Fostering links between environmental and space exploration: the Earth and Space Foundation

The links between Earth and space exploration occur across a broad spectrum, from the use of satellite technology to support environmental monitoring and habitat protection to the study of extreme environments on Earth to prepare for the exploration of other planets. Taking the view that Earth and space exploration are part of a mutually beneficial continuum is in contrast to the more traditionally segregated view of these areas of activity. In its most polarized manifestation, space exploration is regarded as a waste of money, distracting from solving problems here at home, while environmental research is seen to be introspective, distracting from expansive visions of exploring the frontier of space. The Earth and Space Foundation was established in 1994 to help further mutually beneficial links by funding innovative field projects around the world that work at the broad interface between environmental and space sciences, thus encouraging the two communities to work together to solve the challenges facing society. This paper describes the work of the foundation and the philosophy behind its programmes.     

未来的深空探测与空间环境模拟

文章介绍了国内外有代表性的深空探测计划的内容、特点和意义,包括:欧空局的Exo Mars火星车、美国"2020火星车"以及中国的2020火星探测计划;金星着陆探测进展情况;欧空局木星系统探测计划"木星冰月亮探索者(JUICE)"和美国的"木卫二飞越任务(Europa Clipper)";"蜻蜓号(Dragonfly)"土卫六探测项目;美国的"彗星天体生物学探索取样返回(CAESAR)"项目;月球探测计划等。还分析了未来深空探测对空间环境模拟的具体要求,空间环境模拟对推动深空探测发展的重要意义;提出了对我国未来开展空间环境模拟试验的建议。     

Cooperation and dialogical modeling for designing a safe Human space exploration mission to Mars

This paper proposes an approach for a complex and innovative project requiring international contributions from different communities of knowledge and expertise. Designing a safe and reliable architecture for a manned mission to Mars or the Asteroids necessitates strong cooperation during the early stages of design to prevent and reduce risks for the astronauts at each step of the mission. The stake during design is to deal with the contradictions, antagonisms and paradoxes of the involved partners for the definition and modeling of a shared project of reference. As we see in our research which analyses the cognitive and social aspects of technological risks in major accidents, in such a project, the complexity of the global organization (during design and use) and the integration of a wide and varie d range of sciences and innovative technologies is likely to increase systemic risks as follows: human and cultural mistakes, potential defaults, failures and accidents. We identify as the main danger antiquated centralized models of organization and the operational limits of interdisciplinarity in the sciences. Beyond this, we can see that we need to take carefully into account human cooperation and the quality of relations between heterogeneous partners. Designing an open, self-learning and reliable exploration system able to self-adapt in dangerous and unforeseen situations implies a collective networked intelligence led by a safe process that organizes interaction between the actors and the aims of the project. Our work, supported by the CNES (French Space Agency), proposes an innovative approach to the coordination of a complex project.     

Strategies and determinants for successful space technology transfer

The following paper reports the results of a research work carried from 2008 on the topic of strategies and determinants of space technology Transfer (TT). In particular, the aim of this study is to present: 1. The policies and strategies the major space agencies adopt for TT, 2. The operational mechanisms and determinants involved in the transfer of space technologies to other industrial sectors. To this extent we have conducted in the last five years: six case studies of large space agencies, four TT case studies concerning the construction of scientific satellites, two case studies focused on space to earth TT programs undertaken by the Japanese aerospace agency, and two TT case studies examining Italian space companies.The comparative and comprehensive analyses of these studies indicate that the space agencies of the more industrialized countries aim primarily at consolidating and developing the industrial systems in their own countries, which include the use of technology transfer programs, and that the transfer of space technologies follows the route “Earth–Space–Earth”. With regard to the determinants of the TT process, the most important of these correlate with the type of technology in transfer, whereas organizational, economic and financial determinants have less significance.     

空间可展开天线结构研究进展

扼要综述了空间可展开天线结构的发展及目前的国际动态,叙述了空间可展开天线结构、设计及分析中的主要研究课题及其目前的进展。指出“把多体动力学与有限元法相结合的综合动力学建模法”、“辩识模型后,用预测控制和优化的思想进行展开过程控制”、“用多约束优化法调整网状天线反射面形状精度”等是适合我国目前状况的较好方法。     

Design and testing of a roto-translational shutter mechanism for planetary operation

This work describes the design and testing of a shutter mechanism for a miniaturized infrared spectrometer developed for the ESA ExoMars Pasteur mission. Unlike most usual cover mechanisms, the conceived one provides a roto-translational motion. This feature allows the sealing of the interferometer main entrance window from dust contamination, in addition to the usual function of shuttering the instrument field of view. Although this characteristic is strongly desired because it avoids dust deposition and optics contamination while the instrument is not operating, it makes the mechanism design significantly more complex. Moreover, challenging design constraints were faced: the mass budget allowed for no more than 30 g allocation, the expected working thermal range extended down to −80 °C and high vibration levels with an acceleration peak of 670 m/s² were predicted during Mars landing. To complete the picture, the mechanism cover was required to provide also a calibration target for the 2–25 μm spectral range of the spectrometer. The resulting system is made by a calibrating/shutter cover moved by a purposely designed out of plane cams system which provides the desired motion. A mechanism mockup was assembled and successfully tested in the predicted thermal and mechanical environments.     

空间相机地面装调重力卸载仿真优化方法

空间相机在地面装调过程中需要对光机结构进行重力卸载。空间相机常具有尺寸大、刚度低的特点,使得对其进行重力卸载仿真优化异常复杂。文章提出基于贪心算法结合天牛须搜索的重力卸载仿真优化方法。该方法提取系统的可行卸载点集,每次从可行卸载点集中提取1个或1组最优卸载点;以此类推,逐渐增加卸载点数,直至满足测试要求。其中,每组卸载点系的最优卸载力利用天牛须搜索法进行计算,继而可获得系统的最佳卸载策略。利用该仿真优化方法,可以智能化地进行系统全局迭代仿真分析计算,不易收敛于局部最优解,能够高效、快速地获得系统最佳卸载点系和最优卸载力。     

核热火箭发动机系统循环方案分析与设计

核热火箭发动机是未来实现载人火星探测的首选动力方案,其具备高比冲、大推力和长工作寿命等优点。我国在此方面研究较少,亟需开展核热推进技术理论及方法的研究。核热火箭发动机系统循环分析与设计是关键问题之一,对推进系统总体设计有重要意义。分析了3种可用于核热火箭发动机系统循环的方案特点,基于闭式膨胀循环设计了比冲为910 s ...     

复合材料带缠绕成型过程建模及工艺参数优化

复合材料带缠绕成型过程中,成型工艺参数的选取决定了缠绕制品的性能。采用正交实验法研究各工艺参数对缠绕制品层间剪切强度的影响规律和敏感度,并将正交试验数据与神经网络理论相结合,对带缠绕成型过程进行建模,得到缠绕成型工艺参数与层间剪切强度之间的非线性映射关系,并通过实验验证了模型的可靠性。在此基础上,利用粒子群优化方法在可行工艺参数域内对缠绕成型工艺参数进行优化。仿真与实验结果表明,基于神经网络模型的工艺参数粒子群优化算法能够快速、准确的得到带缠绕成型的全局最优工艺参数组合。使得缠绕制品层间剪切强度达到最优的工艺参数组合为:加热温度115℃,缠绕张力357 N,压辊压力1006 N和缠绕速度0.28 m/s,在最优工艺参数作用下,缠绕制品的层间剪切强度达到102.2 MPa。     

小型空间飞行器通用化遥测系统设计与实现

针对传统遥测系统多设备、复杂电缆连接架构无法满足小型空间飞行器对小体积、轻重量、自主化程度高的遥测系统需求的问题,提出了一种小型空间飞行器通用化遥测系统设计方法。该方法引入集成化、模块化设计理念,采用混合编帧、双时序设计和故障自检测等方法,设计形成了一种通用化架构,包含了多种硬件模块和软件单元,集成于遥测综合装置,满足了空间飞行器小型化轻量化要求,系统时序灵活,自主化程度高。地面和飞行试验表明,该方法可快速适配小型空间飞行器需求,体积小、重量轻,具有良好的应用前景和推广价值。     

国外深空探测推进技术发展及启示

推进系统为探测器的飞行提供所需的控制力和控制力矩,一定程度上决定了探测器的规模、最远飞行距离,乃至任务的成败,是探测器的重要分系统之一。为满足不同的深空探测任务需求,国外发展了多种形式的推进技术,但总体上仍以化学推进为主,部分采用了电推进系统,并在发展高性能低温推进技术等。对国外典型探测器推进系统进行了叙述,分析了其技术特点和发展趋势,并分别针对无人探测和载人探测应用探讨了对我国开展深空探测推进技术研究的启示。     

反向卸荷式减压阀动态建模与仿真

为获得减压阀动态特性,建立了液体火箭发动机常用的反向卸荷式减压阀动态仿真模型.采用AMESim仿真技术进行了仿真,重点分析了各种因素对减压阀动态特性的影响,提出了改善减压阀动态特性的措施.试验结果表明,改进措施合理可行.     

ENGage: The use of space and pixel art for increasing primary school children's interest in science,technology, engineering and mathematics

The Faculty of Engineering at The University of Nottingham, UK, has developed interdisciplinary, hands-on workshops for primary schools that introduce space technology, its relevance to everyday life and the importance of science, technology, engineering and maths. The workshop activities for 7–11 year olds highlight the roles that space and satellite technology play in observing and monitoring the Earth's biosphere as well as being vital to communications in the modern digital world. The programme also provides links to ‘how science works’, the environment and citizenship and uses pixel art through the medium of digital photography to demonstrate the importance of maths in a novel and unconventional manner.The interactive programme of activities provides learners with an opportunity to meet ‘real’ scientists and engineers, with one of the key messages from the day being that anyone can become involved in science and engineering whatever their ability or subject of interest. The methodology introduces the role of scientists and engineers using space technology themes, but it could easily be adapted for use with any inspirational topic.Analysis of learners’ perceptions of science, technology, engineering and maths before and after participating in ENGage showed very positive and significant changes in their attitudes to these subjects and an increase in the number of children thinking they would be interested and capable in pursuing a career in science and engineering. This paper provides an overview of the activities, the methodology, the evaluation process and results.     

固体火箭发动机交互式可视化优化设计与分析

为提高固体火箭发动机优化设计和结果分析的效率,提出了一种交互式可视化优化设计与分析方法。以某大型固体火箭发动机设计为例,说明其在固体火箭发动机优化设计和参数敏感性分析中的应用。研究表明,这种方法可使设计人员快速、直观地得到符合总体要求的多组设计方案,简单、有效地进行参数敏感性分析,符合设计人员思维习惯,适合在工程中推广。     

火星EDL导航、制导与控制方案综述与启示

进入、下降与着陆（EDL）导航、制导与控制(GNC)对于成功着陆火星起着决定性作用。首先详细地介绍了火星EDL的技术需求与GNC面临的挑战;然后系统地总结了国外历次成功火星任务的EDL导航、制导与控制方案;接着有针对性地梳理了我国现有航天工程任务中可加以利用的技术基础;最后,在对比分析已有技术的基础上,对我国未来的火星探测工程EDL导航、制导与控制技术研发给出了初步的建议。     

空间站舱内噪声仿真、验证与声源布局优化

文章开展了空间站舱内噪声仿真研究,给出了声学参数设置方法,使用FE/FEM耦合方法和SEA方法完成了空间站模拟舱建模仿真分析,设计了模拟舱噪声验证试验,提出了基于声功率等效的声源模拟技术,证明了两种方法结合可在全频段较好地预示空间站舱内噪声环境,仿真总声压级与测试结果偏差在2 d B以内。最后对空间站的声源布局进行了优化分析,结果表明集中布局更有利于降低噪声水平。     

高超声速飞行器热防护结构参数优化及对比分析

高超声速飞行器对结构性能、热防护性能以及结构重量有很高的要求。为了获得最小的结构重量,文章从热防护的角度进行了优化分析:分别选择铝合金和先进复合材料作为蒙皮,在不同的热载荷条件下,对多种热防护结构（TPS）建立一维传热模型,并进行了结构尺寸优化,得到了单位面积TPS的最小重量;分析飞行器再入过程中的温度载荷、再入时间以及蒙皮材料可承受的最高温度对热防护结构最小重量的影响。ANSYS仿真分析结果表明:温度对TPS的单位面积最小重量有显著影响,LI900刚性陶瓷隔热瓦和先进金属蜂窝夹层防热结构有重量优势;采用复合材料蒙皮的TPS可使重量大幅减轻;飞行器再入时间和再入初始温度对刚性陶瓷隔热瓦重量的影响大于对金属盖板式隔热结构。     

涡轮泵内流路静动态分析

根据涡轮氧泵内流路的工作特点,对其进行节点划分,建立了完整的内流路拓扑网络。在此基础上,建立主泵、节点特性、流阻元件变形、轴向力和轴向位移等模型,对影响其工作可靠性的内流路,进行静、动态过程研究,并初步探讨涡轮氧泵起动过程中,转子的装配位置、轴承游隙和刚度对轴向位移的影响。     

水平空中发射固体有翼运载火箭总体/动力/气动/轨道一体化设计与优化

综合考虑固体火箭发动机设计、带翼火箭气动外形设计、轨道设计和总体特性相互作用相互影响的情况下,建立了水平空中发射固体有翼运载火箭总体／动力／气动／轨道一体化设计优化模型和系统分析模型。测试了系统分析软件,应用基于方向的遗传算法优选了某水平空中发射固体有翼运载火箭28个设计参数。结果表明,计算结果与工程实际结果吻合较好,优化设计效果明显,优化所得火箭起飞质量是原方案的84．32％。