辐射带AP9模式在南大西洋异常区的系统性量化评估

针对目前辐射带AP9模式量化评估不够系统的问题,基于F_10.7指数确定高、中、低太阳活动水平,以三种太阳活动水平条件下NOAA-15观测的140~500MeV的全向质子通量为参考数据,以南大西洋异常区为对比区域,定义边界吻合度和大小量级差为评估指标,将辐射带AP9模式分别与AP8模式和参考数据进行对比,对AP9模式进行系统性量化评估.结果表明,AP8和AP9模式均能重构出南大西洋异常区,但AP8模式重构的南大西洋异常区轮廓与观测结果更为吻合.平均而言,AP8和AP9模拟结果均比观测值高,AP8比AP9更接近观测值.太阳活动水平越低,AP9与观测之间的差距越小.      

Near-Earth radiation model deficiencies as seen on CRRES.

The Space Radiation (SPACERAD) experiments on the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) gathered 14 months of radiation particle data in an 18 degrees inclination orbit between 350 km and 36000 km from July 1990 to October 1991. When compared to the NASA radiation belt models AP8 and AE8, the data show the proton model (AP8) does not take into account a second belt formed after major solar flare/shock injection events, and the electron model (AE8) is misleading, at best, in calculating dose in near-Earth orbits. The second proton belt, although softer in energy than the main proton belt, can produce upsets in proton sensitive chips and would produce significant dose in satellites orbiting in it. The MeV electrons observed on CRRES show a significant particle population above 5 MeV (not in the AE8 model) which must be included in any meaningful dose predictions for satellites operating between L-shells of 1.7 and 3.0 RE.     

基于集成学习的遥测数据互相关结构知识发现

针对传统遥测数据相关性分析方法仅能发现相关程度知识，无法提供相关结构丰富信息的问题，提出一种神经网络与极限梯度提升（XGBoost）集成的遥测数据互相关结构知识发现方法。在对遥测时间序列进行线性、单调性、序对一致性、散点图形状4个维度相关结构信息标注的基础上，将混合采样、代价矩阵、神经网络、XGBoost算法相结合，直接对遥测数据进行分类得到其相关结构类别或相关关系有无的知识。采用量子卫星任务数据进行实验的结果表明:较之于原始XGBoost模型、融合混合采样与代价矩阵的XGBoost模型，所提方法在受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线、F1-score等性能指标方面具有更高的分类精度，且对类别不平衡数据不敏感，是一种适用于遥测数据互相关结构知识发现的有效方法。      

Trapped particle energy spectrum in shuttle middeck

We describe the differential energy spectrum of trapped particles measured by a solid-state charged particle telescope in the mid-deck of the Space Shuttle during the period of solar maximum. The telescope was flown in two high altitude flights at 28.5° and 57° inclination. Assuming, as is normally done, that the variations of Shuttle orientation during the missions lead to average isotropic incident spectra, the observed spectrum disagrees significantly from AP8 model calculations. This indicates the need to take into consideration the variations of solid-angle direction relative to the magnetic field. The measurements show that there is a very significant flux of secondary light ions. The energy spectra of these ions does not agree with the production spectrum from radiation transport calculations based on omni-directional AP8 Max model as an input energy spectrum.

We also describe measurements of linear energy transfer spectra using a tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) flown both in the mid-deck and the payload bay of the Space Shuttle. Comparisons are made between linear energy transfer spectral measurements AP8 model-based radiation transport predictions, and thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) measurements. The absorbed dose-rate measurements using TLD's are roughly 25% lower than the TEPC-measured dose rate measurements.     

太阳周期活动对低高度内辐射带高能质子的影响

利用NOAA-15卫星1998年到2011年近13年的高能质子全向通量观测资料, 分析了一个太阳活动周内, 低高度内辐射带高能质子通量的分布变化特性及其物理原因, 比较了观测结果与AP8模型的不同. 研究表明, 低高度内辐射带高能质子通量与太阳活动水平的反相关关系与磁壳参数L值及磁场B值有关; L值越低, B值越大的空间点, 其高能质子通量与太阳活动水平的反向相关性越明显. 高能质子通量随太阳活动水平的变化存在明显滞后现象, L值越高、 B值越小的空间点, 滞后现象就越明显, 滞后严重时可以达到一年左右的时间; 这种滞后现象反映出低高度内辐射带高能质子的源与损失达到平衡是一个中长期过程. 通过与AP8模型计算结果的比较分析可以看出, 利用AP8模型时, 仅考虑地磁场长期变化对质子通量的影响可能会夸大低高度内辐射带局部高能质子通量的增强.      

基于LOLA数据的Aristarchus高原光照特性初步研究

改进了月面中低纬度地区光照分析算法,以Aristarchus高原（AP）为例,使用LRO卫星获得的高分辨率、高精度的LOLA数据和DE/LE430月球行星历表,同时基于月球天平动模型,定量计算和分析了AP地区的光照特性。结果表明：AP地区的光照率都在0.35以上,平坦地区的光照条件较好,受到地形的影响不同位置的光照率相差很大。光照率最大值点（B）要比最小值点（A）高出30%以上。考虑典型的长周期天平动效应,18.6年光照数据的分析结果表明,每个位置的光照率变化较小且趋于稳定,这对月球表面演化研究是一个重要的参考。     

基于互相关算法的环境振动检测方法研究

为检测环境振动,构建巴特沃斯带通滤波器对环境中采集到的原始数据进行滤波,提出了邻近节点判定法,使用邻近节点构建节点网络来减小算法的时间与空间复杂度,分别计算每组网络节点的平均互相关系数,通过设定互相关阈值和台站数量阈值来判定环境振动。使用1108个检波器的数据对邻近节点判定法进行验证,并讨论算法中两类阈值对判定环境振动结果的影响,理论分析和实验结果表明,该方法可用于多节点的传感器网络,可以快速、准确地检测出环境振动。     

基于互相关矢量图的车牌定位新算法

互相关矢量图是由流场粒子图像测速的互相关计算结果绘成的矢量图形,提出一种车牌自动定位的新算法--VMLA算法,该算法基于字符笔画左右边缘之间的互相关矢量图的结构特点,可以从复杂车牌图像背景中搜索到车牌的正确位置.VMLA算法具有较强的车牌大小自适应性和实时处理能力,540幅车牌图像的实验结果初步验证了该方法的有效性.     

On the spatial extent of the proton radiation belt from solar cell output variation of the Akebono satellite

Output current of silicon solar cells of Akebono satellite orbiting in the inner magnetosphere decreased from 13 A in 1989 to about 7 A in 2009, due to accumulated damage by energetic particles. A fair correlation between the monthly decrease rate of solar cell output current and trapped proton flux was found between 1989 and 1992, indicating that trapped energetic protons are responsible for the solar cell degradation. Simple variation from month to month was dominated by a fluctuation with one-year period and the correlation was not discernible after 1993. On the other hand, during orbiting the earth, another kind of decrease of output current emerged at low altitude above the sub-solar point, i.e., in the midst of sunlit condition. The decrease was larger in later years. The fact indicates more prominent temperature effect in the later years because of progress of the degradation. By removing data affected by the orbit condition above, variation from the same month in the previous year shows a clear oscillation due to orbit precession correlated with trapped energetic proton flux up to 1996. The amplitude of the annual variation oscillation tends to be larger than that expected from a degradation model based on energetic proton distribution of the NASA’s AP8 model. The larger oscillation amplitude suggests that the proton radiation belt was more sharply localized than given by the AP8 model throughout the early half of 1990s.     

两相流中的速度分离和相关法测量

本文讨论两相流流动中的速度分离和相关法在两相流测量中的应用。在密度差别较大时,存在着不同介质间的速度分离,给相关法测量带来困难。但相关法仍是一种较好的选择。文中列举了速度分离的两种典型形式,并给出了气液两相流管道中的试验结果。在垂直管道中,很容易避免偏正型流动,实现各向同性的介质分布和较均匀的速度分布,流速测量比在水平管道上容易。用相关法在垂直管道上进行的测最一般反映被载介质的运动。     

Solar cycle variation of the low-altitude trapped proton flux

Under NASA's Space Environment Effects (SEE) program, we are developing new models for the low-altitude (250–1000 km, L < 1.5) trapped radiation environment based on data from the TIROS/NOAA polar orbiting spacecraft. The unique features of this data base and model include the long time series (more than one complete solar cycle) obtained from the TIROS/NOAA data and the use of a coordinate system more applicable to the low-altitude environment. The data show a strong variation (as much as a factor of 10) over the solar cycle and a hysteresis effect between the rising and falling portions of the solar cycle. Both the solar cycle variation and the hysteresis are functions of L. In addition to the hysteresis effect, the flux during a given cycle appears to be a function of the previous cycle. Superimposed on the gradual variation over the solar cycle, transient effects, correlated with solar particle events (SPEs), can be clearly seen. Comparison with the AP8 models shows that the measured flux is a factor of 2–3 higher than the model. These data have important implications for the development and use of trapped radiation models, and will also contribute to our knowledge of the source and loss mechanisms at work in the inner zone.     

Trapped proton fluxes measured on board LEO satellites in comparison with models

The proton fluxes from the low-Earth orbital satellites databases (NPOES-17 and CORONAS-F) were analyzed for the quiet geomagnetic period in April 2005. The satisfactory consent was found between the experimental and the AP8 model fluxes of the trapped protons with energy more than ∼10 MeV. At the same time, trapped proton fluxes with energy less than 10 MeV measured by LEO satellites were higher than the ones predicted by the AP8 model in the region of the SAA (drift shell L < 1.5).     

New insights from cross-correlation studies between solar activity indices and cosmic-ray flux during Forbush decrease events

Observed galactic cosmic ray intensity can be subjected to a transient decrease. These so-called Forbush decreases are driven by coronal mass ejection induced shockwaves in the heliosphere. By combining in situ measurements by space borne instruments with ground-based cosmic ray observations, we investigate the relationship between solar energetic particle flux, various solar activity indices, and intensity measurements of cosmic rays during such an event. We present cross-correlation study done using proton flux data from the SOHO/ERNE instrument, as well as data collected during some of the strongest Forbush decreases over the last two completed solar cycles by the network of neutron monitor detectors and different solar observatories. We have demonstrated connection between the shape of solar energetic particles fluence spectra and selected coronal mass ejection and Forbush decrease parameters, indicating that power exponents used to model these fluence spectra could be valuable new parameters in similar analysis of mentioned phenomena. They appear to be better predictor variables of Forbush decrease magnitude in interplanetary magnetic field than coronal mass ejection velocities.     

Highly Elliptical Orbits for Arctic observations: Assessment of ionizing radiation

The ionizing radiation environment was analyzed for a variety of potential Highly Elliptical Orbits (HEOs) with orbital periods ranging from 6 h to 24 h suitable to continuously monitor the Arctic region. Several models available from the ESA Space Environment Information System (SPENVIS) online tool were employed, including the new-generation AE9/AP9 model for trapped radiation. Results showed that the Total Ionizing Dose (TID) has a well-pronounced local minimum for the 14-h orbit, which is nearly identical to the overall minimum observed for the longest orbital period (24 h). The thickness of slab aluminum shielding required to keep the annual TID below 10, 5 and 3.33 krad (i.e. 150, 75 and 50 krad for 15 years of mission duration) for a 14-h orbit is 2.1, 2.7 and 3.1 mm respectively. The 16-h orbit requires an additional 0.5 mm of aluminum to achieve the same results, while the 24-h orbit requires less shielding in the order of 0.2–0.3 mm. Comparison between the AE8/AP8 and AE9/AP9 models was conducted for all selected orbits. Results demonstrated that differences ranged from −70% to +170% depending on orbit geometry.     

一种基于多重互相关的相位差测量新方法

本文研究了一种新的相位差测量原理,利用正弦信号的特性,直接对两路同频的正弦信号进行互相关运算,得到两路信号的互相关函数,同时保存两路信号的相位差信息,并多次对两路互相关函数进行互相关运算得到多重互相关函数,再利用相关原理对两路信号的多重互相关函数进行求解相位差信息。同时讨论了AD量化位数,信噪比,采样点数,谐波含量对本文算法的影响,实验结果表明本文算法能有效的提取两路同频正弦信号的相位差信息,算法简单,物理意义明确,具有一定的应用价值。特别适合与低信噪比或负信噪比下高精度的测量,并有很高的测量精度。     

Non-Gaussian clutter characterization applied to OTHR using a mixture of two Rayleigh probability density functions

A practical technique for characterizing non-Gaussian radar clutter is specified and demonstrated using Over The Horizon Radar (OTHR) data, as an example. The technique employs maximum likelihood to fit the probability density of the clutter amplitude returns to a mixture of two Rayleigh probability densities instead of the single Rayleigh density typically used for Gaussian clutter. This model for non-Gaussian clutter is fully specified for any set of clutter amplitudes by a log likelihood, two Rayleigh parameters, and a mixing coefficient. A 3D plot of these values yields an easily-visualized clutter characterization, as is illustrated using OTHR data. This technique is a demonstration of clutter characterization using OTHR data, but the method can be applied to characterize other types of clutter data.     

一种基于多重相关法的相位差测量方法

研究了一种新的测量正弦信号相位差的方法,就是利用正弦信号的特殊性质,通过多次信号的自相关和互相关运算,能够检测信噪比很低的两路正弦信号之间的相位差,分别讨论了信号的信噪比,取样点数,A/ D的量化位数对测量结果的影响,并给出了具体的仿真结果。实验表明这种方法能有效的提取出被噪音严重污染的信号的相位差,而且算法简单,物理意义明确,精度却可以满足工程的要求。     

基于STEP的航空发动机工作叶片特征建模

对并行工程环境下航空发动机转子工作叶片基于特征的设计进行了研究和探索.在对叶片的结构特点进行分析的基础上,借助参数化特征建模技术,按照STEP(AP203/AP214)标准,建立了工作叶片的特征体系结构,并以此实现了一个三维实体特征建模系统.继而,在实现了模型由设计平台向分析平台的传递之后,成功地完成了模型的有限元静强度和振动分析.