湿热环境中含脱层复合材料层合板的界面裂纹扩展

处于恶劣湿热环境中的复合材料层合结构,受湿热残余应变和残余应力的作用,易产生局部屈曲和分层扩展。考虑湿热效应和脱层间接触效应的影响,对含脱层复合材料中厚板的非线性屈曲和界面裂纹扩展行为进行了理论分析。基于可动边界变分原理,建立层合板在湿-热-力载荷作用下的总势能,并推导出非线性后屈曲控制方程和脱层扩展能量释放率。应用摄动法和Galerkin法求解控制方程,获得以面内压缩载荷-挠度曲线为特征的含脱层复合材料层合板的后屈曲路径。根据求得的后屈曲解及Griffith断裂准则,确定脱层扩展临界压力的理论解。通过开发MATLAB程序,综合讨论了脱层尺寸、湿热环境对脱层复合材料层合板屈曲和扩展载荷的影响。研究结果与ABAQUS有限元解和经典理论解进行比较,验证了理论分析的有效性。结果表明：湿热环境会显著降低脱层复合材料层合板的屈曲载荷和扩展载荷。此外,忽略复合材料层合板的横向剪切应变将导致对层合板承载能力的高估。     

复合材料层板在弹性支持下的非线性稳定性

利用能量变分原理和非线性几何方程，建立具有弹性约束的复合材料层板，在面内载荷作用下的非线性稳定性控制方程组，通过运用广义傅里叶级数法对控制方程组进行求解，得到相应的截荷－中心挠度曲线。计算结果表明：非对称层合板在面内载荷作用下，一般产生的是向变形，但在一定的铺层顺序，边界条件、受载方式等情况下，也可能发生分叉型屈曲。     

1/3含口盖复合材料柱壳后屈曲性能

工程结构中复合材料柱壳已经得到了广泛使用,并且屈曲是其结构设计的一个主要问题。由于试验结果与线性屈曲理论分析结果的巨大偏差,线性特征值屈曲分析只能作为结构的一个初步评估方法,进一步分析可选用含初始几何缺陷的后屈曲分析。本文以轴压载荷下的1/3含口盖复合材料柱壳为研究对象,建立ABAQUS有限元模型,分别进行了基于Buckle算法的线性特征值屈曲分析、基于Riks法的含初始几何缺陷的非线性后屈曲分析,所得应变、载荷数值结果与试验结果吻合。非线性Riks后屈曲分析显示结构具有后屈曲承载能力和稳定的后屈曲平衡路径,能更准确地捕捉临界屈曲载荷,所得屈曲模态也更加贴近试验屈曲模态,因此,在设计上以含初始几何缺陷的Riks法得到的结果更加真实可靠。进行了含口盖复合材料柱壳的初始几何缺陷的敏感性分析,结果表明该结构对初始几何缺陷是非常敏感的,为了提高结构抗屈曲性能,应提高加工工艺质量,减少初始几何缺陷。     

曲线纤维壁板屈曲/后屈曲建模与快速分析方法

曲线（VAT）纤维复合材料壁板相比广泛应用的直线纤维形式具有更优的面内稳定性,作为机翼壁板,在同等质量时具有更高的抗屈曲潜力。为深入研究纤维路径对于曲线纤维壁板稳定性的影响规律,从各向同性薄板的理论出发,推导曲线纤维壁板在面内载荷下的稳定性分析方法;通过Airy应力函数和拉格朗日乘子描述边界条件,建立曲线纤维壁板适用于任意位移及载荷边界条件的单一变分方程,避免了非线性平衡方程和非线性相容方程间由于反复迭代对求解速度的制约。基于冯卡门大变形方程发展了曲线纤维壁板后屈曲状态下的非线性稳定性问题求解模型,并采用瑞利-里兹法建立了屈曲/后屈曲一体化半解析快速求解框架,该框架的求解精度与商用软件MSC.Nastran一致,但求解时间远低于商业软件;利用此优势,可以快速分析给定任意位移边界条件下的曲线纤维壁板屈曲响应特性,并得到纤维路径的影响规律。     

胶粘剂性能对挖补修理层合板拉伸性能的影响

利用非线性三维有限元模型,对挖补修理复合材料层合板的拉伸破坏行为进行研究,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,证明了所建模型的有效性.在此基础上,分析了挖补修理层合板的拉伸破坏机理,以及胶粘剂力学性能对挖补结构拉伸性能的影响.最终,总结出挖补修理复合材料结构胶粘剂选用原则以及理想胶粘剂的性能特征.研究结果可为复合材料结构可修理性设计,以及挖补类复合材料层合板端面对接用胶粘剂的研制提供参考.     

湿热环境下碳纤维层合板拉伸疲劳性能

湿热环境是影响复合材料层合板力学性能的主要因素之一，研究湿热环境对复合材料结构的影响对于保证飞行结构安全具有非常重要的工程应用意义。研究碳纤维复合材料层合板在室温干态（RTD）、低温干态（CTD）和高温湿态（ETW）3种环境条件下的拉伸疲劳性能，获得3种环境下的S-N曲线与层合板疲劳破坏模式。在此基础上，建立层合板有限元分析模型，对其疲劳性能进行研究，分析讨论温度及湿度对层合板疲劳性能的影响，建立层合板疲劳寿命环境影响因子的确定方法。结果表明：湿热环境对正交层合板的拉伸疲劳性能影响很大，疲劳寿命为106次时，与RTD环境相比，CTD环境下层合板的疲劳强度下降了2.76%，而ETW环境下下降达到23.77%;ETW和RTD环境下破坏模式以纤维断裂和分层为主，而CTD环境下却几乎全为纤维断裂破坏；S-N曲线包括疲劳强度快速下降和缓慢下降2个阶段；温度对疲劳性能的影响要明显强于湿度，温度超过45℃时湿度对疲劳性能的影响进入强影响区。     

复合材料混合连接结构拉伸性能与影响因素分析

胶螺混合连接设计适当,能够提高结构的连接效率.针对复合材料胶螺(螺钉)混合连接结构中存在的分析与设计问题,在ABAQUS软件平台上建立了损伤累积三维有限元模型,其中考虑了胶层物理非线性以及非线性接触等问题,连接结构拉伸强度及损伤破坏过程的计算结果与试验结果基本吻合,证明了所建模型的有效性.在此基础上,研究了复合材料层合板端头翻边、胶层厚度、胶层韧性以及接触面摩擦系数等因素的影响.结果表明:复合材料层合板端头翻边对混合连接结构具有增强作用,能够提高结构的拉伸强度;韧性胶层能够提高结构的拉伸强度,但胶层厚度对结构的强度基本没有影响;螺钉杆与连接孔接触面间摩擦系数越大,连接结构的拉伸强度越高.     

带口盖复合材料柱壳压缩性能

研究了1/3弧长带有口盖复合材料柱壳的压缩行为.实验测试的带口盖柱壳结构在压缩后发生局部屈曲变形,无后屈曲现象发生,屈曲破坏载荷为118.944 kN.利用ABAQUS有限元软件建立相应有限元模型计算其屈曲破坏行为,并将计算结果与实验结果进行比较,证明所建立的模型正确有效.利用所建立的模型,探究提高结构屈曲载荷的方法.研究表明:补片与口盖的铺层角度对结构的屈曲载荷有直接影响,如果补片与口盖的铺层角度由0°变为20°后,结构屈曲载荷可以分别提高6.8%和2.4%;补片厚度也与结构屈曲载荷相关,但试图增加现有补片厚度来提高结构屈曲载荷方法并不十分理想.当补片厚度由11层提高到16层时,结构屈曲载荷也仅提高了2.37%,考虑成本与重量因素,此方法与改变铺层角度相比不可取.     

脱粘尺寸对复合材料单加筋板压缩性能的影响

为确定脱粘缺陷尺寸对轴压载荷下复合材料单加筋板屈曲和后屈曲特性的影响,对4组含不同尺寸脱粘缺陷的工型加筋板进行了试验和数值模拟研究。试验中通过应变测量和超声C扫描等技术手段对试验件的屈曲及后屈曲过程中的变形和缺陷扩展情况进行了监测。基于ABAQUS软件建立了有限元分析（FEA）模型,采用LaRC03准则对复合材料层内损伤进行判定,采用胶层单元对界面脱粘损伤进行模拟,以几何扰动的形式引入失稳波形,利用FEA模型对试验件的屈曲和后屈曲过程进行了模拟。模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好,根据研究结果对试验件的失效过程和脱粘缺陷扩展机理进行了分析与探讨。研究表明,预制脱粘缺陷尺寸大小对试验件屈曲和后屈曲特性影响较大,对最终破坏模式影响不大。脱粘尺寸的增大会导致试验件承载能力的大幅降低,在复合材料加筋结构损伤容限设计中需要着重考虑。      

形状记忆合金复合材料层板非线性有限元分析

将形状记忆合金埋入复合材料层合板中构成智能复合材料结构.在外载或热载的作用下,形状记忆合金将使复合后的材料内部和结构的应力、应变分布发生改变,并改变结构的形状.由于形状记忆合金的大变形带来非线性,本文利用具有几何非线性分析功能的复合材料板壳元对模型进行计算和分析,形状记忆合金的驱动效应等效为力学载荷.可得到较精确的结果.      

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

清镇陨石（EH3）中陨硫钙石的REE微量元素及成因意义

本文运用INAA分析了14个清镇陨石中陨硫钙石单矿物颗粒的难熔元素(La、Ce、Sm、Eu、Yb、Lu、Ca、Sc、Hf和Th),挥发性元素(Na、Cr、Zn、Se、Br等)和亲铁元素(Fe、Ni、Co、Ir、Au、As)含量。结果表明陨硫钙石高度富集难熔亲石元素,是顽火辉石陨石中REE的主要载体,携带了约80％的全岩REE总量。相对于HREE,LREE有更大的富集程度,而且早期凝聚的颗粒较晚期凝聚的颗粒更富集REE,同时陨硫钙石富集挥发性元素Se、Br等。清镇陨硫钙石的微量元素特征揭示了它来自于太阳星云的高温凝聚特征和成因。     

柔性航天器IPACS建模与动力学分析

利用拟坐标下的拉格朗日方程和动量矩定理,建立了带变速控制力矩陀螺群(VSCMGs,Variable Speed Control Moment Gyroscopes)的柔性航天器的能量/姿态一体化控制系统(IPACS, Integrated Power/Attitude Control System)的动力学模型,该模型适合于姿态控制律设计及VSCMGs操纵律设计.采用动量管理和VSCMGs构型选取相结合的方法,有效地避免了VSCMGs设计时可能出现的奇异问题.分析了采用VSCMGs的柔性航天器IPACS中的动力学耦合问题,并以某大型航天器为例进行了数值仿真.分析和仿真结果显示出,当VSCMGs的力矩轴接近(或陷入)奇异或进行储/放能切换时,VSCMGs都会对柔性附件造成显著影响.      

Progress in tropospheric ammonia retrieval from the MIPAS satellite instrument

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding is a polar orbiting high resolution mid-infrared emission limb sounder with a nominal vertical resolution of 3 km. Work to extend the list of routinely retrieved species led to the examination of ammonia, NH₃. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of upper tropospheric retrievals around 6-km altitude, discussing appropriate methods. We demonstrate a weak north to south gradient outside the error bars, using co-addition to improve signal-to-noise and compare these first results with a model.     

Monitoring spatio-temporal variations in aerosols and aerosol–cloud interactions over Pakistan using MODIS data

Clouds are important elements in climatic processes and interactions between aerosols and clouds are therefore a hot topic for scientific research. Aerosols show both spatial and temporal variations, which can lead to variations in the microphysics of clouds. In this research, we have examined the spatial and temporal variations in aerosol particles over Pakistan and the impact of these variations on various optical properties of clouds, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from the Terra satellite. We used the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model for trajectory analysis to reveal the origins of air masses, with the aim of understanding these spatial and temporal variabilities in aerosol concentrations. We also documented seasonal variations in patterns of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Pakistan, for which the highest values occur during the monsoon season (June–August). We then analyzed the relationships between AOD and four other cloud parameters, namely water vapour (WV), cloud fraction (CF), cloud top temperature (CTT) and cloud top pressure (CTP). Regional correlation maps and time series plots for aerosol (AOD) and cloud parameters were produced to provide a better understanding of aerosol–cloud interaction. The analyses showed strong positive correlations between AOD and WV for all of the eight cities investigated. The correlation between AOD and CF was positive for those cities where the air masses were predominantly humid, but negative for those cities where the air masses were relatively dry and carried a low aerosol abundance. These correlations were clearly dependent on the meteorological conditions for all of the eight cities investigated. Because of the observed AOD–CF relationship, the co-variation of AOD with CTP and CTT may be attributable to large-scale meteorological variations: AOD showed a positive correlation with CTP and CTT in northern regions of Pakistan and a negative correlation in southern regions.     

Technology development for a long duration,mid-cloud level Venus balloon

This paper describes the results of ongoing technology development activities for a Venus spherical superpressure balloon capable of flying for long durations (30 days) in the middle cloud layer at an altitude of 55.5 km. Data is presented from a successful aerial deployment and inflation flight experiment on a 5.5 m diameter prototype balloon conducted at a 2.5 km altitude above the Earth. Although the balloon in that test was not released for free flight, all other steps in the deployment and inflation process were successfully executed. Experimental and computational results are also presented from an investigation of the stress concentration phenomenon at the junction of the metal end fitting and fabric end cap of the prototype Venus balloon. Good agreement was found between the simulation and experimental results and a stress concentration factor of 1.55 determined for this end cap design compared to the expectations of thin membrane theory. Finally, results are presented for a new, second-generation Venus balloon material utilizing Aclar™ film instead of Teflon. Optical property and sulfuric acid tolerance data are presented for this material based on laboratory testing of samples.     

An all-sky survey at 230 GHz by MLS on Aura

The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument is a small satellite-borne radio telescope. Its purpose is to make limb-scanning measurements of atmospheric composition. One of the gases to which it is sensitive is carbon monoxide (CO), detected via the J = 2 → 1 rotational transition at 230 GHz. CO is present in molecular gas clouds in the Milky Way. Although it was not designed for the purpose, MLS can detect emissions from galactic CO, allowing a map of the 230 GHz radio sky to be constructed. We report the MLS measurements of galactic radio emission and discuss their effect on the atmospheric mission of MLS. The region of the Milky Way with emissions strong enough to significantly affect MLS observations of atmospheric CO is identified. Ground-based radio astronomers have been mapping the sky using CO emission for many years. However, the MLS data are the first such survey to be carried out from space. The MLS survey covers a larger area of the sky than any other 230 GHz survey, but no previously unknown gas clouds are observed.