FY—1C气象卫星在沙尘暴监测中的应用

利用我国发射的“风云一号”(C)极轨气象卫星 (FY 1C)所提供的图像 ,对 1999年 5月 13～ 14日发生在塔里木盆地至河西走廊西部以及 2 0 0 0年 4月 6～ 7日发生在北京周围地区的两次沙尘暴过程进行了分析 ,说明FY 1C资料在环境监测方面可以发挥极好的作用     

卫星信号和数据质量监测算法研究

结合卫星导航系统的实际应用,对卫星播发的导航信号和观测数据的质量监测算法进行了研究,可以满足卫星定轨和用户定位精度的要求。文中首先分析了卫星信号出现异常的原因,并有针对性地给出了用于卫星信号质量监测的宽窄相关伪距比较和码-载偏离度计算方法,然后又对用户伪距和载波相位这两个主要测量值的数据突变问题的实时监测方法展开了分析和探讨,最后进行了仿真研究。结果表明,这些算法是可行、实用并且有效的。     

Additional historical solid rocket motor burns

The use of orbital solid rocket motors (SRM) is responsible for the release of a high number of slag and Al₂O₃ dust particles which contribute to the space debris environment. This contribution has been modeled for the ESA space debris model MASTER (Meteoroid and Space Debris Terrestrial Environment Reference). The current model version, MASTER-2005, is based on the simulation of 1076 orbital SRM firings which mainly contributed to the long-term debris environment. SRM firings on very low earth orbits which produce only short living particles are not considered. A comparison of the modeled flux with impact data from returned surfaces shows that the shape and quantity of the modeled SRM dust distribution matches that of recent Hubble Space Telescope (HST) solar array measurements very well. However, the absolute flux level for dust is under-predicted for some of the analyzed Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) surfaces. This indicates that some past SRM firings are not included in the current event database. Thus it is necessary to investigate, if additional historical SRM burns, like the retro-burn of low orbiting re-entry capsules, may be responsible for these dust impacts. The most suitable candidates for these firings are the large number of SRM retro-burns of return capsules. This paper focuses on the SRM retro-burns of Russian photoreconnaissance satellites, which were used in high numbers during the time of the LDEF mission. It is discussed which types of satellites and motors may have been responsible for this historical contribution. Altogether, 870 additional SRM retro-burns have been identified. An important task is the identification of such missions to complete the current event data base. Different types of motors have been used to de-orbit both large satellites and small film return capsules. The results of simulation runs are presented.     

FY-1C在地表灾情和环境监测中的应用

介绍了国家气象中心一年来利用FY-1C极轨气象卫星开展地表监测和环境监测包括火情监测、水情监测、积雪监测、海冰监测及植被监测的情况。指出由于该卫星探测通道比美国NOAA卫星多、过境时机适宜，因而在气象卫星应用于地表灾情和环境监测方面具有明显的优势。     

卫星控制系统地面实时故障诊断专家系统SCRDES

本文介绍一个可用于卫星地面检测及卫星飞行状态地面监测的实时故障诊断专家系统SCRDES。该系统以卫星姿态控制系统为对象,总结了原理性、结构性知识和专家经验型知识,采用深、浅层知识的混合模型,引入特征量及其动态属性的概念,有效地表达了闭环系统动态特征;采用数据处理与知识处理并行工作的系统结构,实现了在线实时故障诊断。SCRDES是AI和ES技术在航天领域及动态过程领域中应用的新探索。     

北斗三号短报文低轨卫星测控应用研究

针对低轨卫星星座测控管理的全球覆盖需求和测控链路资源需求,分析北斗三号全球导航系统短报文用于低轨卫星测控的基本能力,描述应用北斗三号全球短报文进行卫星测控的系统组成、工作流程及各部分功能,识别用于卫星测控管理的相关关键技术,并提出关键技术的初步解决途径,给出测控应用模式建议.     

环境减灾卫星国际服务模式探索与成效

环境与灾害监测预报小卫星星座是我国对地观测系统的重要组成部分。2008年9月6日,我国成功发射环境与灾害监测预报小卫星星座A、B两颗光学小卫星（简称“环境减灾-1A、1B卫星”）。环境减灾-1A、1B卫星成功发射以来,民政部国家减灾中心（民政部卫星减灾应用中心）积极组织开展卫星在轨测试、运行管理、减灾应用、用户服务与宣传推广等工作。目前,卫星运行状态良好,各项指标正常。一年来,在成功应对国内数十场新发灾害监测与评估,积极开展国内应用服务的同时,也积极探索国际服务模式,拓展为国外救灾工作提供灾害监测产品服务,并先后成功应对澳大利亚森林大火、加拿大火灾、中缅边境火灾、海地特大地震等灾害应急监测与评估工作,在国际上获得好评,展示了我国空间技术在减灾救灾工作中的良好应用,树立了我国和平利用空间技术的大国形象。     

一种惯性辅助卫星导航系统及其完好性检测方法

针对传统的卫星导航/捷联惯导(GNSS/SINS)紧耦合组合系统中SINS测量影响所有的观测量,以及SINS故障不能被隔离的缺点,给出了一种新的惯性辅助卫星导航紧耦合组合结构及其完好性检测方法.设计了紧耦合系统结构和卡尔曼滤波器,将SINS测量转换为虚拟伪距,作为GNSS伪距测量的扩展,并设计了基于滤波新息的残差检验法(RCTM)和自主完好性检测外推法(AIME)来进行完好性检测.该紧耦合方法可以通过虚拟卫星的选择降低几何精度因子,在提高导航精度的同时便于完好性检测.仿真结果表明惯性辅助卫星导航新方法可以有效地提高导航精度,RCTM法对于阶跃故障和快变的斜坡故障检测是非常有效的,而AIME法对于慢变的斜坡故障检测具有更好的性能.     

新一代运载火箭的数据驱动快速测试技术

本文提出一种数据驱动的快速测试技术。数据由箭上系统通过自检测(BIT)采集,经箭地高速总线传送至地面;地面数据处理终端采用与箭上系统相同的模型和算法,复现箭上的处理过程,从而判断系统中是否存在故障,实现快速故障定位。本文全面介绍实现这一设计的关键技术,包括箭上信息监测点的选择、总线窃听技术、飞行软件中的数据管理任务等,并示例说明各类典型数据的分析以及故障诊断和定位等。所有分析工作均实时自动完成,并能随测试用例的调整自适应地计算出新的比对结果,为提高系统级测试的覆盖性创造条件;并大大节省地面专用测试设备和数据分析时间,减少技术保障人员。     

An evaluation of Jacchia and MSIS 90 atmospheric models with CBERS data

“CBERS” (China Brazil Earth Resources Satellite) was put into orbit on 14^th of October 1999. The atmospheric drag is the major non-gravitational perturbation affecting the control of ground track. As accuracy requirements increase, greater reliance is placed on the empirical techniques. During the initial operational phase of CBERS, the solar activity is almost at its peak. This phenomenon has provided an opportunity to carry out an evaluation of the atmospheric density models. The study puts emphasis on two commonly used atmospheric density models viz. Jacchia and Mass Spectrometer Incoherent Scatter (MSIS). The analysis is based on the decay histories of CBERS to choose the accurate density model. Density models used for orbit propagation are usually derived empirically from actual flight data. Brief synopsis of some of the models is presented along with some of the density tables and orbit solutions of CBERS. Typical plots of density are presented. The study indicated that the drag estimation is relatively precise using MSIS based models. Among them MSIS-90 density model is observed to be a better compromise in terms of accuracy, flexibility and computational aspects. The analysis would be useful in mitigating the impact of solar activity on orbit prediction and maintenance.     

搭建地月鹊桥的嫦娥四号中继星（英文）

The far side of the moon is a unique place for some scientific investigations. Chang'e 4 is a Chinese lunar far side landing exploration mission. Relay communication satellite, named as Queqiao, is an important and innovative part of Chang'e 4 mission. It can provide relay communication to the lander and the rover operating on the lunar far side to maintain their contacts with Earth. It was launched by LM-4 C launch vehicle at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center on May 21, 2018. After five precise orbit controls and a journey of more than 20 days, Queqiao inserted into final halo mission orbit around Earth-moon libration point 2, located about 65,000 km beyond the moon. It is the world's first communication satellite operating in that orbit. Up to now, Queqiao worked very well and provided reliable, continuous communication relay service for the lander and the rover to ensure the mission success of Chang'e 4 exploration mission. Via Queqiao, the lander and the rover were controlled to work by ground stations and obtained a great amount of scientific data. The mission overview, operation orbit selection, relay communication system design and flight profile were introduced in this article.     

A star scan/attitude determination experiment conducted on the geostationary meteorological satellite

The paper discusses the results of a star scan test performed on the spin stabilized Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) and used for the purpose of determining the vehicle's spin state. The test data shows that the payload camera, normally used for imaging the Earth and its cloud cover, sees a sufficient number of stars to provide for a rapid and accurate spin state update and that Earth and Sun blockage constraints have essentially no impact on the star detection process. Also presented are analytical results regarding how many stars constitute an observable set, the accuracy achievable using the five most easily detected stars, how star location affects state uncertainty, and why certain state components are more easily determined than others. The primary test conclusion is that star scan offers an attractive alternative to the presently used Earth horizon and landmark tracking attitude determination methods, as far as accuracy and computational complexity are concerned, provided the occasional star viewing intervals that are required do not interfere with the meteorological scheduling of the camera.     

Satellite broadcast usage and life test of high power S-band Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers

Broadcasting radio programs from satellites to mobile users has been operating for many years in the United States, Canada and South Korea. The service, generally called Satellite Radio, is provided at S-band radio frequencies. Satellite Radio users require near perfect service availability. Since most users are mobile (automobiles and handheld reception), the antennas of their receivers have little gain necessitating very high effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) from the satellite to provide the required availability particularly under fading conditions. Despite using a satellite directive transmitting antenna, the achievement of this high EIRP requires a satellite transmitter radio frequency power output of over 7 kW. This is typically achieved by paralleling 32 Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers (TWTAs). The configuration, usage and technical aspects of such satellite transmitters are described. These satellite transmitters are critical to Satellite Radio service both for performance and for operating lifetime, typically over 15 years. Because of this importance, detailed lifetime laboratory testing is being done on the TWTAs as reported herein.     

青海玉树地震遥感监测应用研究

青海省玉树藏族自治州玉树县发生里氏7.1级地震后,作为我国减灾救灾决策支持单位,民政部卫星减灾应用中心(民政部国家减灾中心)根据国家减灾委、民政部救灾应急响应启动情况和部救灾总指挥部的统一部署,立即启动<应对突发性自然灾害空间技术响应工作规程>,实行24h业务值班制度,以高分辨率卫星和航空遥感数据为主,开展灾害监测与评...     

On the global geodetic observing system: Africa's preparedness and challenges

Space geodetic techniques and satellite missions play a crucial role in the determination and monitoring of geo-kinematics, Earth's rotation and gravity fields. These three pillars of geodesy provide the basis for determining the geodetic reference frames with high accuracy, spatial resolution and temporal stability. Space geodetic techniques have been used for the assessment of geo-hazards, anthropogenic hazards and in the design of early warning systems for hazard and disasters. In general, space geodesy provides products for Earth observation, science and influences many activities (e.g., building and management) in a modern society. In order to further promote the application of space geodetic methods to solving Earth science problems, the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) was commissioned as an important geodetic infrastructure that integrates different geodetic techniques (such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems, Very Long Baseline Interferometry, Satellite Laser Ranging, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite), models and analysis techniques for the purpose of ensuring long-term, precise monitoring of geodetic observables vital for monitoring Earth system processes. Since its inception, there has been considerable progress made towards setting up the infrastructure necessary for the establishment of the GGOS database. While the challenges that beleaguer the GGOS are acknowledged (at least at global level), the assessment of an attuned GGOS infrastructure in the African context is necessary, yet lacking. In the present contribution, (a) the African preparedness and response to the observing system is assessed, and (b) the specific scientific and technological challenges of establishing a regional GGOS hub for Africa are reviewed. Currently only South Africa has a fundamental geodetic observatory located at Hartebeesthoek, Pretoria. Other countries in Africa have shown interest to participate in global geodetic activities, in particular through interest in the development of a unified African geodetic reference frame (AFREF). In particular interest has been shown in the proposed African VLBI Network (AVN), which will be partially based on existing ex-telecommunication radio antennas. Several countries are investigating their participation in the AVN, including Kenya, Nigeria and Ghana.     

Separation of the Galactic Cosmic Rays and Inner Earth Radiation Belt Contributions to the Daily Dose Onboard the International Space Station in 2005–2011

The DB-8 detectors of the ISS radiation monitoring system (RMS) have operated almost continuously onboard the ISS service module since August 2001 till December 2014. The RMS data obtained were used for the daily monitoring of the radiation environment aboard the station. This paper considers the technique of RMS data analysis that allows one to distinguish the contributions of galactic cosmic rays and the Earth’s inner radiation belt to the daily dose based on the dosimetry data obtained as a result of the station’s passage in areas of the highest geomagnetic latitudes. The paper presents the results of an analysis of the dosimetry data based on this technique for 2005–2011, as well as a comparison with similar results the authors obtained previously using the technique based on an analysis of the dosimetry data obtained during station passages in the area of the South Atlantic Anomaly.     

基于马尔可夫模型的液体火箭发动机状态监控方法研究

本文介绍了动态系统马尔可夫模型描述方法，在动态系统马尔可夫建模理论基础上提出了基于马尔可夫模型的液体火箭发动机状态监控方法，最后，根据某型发动机的实际数据给出了仿真结果。     

环境减灾-1B卫星红外相机数据减灾应用研究

红外相机是环境与灾害监测预报小卫星星座环境减灾-1A、1B（HJ-1A、1B）卫星的3种主要载荷之一,具有宽覆盖、空间分辨率相对较高的特点。文章介绍了以红外相机数据为主,并结合其他遥感数据在我国西藏东南部雪灾、华北地区雪灾、黑龙江火灾、中国北方大范围旱灾以及澳大利亚火灾等灾害预警、灾害监测和灾情评估等方面的应用,结果表明红外相机数据在国内外雪灾、火灾、干旱等自然灾害的预警监测评估中可以发挥重要作用。     

元数据的数据解析技术及在卫星设计中的应用

为解决卫星设计数据的实时采集、快速存储的要求,在航天器的数字化研制过程中,引入元数据的处理技术,目前已经形成大量元数据库。由于元数据特有的逻辑结构,元数据的业务还原、数据再利用方面存在瓶颈,提出一套统一的数据服务模型,用于元数据的数据解析,提高设计数据的检索、分析和再利用的能力。深入讨论了卫星设计元数据的解析策略,具体描述了统一数据服务模型的异步处理消息队列、插件式应用开发服务及派生的OLAP数据库的实现方法,并以卫星低频电缆网辅助设计系统为例,具体说明采用这种方法,实现元数据解析和利用的过程,验证了方法的可行性,在实际工作中获得了较好的效果。     

India's EO infrastructure for disaster reduction: Lessons and perspectives

India has established a ‘critical mass’ in terms of EO infrastructure for disaster management. Starting from IRS 1A in 1980s to the most recent CARTOSAT-2, India's EO series of satellites are moving away from the generic to thematic constellations. The series of RESOURCESAT, CARTOSAT, OCEANSAT and forthcoming Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT) satellites exemplifies the thematic characters of the EO missions. These thematic constellations, characterized with multi-platform, multi-resolution and multi-parameter EO missions, are important assets for disaster reduction. In the more specific term, these constellations in conjunction with contemporary EO missions address the critical observational gaps in terms of capturing the catastrophic events, phenomena or their attributes on real/near real time basis with appropriate spatial and temporal attributes.Using conjunctively the data primarily emanating these thematic constellations and all weather radar data from aerial platform and also from RADARSAT as gap-fillers has been a part of India's EO strategy for disaster management. The infrastructure has been addressing the observational needs in disaster management. The high resolution imaging better than one-meter spatial resolution and also Digital Elevation Models (DEM) emanating from Cartosat series are providing valuable inputs to characterize geo-physical terrain vulnerability. Radar Imaging Satellite, with all weather capability missions, is being configured for disaster management. At present, the current Indian EO satellites cover the whole world every 40 h (with different resolutions and swaths), and the efforts are towards making it better than 24 h. The efforts are on to configure RESOURCESAT 3 with wider swath of 740 km with 23 m spatial resolution and also to have AWiFS type of capability at geo-platform to improve the observational frequencies for disaster monitoring.India's EO infrastructure has responded comprehensively to all the natural disasters the country has faced in the recent times. As a member of International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, India has also been instrumental in promoting the related UN initiatives viz., RESAP of UN ESCAP, SPIDER of UN OOSA, Sentinel Asia of JAXA initiative and also of GEOSS initiative. The paper intends to illustrate India's EO strategy for disaster reduction.