湍流信道条件下大气无线光通信系统差错性能分析比较

介绍了湍流信道条件下光强闪烁的对数正态分布模型和负指数分布模型,仿真分析比较了两种信道模型条件下无线光通信系统的差错性能。仿真结果表明,平均接收功率相同时,弱湍流条件下,系统的误比特率明显低于强湍流的情况;误比特率为10。时,弱湍流信道闪烁指数为0．25情况下,系统所需的平均接收光功率为-51．5dBm,而强湍流下,系统所需的平均接收光功率为一17．1dBm,比弱湍流下多需34．4dB的平均接收光功率。分析结果表明,弱湍流对数正态分布信道模型和强湍流负指数分布模型不能很好地描述中湍流信道模型,对此有待进一步研究。     

基于功率复用的椭圆球面波函数非正交调制方法

围绕如何降低基于椭圆球面波函数的非正交调制（PSWF-NPSM）系统误码率，降低信号检测复杂度，引入调制信号功率复用思想，提出基于功率复用的椭圆球面波函数非正交调制（PD-PSWF-NPSM）方法。该方法对载波信号按子波带进行功率分配，增加了调制信号最小欧式距离，降低了系统误码率；在接收端，提出基于检测统计量的串行干扰相消信号检测方法，依据不同支路信号间功率差异，对信号进行分离、检测。理论与仿真分析表明，该方法在不降低系统频带利用率、调制信号功率谱、峰均功率比特性前提下，能够有效提高系统误码性能，降低调制信号检测复杂度；与原非正交调制方法相比，当误比特率（BER）为10^-5时，所提方法系统误码性能提升约1.7 dB。     

Impact of Van Jacobson header compression on TCP/IP throughput performance over lossy space channels

The impact of Van Jacobson header compression (VJHC) on the throughput performance of Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) over lossy space channels is studied in an experimental manner using a test-bed. The experimental results show that VJHC benefits the transmission at bit error rates (BERs) around 10/sup -6/ or less, but also results in performance degradation in an environment with higher BER.     

Intersymbol and CW Interference in QPSK, OQPSK, and MSK Hard-Limiting Satellite Systems

A new equivalent model for deriving the bit error rate (BER) of quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), offset QPSK (OQPSK), and minimum shift keying (MSK) signals transmitted over hard-limited channels in the presence of up-link intersymbol interference (ISI) and CW interference (CWI) is introduced. In the equivalent model the up-link and down-link are interchanged in order to avoid the complicated expectation due to the up-link ISI at the hard-limiter output. The analysis is based on the moment technique and the Gram-Charlier expansion. Numerical results of the BER show that the large bandwidth-symbol time product (BT) or the existence of CWI makes MSK preferable compared with QPSK or OQPSK.     

Advanced communications satellite technology

Technology drivers for commercial communications satellites are examined based on the efficient use of spacecraft mass which is to be accomplished by increasing the efficiency of the microwave power amplifiers and antenna feed systems used for communications satellites, such as the INTELSAT series. The history of the INTELSAT series of satellites, the late 1980s market and available technology, and future directions of development are considered. Emphasis is on multibeam solid-state antennas, microwave switch matrices, solid-state power amplifiers, and the use of several filter modes in one physical cavity. By using quasimonolithic solid state techniques in a class B amplification mode they have achieved 40-60% efficiencies, compared with 20% for the conventional travelling wavetube amplifiers. It is concluded that technology directed towards improving the economics of satellite communications will continue to be a major driver of future communications satellite payloads. Through their use and their extension, the authors foresee more than doubling the telephone channels per satellite from the current 80000 to perhaps 200000 by the turn of the century     

Nonredundant error correction DQPSK for the aeronautical-satellitechannel

The performance of differentially encoded quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK) system employing nonredundant error correction (NEC) receivers with single- and double-error correction capability is analyzed and evaluated for the aeronautical satellite channel. The NEC is an attractive coding technique which employs differential detectors with more than one symbol delay elements and which does not introduce any redundancy as other coding schemes do. As typical for aeronautical satellite communications, a Rician fading channel with Gaussian power spectrum has been considered. Unlike the additive, uncorrelated from symbol to symbol interference such as additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) or static cochannel interference (CCI) which has been investigated in the past, analysis of the performance in a fading channel is much more difficult. The difficulty arises from the multiplicative and correlative nature of the fading interference. Bit error rate (BER) performance evaluation results have been obtained by means of computer simulation for various channel conditions, including different values of the K-factor and the fading B_DT. These results have indicated that considerable performance gains as compared with conventional differentially detected systems are achieved for high values of K and for very fast fading. Both of these conditions are encountered in typical aeronautical communication systems. Wherever possible, heuristic explanations of the trend of the obtained BER performance evaluation results are also given     

Imperfect Carrier Recovery Effect on Filtered PSK Signals

Coherent demodulation of a PSK signal requires the generation of a local carrier phase reference. Methods are given to determine the detection loss caused by noisy phase recovery and its use in the coherent detection of filtered BPSK and QPSK signals. It is assumed that the phase noise can have a static part and a random component with a Tikhonov-type distribution. The static part is mostly due to offset frequency tracking of the PLL used to recover the carrier, while the random component is due to thermal noise present in the carrier recovery loop and is also due to the random nature of the phase modulation. It is shown that the probability of error of BPSK and QPSK can be expressed as a finite sum of a set of strictly alternating converging series when the number of ISI terms is finite. Upper and lower bounds on the probability of error have been derived when this number becomes infinite and we show how this error rate can be computed with any desired accuracy. Numerical results are presented for various values of static error and phase noise variance when the transmit and receive filters are 4-pole Butterworth filters. For filtered PSK signals and for a bit error rate of 10-6, our results show that the additional degradation in presentday receiver systems due to imperfect carrier recovery can be less than 0.1 dB for BPSK and less than 1 dB for QPSK.     

无线光通信系统中极化码编译码技术

大气无线光通信系统中的湍流运动会降低系统误码性能。为此,将Polar编译码技术引入无线光通信系统中,研究了极化码编码方法及其加入循环冗余校验的列表连续消除(Cyclic Redundancy Check-Successive Cancella-tion List,CRC-SCL)译码原理,并分别在高斯和湍流信道条件下进行了误码性能的蒙特卡洛仿真。结果分析表明,Polar编码对大气湍流信道的无线光通信系统可靠性有明显改善,在误码率为10-3时,相较于未编码系统,基于CRC-SCL译码的Polar编码技术可获得约6.3 dB的编码增益。同时,码长越长,码率越低,编码系统误码性能越佳。     

一种新的无人机数据链抗干扰技术研究(英文)

Based on the M-ary spread spectrum （M-ary-SS）, direct sequence spread spectrum （DS-SS）, and orthogonal frequency division multiplex （OFDM）, a novel anti-jamming scheme, named orthogonal code time division multi-subchannels spread spectrum modulation （OC-TDMSCSSM）, is proposed to enhance the anti-jamming ability of the unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） data link. The anti-jamming system with its mathematical model is presented first, and then the signal formats of transmitter and receiver are derived. The receiver＇s bit error rate （BER） is demonstrated and anti-jamming performance analysis is carded out in an additive white Ganssian noise （AWGN） channel. Theoretical research and simulation results show the anti-jamming performance of the proposed scheme better than that of the hybrid direct sequence frequency hopping spread spectrum （DS/FH SS） system. The jamming margin of the OC-TDMSCSSM system is 5 dB higher than that of DS/FH SS system under the condition of Rician channel and full-band jamming, and 6 dB higher under the condition of Rician channel environment and partial-band jamming.     

Effects of CW Interference on Narrow-Band Second-Order Phase-Lock Loops

This paper describes an experimental study of the effect of continuous wave (CW) interference and white noise on a second-order phase-lock loop. The reciprocal of the loop mean-square phase error is used as an index of performance, and the effect of interference levels that do not cause cycle skipping or loss of lock is described in terms of this index. Loop thresholds are determined by measurement of cycle-skipping rates. Stationary or slowly-sweeping CW interference caused a degradation in loop threshold of roughly 3 dB for every 6 dB of interference power above the noise power level. The effective loop signal-to-noise ratio was decreased approximately 1 dB at interference-to-noise power ratios of -3 dB. Interference levels equal to the signal level consistently caused loss of lock, regardless of the loop signal-to-noise ratio.     

MSK and Offset QPSK Modulation with Bandlimiting Filters

It is considered by some that minimum shift keying (MSK) is spectrally more efficient than quaternary phase-shift keying/offset quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK/OQPSK). An analytical method is presented here for determining the detection efficiencies of MSK and QPSK/OQPSK when the constant-envelope signal is passed through a set of filters and when the resulting signal is corrupted by Gaussian noise. The detection efficiency of MSK is compared with that of QPSK/OQPSK when a four-pole Butterworth filter is used as a transmit filter and for two different receive filter functions. When the two-sided 3-dB bandwidth of the transmit filter is between approximately 1.00/T and 1.50/T, it is shown that the detection efficiency of MSK is not substantially different from that of QPSK/OQPSK. For more severe bandlimiting of the signal, the performance of MSK is shown to be inferior to that of QPSK/OQPSK. It is, therefore, concluded that MSK does not have significantly better detection efficiency when the effect of bandlimiting filters is taken into account.     

基于LAS码的星群多目标测控技术研究

针对星群多目标同时测控问题,基于星群轨道根数的时延特性和多普勒频移特性分析可得,星群多目标测控的上行链路遥控与测距信号可实现S CDMA（Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access,同步码分多址）,由于星间距离较小,下行链路遥测与测距信号满足QS CDMA（Quasi synchronous code division multiple access,准同步码分多址）.上行链路遥控和测距信号形式设计为PCM BPSK CDMA（Pulse Code Modulation Binary Phase Shift Keying Code Division Multiple Access,脉冲编码调制二进制相移键控码分多址）,上行链路信号采用Gold序列扩频;下行链路遥测和测距信号形式设计为PCM BPSK CDMA,根据总的时延差,提出下行链路采用基于等长脉冲间隔法构造的LAS（Large Area Synchronous,大区域同步）码扩频.结果表明：比特信噪比Eb/N0为10.5 dB时,遥控误码率为1＆#215;10 6;Eb/N0为9.6 dB时,遥测误码率为1×10^5——与达到相同误码性能的Gold序列相比有1 dB改善,因此,LAS码相比于Gold码能够获得更好的误码性能.     

City Noise and Its Effect Upon Airborne Antenna Noise Temperatures at UHF

Results of an experimental program to determine the characteristics of city noise and its effect on airborne UHF antennas are presented. Coherent sources of energy from communications equipment, radar, navigational aids, etc. are not included in the analysis. Based upon the experimental data, a model of the industrial noise is presented in which an industrial area is considered as a uniformly distributed source of independent radiators. The magnitude of the power density distribution was computed to be 3×10-18 to 1×10-18 W/m2/Hz over the UHF band for all the East Coast cities measured, with the exception of New York City which was 5 to 6 dB higher. Relations have been derived and curves plotted to compute antenna noise temperature increase due to city noise, based upon the metropolitan area and its range from the aircraft.     

Planck-LFI 44 GHz back end module

This work describes the principle of operation, assembly and performance of one branch of the 44 GHz back end module (BEM) for the Planck low frequency instrument (LFI). This subsystem constitutes a fully representative branch of the qualification-model version (QM). It includes waveguide to microstrip transition, GaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (PHEMT) low noise amplifiers (LNA), bandpass filter, square-law detector and dc amplifier. The fundamentals of the design of the RF part are described and all of the components have been tested individually before integration. Using single tone and wideband noise stimuli, the output voltage has been measured for several input powers, in order to obtain the sensitivity factor of the complete BEM. The effective bandwidth and the equivalent noise temperature have been calculated from the measurements, taking into account the frequency dependence on the noise source and the BEM. Finally, the low frequency output power spectrum has been obtained and a maximum 1/f knee frequency around 200 Hz has been measured with a 3 dB output signal video bandwidth above 50 KHz.     

Low cost X-band power amplifier MMIC

A family of X-band MMIC power amplifiers using a low cost GaAs pHEMT process is reported. The stepper-based volume 0.5 micron and 0.25 micron GaAs pHEMT processes utilize 4 inter-level metallisation and four dielectric layers for high frequency performance whilst maintaining the economies of scale of 150mm (6") diameter substrates. The fabricated GaAs X-Band PA MMICs exhibit SW to low NY output power under pulsed conditions; 16dB of power gain and power added efficiencies approaching 40%. Excellent repeatability and high yields over a number of wafers have been demonstrated. The design and GaAs process approach taken here with DUV stepper and 150 mm wafer diameter will lead to a significant cost reduction for high performance power amplifier MMICs up to 30GHz.     

An Optimum Phase Reference Detector for Fully Modulated Phase-Shift Keyed Signals

Many modern telemetry systems which use phase-shift keying (PSK) have receivers which derive a coherent reference from the fully modulated PSK signal itself and thus conserve the energy which otherwise would be allocated to a discrete reference signal. In this paper, an optimum receiver structure for estimating a phase reference from the PSK signal itself is derived and its realization discussed. It is shown that at low signal-to-noise ratios, the optimum detector can be realized with a Costas loop. Since a Costas loop and squaring loop exhibit identical performance, it follows that either of these simple devices gives optimum performance for low-input signal-to-noise ratios.     

Extrapolation Technique for Long Term Bit Error Rate Determination

An extrapolation method is presented for determination of characteristic curves of long term bit error rate (BER) versus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for digital communication equipment. The method is to obtain a single reliable data point at a BER of 10-4 or 10-5 and then to draw a theoretically shaped curve through this reference. The technique is validated by both theoretically and experimentally demonstrating that variations of the internal anomalies that contribute to bit errors in digital communications receivers cause the BER curves to shift laterally, but that the curves retain their characteristic shape. Use of this extrapolation method can reduce test time by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude.     

基于Turbo方法的乘积码脉冲位置迭代调制解调译码

脉冲位置调制（PPM）无线光通信系统易受到大气湍流影响，针对于此，将Turbo技术引入到PPM的解调和乘积码译码中。基于极大似然准则导出了PPM软检测解调方法，结合分组码的SISO译码，构建了检测解调和译码联合迭代的Turbo结构，推导了其迭代原理算法。仿真分析结果表明，误码性能可随迭代次数增加改善，其中，在大气闪烁指数0.1和误码率10-6条件下，迭代3~5次相比非迭代系统获得了0.8 dB以上的增益。     

二冲程点燃式直喷重油发动机小负荷试验

利用燃用轻柴油的二冲程点燃式空气辅助缸内直喷发动机,进行了转速为3000r/min、节气门开度为10%与20%下的小负荷试验,研究了点火及喷油参数对发动机性能的影响。试验结果表明:当节气门开度较小时,采用上止点前30°~40°点火提前角,饱和点火能量,稀混合气（过量空气系数大于1.1）及适度提前混合物喷射结束时刻的策略能够充分改善发动机动力性和经济性。随着负荷增大,点火能量影响程度减小,采用适度推迟点火提前角,偏浓混合气（过量空气系数小于1.0）及提前喷射结束时刻策略,增加燃油蒸发时间来充分发挥发动机动力性能,而采用饱和点火能量,偏稀混合气（过量空气系数大于1.15）能够大幅度改善发动机经济性及HC/CO排放。      

FSO链路中基于平均信噪比的自适应功率传输技术

文章提出了 1种基于平均信噪比(Signal-to-Noise Ratio,SNR)的自适应功率传输技术,旨在补偿大气湍流引起的闪烁效应,以提升自由空间光(Free-Space Optical,FSO)通信系统的性能。在无需大气湍流状态信息估计的情况下,根据接收信号的平均 SNR来调整发射信号的发射功率,实现基于自适应功率传输技术的大气湍流效应补偿。建立了不同湍流强度下具有不同噪声水平的信道模型,并将所提出的技术与固定阈值判决(Fixed Threshold Deci-sion,FTD)和自适应阈值判决(Adaptive Threshold Decision,ATD)技术进行了比较分析。仿真结果表明,在不同的湍流强度下,该技术的误码率(Bit Error Rate,BER)性能相较于 FTD有了显著的提高,并且接近于 ATD。因此,该技术可以有效提高 FSO链路的通信能力。