飞机尾流的快速建模方法

尾流的强度主要由飞机的飞机重量、飞行速度和机翼形状所决定和仿真尾流的保守被动模型可很好的描述尾流系统中水蒸汽、位温等保守被动量的运动演化规律,但这种参数仿真时间长、对计算机要求高,不能实时预测任一机型所产生的尾流的状态分布特性.为此提出了一种尾流的快速建模方法,很好的解决了以往尾流实时仿真时的缺点,为飞机飞行过程中实时预测前机尾流的影响区域提供理论依据,从而减少尾流事故的发生.      

无人作战飞机空中加油建模与近距机动控制律设计

针对无人作战飞机(UCAV)空中加油时存在加油机尾流干扰导致相对位置难以保持的问题,基于等效气动效应法建立了UCAV动力学模型,并设计了近距机动最优飞行控制律。将加油机尾流对UCAV的影响等效为平均风速度和风梯度,计算出附加于UCAV的诱导力系数和诱导力矩系数,建立了含尾流扰动的受油机模型。以位置跟踪误差的积分为增广状态,基于加权二次型性能指标设计了近距机动最优飞行控制律。仿真结果表明,UCAV模型能真实地体现尾流对受油机的影响,并通过设计的近距机动控制律可有效实现对加油机相对位置的精确跟踪。     

无人作战飞机空中加油建模与近距机动控制律设计

针对无人作战飞机(UCAV)空中加油时存在加油机尾流干扰导致相对位置难以保持的问题,基于等效气动效应法建立了UCAV动力学模型,并设计了近距机动最优飞行控制律.将加油机尾流对UCAV的影响等效为平均风速度和风梯度,计算出附加于UCAV的诱导力系数和诱导力矩系数,建立了含尾流扰动的受油机模型.以位置跟踪误差的积分为增广状态,基于加权二次型性能指标设计了近距机动最优飞行控制律.仿真结果表明,UCAV模型能真实地体现尾流对受油机的影响,并通过设计的近距机动控制律可有效实现对加油机相对位置的精确跟踪.     

基于全量运动微分方程的飞机飞行系统仿真

飞行系统仿真是飞行模拟器仿真的重要组成部分.飞行系统数学模型中的运动方程模型可以分为小扰动模型和全量运动微分方程模型.由于小扰动模型不能模拟飞机的全部运动状态,所以研究基于全量运动微分方程模型的飞行系统仿真是必要的.介绍了飞机气动力/力矩计算公式和飞机全量运动微分方程以及在飞行系统仿真中飞机气动力/力矩计算和全量运动微分方程解算所要用到的主要算法公式.针对飞机全量微分方程的解算,较详细介绍了一种改进的变步长Runge-Kutta方法并应用该方法进行了飞机定直平飞无操纵小扰动情况下的仿真.结果表明,该数值方法运行稳定,精度也能达到要求.     

基于驾驶员操纵特性的飞机航路飞行仿真研究

基于驾驶员航路飞行任务中的操纵特性,首先对飞机横侧向、法向、切向过载的机动指令进行了设计,重点对横侧向通道机动指令的设计进行了研究,提出了一种利用飞机速度矢量与目标航路点坐标来设计偏航指令的方法;然后用差分算法实现了驾驶员实际操纵指令的平稳变化;最后对飞机的航路飞行进行了数值仿真。仿真结果表明,所提出的方法可以较为真实地实现飞机的航路飞行。在仿真过程中,机动指令的变化较为平缓,并且飞机的航迹姿态角等信息得到了实时展现。     

波音737-800型飞行模拟机运动系统及故障排除

飞行模拟机在地面模拟飞机的空中飞行和地面运动,是典型的人在回路实时仿真系统和虚拟现实的应用实例.作为载体的并联六自由度运动系统是飞行模拟机重要的组成部分,为飞行员提供起飞着陆及空中飞行过程中的运动感觉,是由数字计算机实时控制并能提供俯仰、滚转、偏航、升降、纵向平移和侧向平移的六自由度瞬时过载的仿真设备.     

舰尾流对舰载机着舰轨迹和动态响应的影响研究

建立了飞机着舰下滑穿越舰尾流的六自由度飞行动力学模型.引入舰尾流数学模型,对下滑着舰过程进行了动态仿真.结果表明,舰尾流的周期性分量、稳态分量和随机大气紊流分量是飞机迎角和姿态变化的主要因素,最终导致实际着舰点偏离理想着舰点.     

某型飞机三维运动仿真系统的设计

在3DMAX平台下,利用MAXSCRIPT语言,并结合VC 开发环境开发出某型飞机的三维运动仿真系统。该系统能够自动加载飞机模型以及飞行数据文件,并通过终端输出实时仿真结果,最终可生成视频文件进行保存,从而实现了飞机运动过程的仿真。该系统还可以加载其他飞机模型,具有较大的通用性。以某型飞机一次飞行数据作为测试数据比较,其仿真结果较好。此系统的开发为研究飞机飞行状态与性能提供了比较直观方便的工具。     

加油机尾流场建模与仿真分析

提出了等效气动效应法,建立了加油机尾流场的等效扰动模型。等效气动效应法采用逐点积分方法和加权平均方法,将尾流的影响等效为受油机运动方程直接可用的平均风速度和风梯度。对不同状态下受油机所受尾流的扰动作用进行了仿真。结果表明,扰动模型与实际情况比较符合。     

风雨对飞机飞行安全性的影响

风雨严重影响飞机的飞行安全。基于动量定理建立了一种根据降雨条件、风场特性、飞机特征和飞行状态计算雨滴对飞机产生的撞击力和力矩的方法,研究了风雨对飞机气动特性的影响,进而建立了飞机在风雨中飞行的运动方程。通过引入驾驶员的操纵模型,对飞机在风雨中飞行的运动特性进行了数值仿真研究。仿真结果表明:降雨会使飞机的升力减小,阻力增大,平衡迎角增加,不利于飞机的飞行安全;当降雨过程中伴随有风时,风会改变飞机的飞行迎角,使得飞机更容易出现因失速而造成的飞行事故;降雨时飞机的抗风能力降低。     

Numerical study of aircraft wake vortex evolution near ground in stable atmospheric boundary layer

The evolutions of aircraft wake vortices near ground in stable atmospheric boundary layer are studied by Large Eddy Simulation(LES). The sensitivity of vortex evolution to the Monin-Obukhov(M-O) scale is studied for the first time. The results indicate that increasing stability leads to longer lifetimes of upwind vortices, while downwind vortices will decay faster due to a stronger crosswind shear under stable conditions. Based on these results, an empirical model of the vortex lifetime as a function of 10-m-high crosswind and the M-O scale is summarized. This model can provide an estimate of the upper boundary of the vortex lifetime according to the realtime crosswind and atmospheric stability. In addition, the lateral translation of vortices is also inspected. The results show that vortices can travel a furthest distance of 722 m in the currentlystudied parameter range. This result is meaningful to safety analysis of airports that have parallel runways.     

A new vortex sheet model for simulating aircraft wake vortex evolution

A new vortex sheet model was proposed for simulating aircraft wake vortex evolution.Rather than beginning with a pair of counter-rotating cylindrical vortices as in the traditional models,a lift-drag method is used to initialize a vortex sheet so that the roll-up phase is taken into account.The results of this model report a better approximation to a real situation when compared to the measurement data.The roll-up induced structures are proved to influence the far-field decay.On one hand,they lead to an early decay in the diffusion phase.On the other hand,the growth of linear instability such as elliptical instability is suppressed,resulting in a slower decay in the rapid decay phase.This work provides a simple and practicable model for simulating wake vortex evolu tion,which combines the roll-up process and the far-field phase in simulation.It is also proved that the roll-up phase should not be ignored when simulating the far-field evolution of an aircraft wake vortex pair,which indicates the necessity of this new model.     

椭圆形控制环量翼型气动力的计算

本文用边界层理论与计及分离尾迹影响的位流理论相结合的方法计算控制环量翼型的绕流,用离散涡模型模拟分离尾迹的影响。由上、下翼面分离点处引入离散涡。只是翼型附近尾迹中的离散涡可以自由移动。离翼型较远的离散涡假设为按来流速度移动。忽略射流出口上游的边界层对射流的影响。这些简化使本文的方法十分有效。与实验比较表明,本文的方法能较准确地计算出翼型的分离点位置和分离点前的压强分布。计算出的升力系数与射流动量系数的关系与实验相符很好。     

Temporal evolution of the RCS of aircraft wake vortices

Knowledge of the radar scattering characteristics is one of the key issues for the development of wake vortex detection technology. This paper studies the temporal evolution of the RCS (radar cross-section) of wake vortices. The RCS–time plot is observed to increase as a whole and step at a certain time. These properties could provide help to the design of wake vortex detection radar and the optimization of radar station layout. The special spiral structures within the wake, together with the Bragg scattering theory, are used to well explain these phenomena, and some representative radar experiments are also included to verify them.     

喷流对飞机尾流涡影响的试验研究

飞机产生的尾流涡,特别是大尺度的翼尖涡,对尾随其后的飞行器是非常有害的,本文旨在探索利用飞机发动机产生的喷流加速尾流涡消亡的方法。试验采用简化的飞机模型(有尾翼),建立了包含一对翼尖涡及一对反向旋转的尾翼涡(通过以负迎角安装尾翼得到)的4涡尾流系统。在无外来扰动的情况下,不同的尾翼设置下得到的尾翼涡对翼尖涡的作用效果不同,有的能导致翼尖涡提前消亡,有的则不能。考察了不同强度的喷流对不同4涡尾流系统的影响,且作为对比,对无尾翼(2涡系统)及无喷流下的各种情况也分别作了观测。试验在拖曳水槽中进行,运用体视粒子图像测速(SPIV)技术,观测了与模型拖曳方向垂直的、从机翼后缘到下游约45翼展间均布的一系列切面。结果表明:当喷流直接作用于涡时,其效果主要取决于两者之间的初始距离及相对强度;而当喷流作用于整个4涡尾流系统时,其引入的扰动对不同的系统均能起到一定程度的改善作用,这种作用的关键在于利用喷流优化对翼尖涡进行扰动的机制,而不仅仅取决于喷流的强度。     

地面效应中悬停旋翼的自由尾迹计算

发展了一种具有良好收敛性的自由尾迹模型,用于对地面效应(IGE)状态下的旋翼悬停尾迹进行数值模拟。其中使用直涡元对桨尖涡丝进行离散,使用面元法模拟地面对流场的影响。针对以往类似研究中旋翼高度较低时自由尾迹迭代不易收敛的问题,引入了地下尾迹等比例修正并提出了环式地面面元分布等多项修改办法来改善计算模型的收敛性,同时这些改进也起到了削减计算量的作用。为了对新构建模型进行验证,以多个高度下的旋翼有地效状态为算例,对其尾迹几何结构进行了计算并与实验值进行了对比,结果显示二者符合得较好,证实了该模型具有较高的准确性。     

The turbulent decay of trailing vortex pairs in stably stratified environments

The decay of trailing vortex pairs in thermally stably stratified environments is investigated by means of large eddy simulations. Results of in-situ measurements in the wakes of different aircraft are used to find appropriate intitializations for the simulation of wake turbulence in the quiescent atmosphere. Furthermore, cases with weak atmospheric turbulence are investigated. It is shown that the early development of the vortices is not affected by turbulence and develops almost identically as in 2D simulations of wake vortices in stably stratified environments. In a quiescent atmosphere the subsequent vortex decay is controlled by the interaction of short-wave disturbances, owing to the aircraft induced turbulence, and baroclinic vorticity, owing to stable stratification. As a consequence, vertical vorticity streaks between the vortices are induced which are substantially intensified by vortex stretching and finally lead to rapid turbulent wake-vortex decay. When in addition atmospheric turbulence is also present, the long-wave instability is dominantly promoted. For very strong stratification (Fr<1) it is observed that wake vortices may rebound but lose most of their strength before reaching the flight level. Finally, the simulation results are compared to the predictive capabilities of Greene's approximate model.     

Wake vortex characteristics of transport aircraft

The flow and flight physics of wake vortex systems has been intensively investigated concentrating on a large variety of aspects. This paper gives a brief overview on past and present wake vortex research activities such as early studies, integrated programs, model and flight tests, numerical investigations, fundamental physical aspects and alleviation strategies. Then, detailed results of the properties of the wake near field and extended near field are presented addressing typical length and time scales and especially turbulence quantities. Progressing from the near field to the far field wake instability mechanisms are explained along with their relevance for wake vortex decay. Characteristic quantities are given for the short and long wave instabilities associated with vortex merging and wakes consisting of two and four trailing vortices. A non-dimensional frequency parameter is introduced to classify the main instability types. Means for wake vortex alleviation are described aimed at influencing the wake vortex turbulence field or triggering and amplifying the inherent instabilities. The methods discussed include passive means such as the effects of spoilers, differential flap setting and four-vortex systems and active means using oscillating flaps or auxiliary devices.