压缩效应较弱,分离区涡流运动剧烈,诱导的脉动压力环境较强;随着来流马赫数的增加,脱体激波对分离区抑制作用增强,分离区运动受到限制,诱导的脉动压力环境趋于平缓。此外,随着来流攻角增加,配平翼迎风面上再附点的位置向翼根方向转移,从而使翼根处的脉动压力环境趋于恶劣。当配平翼展开180°时,分离区再附点位置基本固定,配平翼迎风面脉动压力环境得到一定程度的减缓。功率谱分析表明,在配平翼迎风面上诱导的脉动压力能量主要集中在中低频区域。     

Numerical investigation on hydrogen combustion in a scramjet with 3D sidewall compression inlet

Numerical simulations were employed to analyze the flowfield of a scramjet with three-dimensional (3D) sidewall compression inlet, and the effect of inlet distortion on the mixing and combustion process was examined. The numerical approach solved the compressible Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations supplemented with a finite rate chemical reacting model for the combustion of hydrogen fuel and air. Turbulence closure was achieved using Menter shear-stress transport (SST) model. To verify the accuracy of the simulation, the computed wall pressure was compared with the experimental data of the direct-connect combustor test. The metrics employed in the simulations included qualitative assessments related to flow structure as well as quantitative values of fuel mixing efficiency, combustion efficiency and static pressure distribution. Intake sidewalls were found to strongly affect the inlet flow structure, which became more complex in the nonuniform flowfield. The shock train system affected the combustion region located upstream of the injection and led to pairs of asymmetric separation bubbles. Nevertheless, the shock train system dissipated due to the reactions, the combustion patterns of each fuel jets in downstream region were nearly identical, and the degree of improvement of mixing and combustion efficiency near the downstream injectors was less than that near the upstream injectors.     

液体离心喷嘴动力学特性理论分析

为了研究离心喷嘴在发动机动态系统中的作用,采用线性化法建立了液体离心喷嘴动力学模型,并推导了可以与其他环节相连的离心喷嘴传递矩阵模型。通过文献中的试验数据,验证了所提出的敞口型离心喷嘴模型的合理性。计算结果表明,在同样的压降和尺寸下,相对收口型离心喷嘴,敞口型离心喷嘴出口流量振荡幅值大大降低,滞后相位角较大。喷嘴与供应系统相互作用时,出口流量的谐振频率由供应系统的声学特性决定,但谐振峰幅值大小由离心喷嘴特性决定。增加喷嘴压降,则出口流量振荡幅值降低;在喷嘴压降不变时,提高发动机系统整体压力,则出口流量振荡幅值增大。     

液氧/甲烷火箭发动机性能敏感性分析

为了弥补极差分析法在发动机性能敏感性分析方面的不足,提高低温火箭发动机性能敏感性分析的准确度,引入了方差分析法,以某型液氧/甲烷发动机为例开展了性能敏感性分析,并通过F检验得到了每个干扰因素对发动机性能影响的显著性指标,与传统的极差分析法相比,提高了液体火箭发动机性能敏感性分析的准确度。结果表明:发动机推力和混合比对同一因素的敏感性存在差别,其中对发动机推力和混合比的影响最大的是涡轮泵效率,均呈现高度显著;紧随其后,对推力影响显著性最高的是副系统流阻特性,而对混合比影响最高的则是主系统流阻特性。研究表明,方差分析法可以有效提高敏感性分析的准确度,既为该型发动机的研制提供了理论支持,也为其他发动机的敏感性分析提供了新的参考。     

空气涡轮火箭发动机内外涵气流掺混研究

通过无化学反应、均匀进气条件下肼单组元空气涡轮火箭发动机混流燃烧室内流场的数值计算,得到了流向涡与正交涡系产生、衰减演变过程及其对内外涵气流掺混效率的影响规律。结果表明,大尺度阵列二次环流诱导形成的流向涡对内外涵气流掺混起主导作用,大波瓣穿透率的斜切波瓣混流器的综合性能较优。结合热试车结果,分析了包括波瓣混流器在内的两类掺混方案的强化掺混效率。分析表明,非均匀进气条件对小尺寸空气涡轮火箭发动机掺混燃烧效率影响很大。     

大攻角侧向喷流流场特性及喷流干扰效应

采用HLLC近似黎曼解格式求解N-S方程,对大攻角条件下超音速尖拱细长旋成体导弹的单侧向喷流干扰流场进行了数值模拟.并对喷流流场压力分布、喷口附近流动及流场旋涡结构进行了研究,分析了大攻角对细长旋成体侧向喷流干扰压力分布及干扰因子的影响.研究结果表明,HLLC格式计算复杂流场具有较好的数值稳定性;侧向喷流与来流的干扰总...     

高温风洞收集口喷水降温数值仿真研究

针对高温风洞中扩压器前段壁面防热问题,提出对高温气流外缘喷水降温的方法。通过在收集器入口与喷管出口间安装喷水环,利用液态水汽化吸热对高温气流进行降温,使扩压器壁面形成低温保护层。为了解该方法降温效果,本文利用DPM、组分输运等模型的耦合建立了超声速两相流CFD模型,对向超声速热气流喷水进行降温的过程进行了数值计算,计算结果表明,扩压器启动后有显著的降温保护效果。同时,为探索风洞排气背压和喷水量对风洞流场和壁面降温效果的影响,通过计算得出了变排气背压、变喷水量与降温效果之间的关系,为高温风洞收集口喷水降温装置的优化设计提供了参考。