反辐射导弹的发展及抗反辐射导弹对策的研究

一般的有源、无源干扰等软杀伤手段只能使防空雷达暂时失效,而反辐射导弹作为一种硬杀伤手段能利用敌方雷达发射的电磁波发现、跟踪雷达信号,攻击并摧毁雷达.反辐射导弹和抗反辐射导弹的斗争将成为未来战争中电子对抗的重要形式.介绍反辐射导弹的特点、战术使用方法以及发展趋势;详细论述雷达抗反辐射导弹的战术技术措施,包括使反辐射导弹导引头难以截获和跟踪雷达信号、干扰和破坏反辐射导弹雷达信号以及用导弹拦截反辐射导弹等多达19种战术技术措施.     

空地反辐射导弹发射方式的研究

本文提出了一种空地反辐射导弹的非对准发射方式,可在载机上水平或上抛发射导弹,同时具有扇面发射的能力,并能保证反辐射导弹目标视线角较快地进入其导引头视场范围内,以便精确跟踪目标。     

反辐射导弹雷达回波信号模型

根据反辐射导弹自身特点及其飞行特性，对反辐射导弹的雷达散射截面积（ＲＣＳ）进行了计算，并根据微波暗室中所获得的类似反辐射导弹的导弹数据进行了幅度分布分析，至反辐射导弹的雷达回波序列进行了建模，为反辐射导弹的检测与识别提供了有意义的信息。     

俄罗斯反辐射导弹撷览

反辐射导弹亦称反雷达导弹。它是一种专门攻击辐射电磁波的雷达等电子设备的精确制导武器，是压制、摧毁防空系统的主要硬杀伤手段。反辐射导弹的出现，使电子战从电子侦察、电子干扰和反侦察、反干扰扩展到电子摧毁和电子反摧毁阶段，使电子战技术从软杀伤发展到硬杀伤阶段。自美军于２０世纪５０年代末在世界上首先装备了“百舌鸟”（ＡＧＭ－４５）反辐射导弹后，为了与美国竞争，前苏联／俄罗斯同样研制和装备了多种型号的反辐射导弹。目前，一些设计新颖、技术先进的反辐射导弹已经对北约的预警飞机和防空系统中的雷达构成了严重的威胁…     

知识资料窗

知识资料窗雷达制导雷达制导就是利用雷达导引导弹飞向目标的技术。雷达制导分为两类：雷达波束制导和雷达寻的制导。雷达波束制导雷达波束制导系统由载机上的雷达、导弹上的接收装置和自动驾驶仪等组成。载机上的圆锥扫描雷达向目标发射无线电波束并跟踪目标。导弹发射后...     

反辐射导弹设计技术

反辐射导弹（ＡＲＭ）是一种利用雷达辐射源的电磁波，发现、跟踪并摧毁雷达系统的导弹。反辐射导弹的出现，使仅有“软”杀伤能力的电子战有了“硬”摧毁能力。论述了反辐射导弹的特点及其局限性，讨论了提高反辐射导弹性能的技术方法。这些技术包括：缩窄工作频带、采用比相比幅单脉冲侧向体制、数字化和集成化设计等。     

低截获概率雷达

所谓低截获概率(LPI)雷达,就是雷达信号被敌人侦察接收机和反辐射导弹截获的概率甚低的雷达,或者说是使敌人电子侦察机难以侦察、分析、跟踪,以及使反辐射导弹定位精度降低的雷达.它是适应电子战——反电子侦察、抗干扰、反反辐射导弹而发展起来的一项新技术,一种新概念.     

现代反辐射导弹攻防对抗技术面临的新挑战

根据反辐射导弹的特征和缺陷,从反辐射导弹干扰技术入手给出了五种雷达抗反辐射导弹的技术途径。然而,现代反辐射导弹为了抗干扰采取了诸如跟踪干扰源(HOJ)模式、聚类分选、极化分选、空间谱估计、以及极化分辨技术等更为先进的对抗手段,使得传统功能级仿真得出的部分试验结论不再准确。大量信号级的计算机仿真实验结果证明,要对现代反辐射导弹进行有效干扰更加困难,对反辐射导弹对抗技术提出了更高的技术要求,亟需研究新的干扰手段和干扰策略。     

俄罗斯披露Kh－31导弹详情

俄罗斯披露Ｋｈ－３１导弹详情最近，俄罗斯披露了有关Ｋｈ－－３１（北约命名为ＡＳ－１７所氪）反雷达导弹的一些详情。这种导弹采用火箭／冲压喷气发动机和常规的特定频率被动雷达寻的导引头，过去认为Ｋｈ－３１像英国的阿拉姆（ＡＬＡＲＭ）空射型反辐射导弹那样具有...     

"米卡"导弹正式服役

经过 12年的研制 ,“米卡”导弹已装备“幻影”2 0 0 0 5Ｆ战斗机。“米卡”是法国空军第一个装备了能对付多目标的火控系统 ,它具有发射后不管的能力 ,既可近距格斗又可中远距拦截 ,也是第一个具有两种导引头 (主动雷达 /红外成像 )互换的导弹。在执行中近距作战任务时 ,飞机和导弹之间无需数据链传输 ,只要导弹一发射 ,载机即可退出 ,转到安全空域。在大部分情况下 ,导弹一脱离发射导轨 ,载机的火控系统即刻会指挥其余的导弹进行以后的拦截。在远距拦截时 ,“米卡”先完成一段惯性飞行 ,中段时载机定期通过数据传输 ,将新的目标信息传给…     

Time Variations of Low-Energy Protons and Helium Nuclei (0.3–10 MeV/nucleon) during the Quiescent Time of Solar Activity in the Inner Heliosphere

Time variations with a duration of 0.6–1.5 years are studied in the interplanetary space for protons and helium nuclei with energies of 0.3–10 MeV per nucleon at a quiescent time of solar activity. It is shown that at 1 AU in the periods 1978–1981 and 1988–1990, at the phases of growth of the 21st and 22nd solar cycles, the background fluxes of these particles determined as minimum intensity levels in every month increased demonstrating steplike variations. At the same time, the intensity of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) decreased also with the formation of modulation steps. Each step of low-energy particles was finished by a deep minimum of intensity (gap) in both protons and helium nuclei and with a simultaneous short-term increase of the GCR intensity. We present the results of studying five such steps in the intensity of low-energy particles that were observed simultaneously and were opposite in phase with modulation steps of galactic particles. The lowest values of the H/He ratio were recorded at the end of every step, at the lowest intensities of these particles, i.e., in the gap. The true background population at 1 AU was detected precisely at these time intervals, when the contributions of flare particles and those accelerated in the international space were minimum. Various possibilities of the origination of the steplike variations of the background fluxes of protons and helium nuclei with energies of 0.3–10 MeV per nucleon, correlated with similar GCR variations, are discussed.     

基于EMD及FRFT的反辐射导弹检测技术

提出了一种基于经验模式分解（EMD）方法和分数阶傅里叶变换（FRFT）来检测反辐射导弹（ARM）的新方法。首先利用EMD方法将ARM信号从雷达回波信号中分解出来,然后进行FRFT变换,最后设立适当的门限即可检测出ARM信号。仿真结果表明,该方法能够在ARM信噪比低达-16dB的情况下,准确地将ARM检测出来,实现实时告警。     

Assessing the Impact Risk of Orbital Debris on Space Tethers

Tethers are being proposed for a growing number of space applications. However, they may be particularly vulnerable to orbital debris and meteoroid impacts. In order to provide useful reference data for tether systems design, detailed analytical and numerical computations were carried out to assess the average impact rate of artificial debris and meteoroids. The specific geometric properties of tethers as debris targets, when compared to typical satellites, are discussed, and the results obtained are presented in tabular form, as a function of debris size and tether diameter.The computations were carried out for six circular orbits, spanning three altitudes (600, 800 and 1000km) and two inclinations (30° and 50°). Tether diameters in between 1mm and 2cm and debris larger than 0.1mm were considered in the analysis. The collision risk of tethers with spacecraft and upper stages in orbit was estimated as well.In the debris interval and orbital regimes considered, artificial debris represent the dominant contributor to the impact rate. At 600km and in the 0.1–10mm size range, the meteoroid and orbital debris impact rates are still comparable; however, at higher altitudes and in the 1–10cm size range, meteoroids contribute 20–30 times less to the collision probability.The results obtained confirm that for single-strand tethers in low Earth orbit the probability to be severed by orbital debris and meteoroid impacts is quite significant, making necessary the adoption of innovative designs for long duration missions.     

Perturbation solutions for variable energy blast waves

The trajectory of and the flow field behind blast waves with time varying energy input is determined. Freeman's (1968) Lagrangean coordinate formulation is modified to include both the geometric factor, α, for plane, cylindrical and spherical shocks and also non-integer values of β, the energy input parameter, in a single computational algorithm. Numerical problems associated with vanishing density at the inner mass boundary or “piston face” are then examined and solved. Second order perturbation solutions about the solution for an infinite strength shock are then obtained in Sakurai's (1965) inverse shock Mach number expansion parameter for 0 β < α + 1. Tables and graphs of significant numerical coefficients are presented for comparison to, and extension of, results of other authors. Graphs of typical shock trajectories and flow field density, pressure and velocity variations are also presented and discussed.     

防空导弹武器系统与反辐射导弹的对抗研究

首先概述了防空导弹武器系统,介绍了其主要技战术性能及关键技术的现状和发展趋势。接着概述了反辐射导弹,介绍反辐射导弹的主要特性及其关键技术和发展趋势。最后探讨了防空导弹武器系统与反辐射导弹的对抗措施。     

诱杀弹抗反辐射导弹初步数学仿真

提出了使用诱杀弹（ＤＫＭ）拦截反辐射导弹（ＡＲＭ）的设计方案，通过建立数学模型，对诱杀弹拦截反辐射导弹的物理过程进行了数学仿真。仿真结果表明：该方案在原理上是可行的。     

The Tanaka-Enome criterion and solar activity in October–November 2003 as observed by the Large Pulkovo Radio Telescope

We present the results of spectral and polarization observations of two large sunspot groups, NOAA 0484 and NOAA 0486 + 0488, which determine high solar activity in October–November 2003. The observations are made with the Large Pulkovo Radio Telescope (LPRT) in the range 2.7–20 cm, the one-dimensional (E-W) resolution of observations being 1–6 arc min, respectively. The main characteristics of the corona radio emission above these active regions are measured, allowing us to follow their dynamics during the entire period of their existence on the solar disk with a period of one day. The analysis of the obtained results is presented from the point of view of the well-known Tanaka-Enome criterion [1–2] (on the basis of this criterion one can predict strong flares from characteristics of radio emission of an active region in quasi-quiet state). Using the activity in October–November 2003 as an example, we demonstrate the capabilities of a new method for estimating the level of solar activity. It was developed on the basis of long-term observations of the Sun by LPRT [3].Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 42, No. 6, 2004, pp. 585–594.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Borisevich, Ilin, Korzhavin, Peterova, Topchilo, Shpitalnaya.     

Theory of Singular Optimal Controls with Applications to Space Flight Mechanics

The problem of existence of solutions to the problems of optimum control with a singularity condition H(x, , u) const, u U is studied. The necessary conditions of appearance of the singular control, as well as time location and the numbers of singular sections of the trajectories of a controlled object under consideration, are obtained. The numerical algorithms of solving the problems with the condition of singularity of control are constructed. The widely known problem of optimum control of the motion of a high-altitude rocket probe is also considered, and it is proved that in this problem no intermediate section can exist in the law of variation of the thrust. The results of numerical experiments are presented together with their relative evaluation.     

Global geomagnetic response to a sharp compression of the magnetosphere and IMF variations on October 29, 2003

We study the response of the ionosphere and magnetosphere to a sudden commencement (SC) on October 29, 2003, at 06:11 UT. It is shown that the geomagnetic response had the form of two successive stages. In the first 5 min after the SC, a strong intensification of a two-vortex current system of the DP2 type was observed in latitudes 67°-65°, with variations of H -4000 nT (+700 nT). At the same time, energetic electrons were injected without dispersion to geosynchronous orbits simultaneously in the sectors 16, 04, and 07 MLT. In the subsequent 5–15 min, a new intensification of the western electrojet took place in all time sectors at latitudes 70°. Around midnight, this electrojet was extended in the poleward direction up to the polar cap latitudes ( 75°-83°). It had an unusually high velocity of extension (up to 5.0 km/s) and was accompanied by typical dispersionless substorm injections, but only at meridians 04 and 07 MLT. From comparing the development of electrojets with the data of satellite observations in the solar wind and magnetosphere, we suggest that 3–5 min after the SC onset a dipolization of the magnetic field at the geosynchronous orbit occurred. It was connected with the decay of the current flowing across the magnetotail. The subsequent extension of the region of current decay into the tail up to 150 R_E proceeded with a velocity of 1000 km/s, which exceeds the known velocities of such an extension by a factor of 5.Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 42, No. 6, 2004, pp. 622–631.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Solovyev, Moiseyev, Mullayarov, Du, Engebretson, Newitt.     

防空雷达对抗反辐射导弹的技术措施研究

反辐射导弹(ARM)技术的快速发展,给防空系统中的各种雷达及其它辐射源造成了极大的威胁。基于对ARM局限性的分析,从雷达新体制、新技术及战术运用等方面着手,重点研究了对抗ARM的电子干扰方法及技术措施。